scholarly journals Irrigation and Fertilizer Application Methods Affect Performance of High-density Peach Orchards

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 370-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard E.C. Layne ◽  
Chin S. Tan ◽  
David M. Hunter ◽  
Robert A. Cline
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Effects ◽  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
High Density ◽  
The Other ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Significant Treatment ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Leaf Nutrient Concentrations

Seven treatment combinations of irrigation and fertilizer were compared in a high-density (606 trees/ha) management system for peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch cv. Harrow Beauty/Bailey] on Fox sand in southwestern Ontario. Each treatment combination had an irrigation component (N = nonirrigated, D = drip irrigated, or M = microsprinkler irrigated) and a fertilizer placement component (B = banded fertilizer, L = low fertigation, or H = high fertigation). NB and DB are commonly used systems in Ontario, while the other five treatment combinations were experimental. Total soil water in the top 110 cm of soil was lowest under NB but was never at the permanent wilting point. Trunk cross-sectional area was largest under DH and DB, smallest under ML and NB, and intermediate for the other three treatment combinations. No symptoms of N or K deficiency or toxicity were noted for any of the fertilizer treatments. Leaf analyses in July and September indicated that most major and minor elements were in the adequate to slightly excess range. However, there were no significant treatment effects on leaf nutrient concentrations in July or September when averaged over the five years, except for Mg in July. There were large and significant year effects on leaf nutrient concentrations but no significant treatment × year interactions. During the first four cropping years, there were no significant treatment effects, averaged over years, for total yield, marketable yield, or cumulative yield efficiency; however, there were large year effects but no treatment × year interactions for these factors. There was no detectable yield advantage for D vs. M irrigation. B application of N and K promoted no higher yields than fertigation equivalent to the B rate or 50% of this rate. Fertigation of N and K during the first 4 years of this experiment did not provide a detectable yield advantage to warrant the added cost and labor associated with this system compared with the B applications of N and K.

scholarly journals Peach Tree Growth, Yield, and Profitability as Influenced by Tree Form and Tree Density

HortScience ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 837-842 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard P. Marini ◽  
Donald S. Sowers
Keyword(s):  
Net Present Value ◽  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
High Density ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Present Value ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Tree Form ◽  
Density Treatment

`Norman' peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] trees were trained to the central-leader or open-vase form and were planted at high (740 trees/ha), or low (370 trees/ha) density. A third density treatment was a HIGH → LOW density, where alternate trees in high-density plots were removed after 6 years to produce a low-density treatment. From 3 to 5 years after planting, trunk cross-sectional areas (TCA) increased most for low-density trees. After 9 years, TCA was greatest for low-density and least for high-density trees. Because of differences in tree training, central-leader trees were taller than open-vase trees and tree spread was greater for low-density than for high-density trees. Annual yield per hectare was 15% to 40% greater for high-density treatments than for low-density treatments, but tree form had little influence on yield. Average fruit weight tended to be greater for low-density than for high-density treatments, but cumulative marketable yield was greatest for high-density and lowest for HIGH → LOW treatments. Income minus costs for 9 years was nearly $4200/ha higher, and net present value was about $2200/ha higher, for open-vase than for central-leader trees (P = 0.08). Cumulative net present value for the 9 years was about $2660/ha higher for high-than for low-density trees (P = 0.36).

scholarly journals Early Response of High-density Peaches in Sod to Different Irrigation and Fertilizer Treatments

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 792E-792
Author(s):  
Richard E.C. Layne ◽  
Chin S. Tan ◽  
David M. Hunter ◽  
Robert A. Cline
Keyword(s):  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Early Response ◽  
High Density ◽  
The Other ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Fertilizer Placement ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
K Deficiency ◽  
Low Rate

Seven high-density (606 trees/ha) management systems for peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch cv. Harrow Beauty/Bailey] were compared on Fox sand in southwestern Ontario. Each system had an irrigation component (N = none D = drip, M = microsprinkler) and a fertilizer placement component (B = banded, L= low-rate fertigation, H = high rate fertigation). NB (nonirrigated, banded fertilizer) and DB (drip-irrigated) are commonly used systems in Ontario, while the other five treatment combinations were experimental. Trunk cross-sectional area (TCA) was generally greatest for DH and DB systems, smallest for ML and NB systems, and intermediate for the other three. No symptoms of N or K deficiency or excess were noted for any of the fertilizer treatments. The seven management systems each had similar cumulative yield efficiencies for the first 4 cropping years However, total marketable yields for the 4 years were highest for MB (58.7 t·ha–1), followed in descending order by DB (56.8 t·ha–1), DH (56.6 t·ha–1), MH (53.9 t·ha–1), DL (50.6 t·ha–1), ML (49.8 t·ha–1), and NB (47.5 t·ha–1). Each of the irrigated treatments outyielded the nonirrigated check (NB) and ranged from 4.8% to 23.6%. Only one of the irrigated treatments (MB) outyielded the irrigated check (DB), and by only 3.3%. There was no clear advantage for either the drip or microsprinkler system of irrigation. Banded application of N and K appeared to promote higher yields than by fertigation equivalent to the banded rate, while yields at the low rate of fertigation were lower than for either the high rate of fertigation or the banded application. It appeared that banded fertilizer combined with either microsprinkler (MB) or drip irrigation DB provided the most-effective of the management systems in the first 4 cropping years.

SHORT COMMUNICATION: Soil chemical changes associated with NP-fertigated and drip irrigated high-density apple orchards

1995 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 307-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. H. Neilsen ◽  
P. B. Hoyt ◽  
D. Neilsen
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Malus Domestica ◽  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
Short Communication ◽  
High Density ◽  
Chemical Degradation ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Chemical Changes ◽  
Malus Domestica Borkh ◽  
Leaf Nutrient Concentrations

Soil was sampled in 20 high-density apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) orchards which had generally been NP-fertigated using drip irrigation for the 2–5 yr since their establishment. Soil chemical changes including decreases in pH, extractable Ca, Mg, K, S and B and increases in extractable Cu, Mn and Fe were measurable, often within 2 yr. Leaf nutrient concentrations below deficiency levels were widespread for B and Zn and in a few cases, also occurred for Mg and K. Key words: Fertigation, soil chemical degradation, apple, drip irrigation

scholarly journals Yield and Fruiting Characteristics of 28 Selections in the Kentucky Pawpaw Cultivar Trial

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 851A-851
Author(s):  
Kirk W. Pomper* ◽  
Joseph G. Masabni ◽  
Desmond R. Layne ◽  
Sheri B. Crabtree ◽  
R. Neal Peterson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Research Effort ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Yield Efficiency ◽  
Variety Trial ◽  
Asimina Triloba ◽  
Tree Survival

The pawpaw [Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal] has great potential as a new fruit crop. A pawpaw variety trial was established in Fall 1995 in Princeton, Ky. as a joint Kentucky State Univ.-Univ. of Kentucky research effort with the objective to identify superior varieties for Kentucky. A randomized block experimental design was used with 8 replicates of 28 grafted scion selections on seedling rootstock. Cultivars being tested included Middletown, Mitchell, NC-1, Overleese, PA-Golden, Rappahannock, Shenandoah, Sunflower, Susquehanna, Taylor, Tay-two, Wells, and Wilson. The other 15 clones were selections from the PawPaw Foundation. In 2002 and 2003, the following parameters were examined: tree survival, trunk cross-sectional area (TCSA), average fruit weight, total fruit harvested per tree, average fruit per cluster, total yield per tree, and yield efficiency. In 2003, 54% of the trees had survived, with `Susquehanna' (13%) showing the poorest survival. Based on TCSA, most selections displayed excellent vigor, with the exception of the selections: 5-5 and `Overleese'. Average fruit weight was greatest in 1-7-2 (194 g), 1-68 (167g), 4-2 (321 g), 5-5 (225 g), 7-90 (166g), 9-58 (176 g), 10-35 (167 g), NC-1 (180 g), `Sunflower' (204 g), and `Shenandoah' (168g), with the smallest fruit in `Middletown' (70 g), `Wells' (78 g), and `Wilson' (88 g). The selections `Wilson' (81), `Middletown' (75), and `Wells' (70) had the greatest average number of fruit per tree, whereas 4-2 (9), 5-5 (17) and 8-20 (15) the fewest. Yield efficiency and average fruit per cluster also varied greatly among selections. Several pawpaw selections in the trial show promise for production in Kentucky.

scholarly journals (308) Irrigation Strategies for Rockwool-grown Greenhouse Tomatoes

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 1012A-1012
Author(s):  
Athanasios Papadopoulos ◽  
Uttam Saha ◽  
Xuiming Hao ◽  
Shalin Khosla
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Treatment Effects ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Significant Treatment ◽  
Root Diseases ◽  
Greenhouse Vegetable ◽  
Maximum Root ◽  
Greenhouse Tomatoes

In rockwool-grown greenhouse vegetables, unsatisfactory spatial root development, rapid root collapse, and increased incidence of root diseases are very common. Improved water management could alleviate these problems to some extent, because this could favorably modify water-air distribution in the slab, thereby improving greenhouse vegetable yield and quality. The present study tested six irrigation strategies on the productivity of rockwool-grown tomatoes (cv. Rapsodie) during Jan.o–Aug. 2004. The four treatments, based on electronic Grodan? water content meters (WCMs), received irrigations when the slab water content (SWC) was ≈60%, 70%, 80%, and 90% while the other two treatments, based on balances, applied irrigations after a 700- or 500-g loss in the daily-adjusted slab weight (LDASW). Initially, we noticed a heterogeneous EC build-up in the slabs across various treatments, which probably distorted the expression of treatment effects (if any) on plant growth, yield, and water use. To minimize this problem, an EC control strategy of applying extra irrigation was devised and adopted in two sequential phases: 1) application of a 30-minute-long extra irrigation twice a week (for 7 weeks); and 2) extra irrigation(s) using the irrigation control routine of an Argus computer when the slab EC was ≈3.5 mS/cm (for 5 weeks). Slab EC was well controlled in both these phases and we observed significant treatment effects on root growth and marketable yield. Analyzing the results, we concluded that irrigating at 70% to 80% SWC was best for maximum root growth as well as marketable yield. The two irrigation treatments based on the 700- and 500-g LDASW were well maintained and performed equally well, producing marketable yields comparable to those produced by irrigating at 70% and 80% SWC.

scholarly journals USE OF CLONALLY REPLICATED SEEDLINGS IN FIELD SCREENING FOR RESISTANCE TO PEACH TREE SHORT LIFE

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 657g-658
Author(s):  
W.R. Okie ◽  
T. G. Beckman ◽  
A.P. Nyczepir
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Prunus Persica ◽  
High Density ◽  
The Other ◽  
Peach Tree ◽  
Short Life ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Field Screening ◽  
Screening For Resistance ◽  
Selection Of

Lovell rootstock is recommended for Peach Tree Short Life (PTSL) sites in the Southeast because it outlives Nemaguard. No genetic studies of PTSL tolerance have been done. Clonally replicated peach seedlings [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] of Lovell, Nemaguard and four F1 selections of Lovell × Nemared were tested for field survival in a high density planting on a PTSL site. Rootstock families (12 seedlings × 8 ramets each) differed in growth, survival and longevity. Genetic variation was comparable to environmental variation for most families. Based on seedling within rootstock family, estimated broad-sense heritabilities for survival and longevity were high. The use of clonally replicated seedlings allowed the selection of apparently superior individuals from both Lovell and the other more short-lived rootstock families in a single screening after 6 years. Survival of Lovell at that time was 50% compared to 16-29% for other families. Across all families, all 8 ramets were dead for 21 seedlings, whereas all 8 were alive for only 3 seedlings.

scholarly journals Mechanical Harvesting of Peaches—Limited Potential

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 985-987 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.M. Glenn ◽  
D.L. Peterson ◽  
S.S. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Symptom Expression ◽  
Ripe Fruit ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Irrigation Regimes ◽  
Harvesting Systems ◽  
Fruit Damage ◽  
Marketable Fruit ◽  
Conveying System

This study evaluated the total and marketable yield of three peach cultivars [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch. `Autumnglo', `Harvester', and `Redhaven'] when mechanical pruning and harvesting systems were used and trees were grown under three irrigation regimes. All cultivars were trunk-shaken using an experimental inertial shaker on an over-the-row (OTR) shake–catch harvester. `Autumnglo' also was hand-harvested at all irrigation regimes. Fruit damage was not significantly affected by irrigation. A significant source of fruit damage was pruning debris that remained in the canopy after hedging and became lodged in the fruit-conveying system, resulting in cultivar effects on fruit damage. Total yield of firm-ripe fruit was similar among cultivars in 1987 and 1988. However, `Autumnglo' trees had a higher percentage of marketable fruit than `Redhaven' or `Harvester' in 1987 and 1991. Mechanical harvesting appeared to accelerate the decline of `Autumnglo' as shown by tree deaths and greater symptom expression of Prunus necrotic ringspot virus. The potential for a single mechanical harvest of peaches is limited because of the difficulty in managing the ripening window, the high potential for fruit damage, and the possibility of accelerated tree decline for disease-susceptible cultivars.

scholarly journals Evaluation of several less known pear (Pyrus communis L.) cultivars in the climatic conditions of Lower Silesia

2012 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 157-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ireneusz Sosna ◽  
Daria Kortylewska
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Experimental Station ◽  
Pyrus Communis L ◽  
Lower Silesia

The aim of this study was to evaluate flowering, yielding, fruit quality, and growth of several less known pear cultivars growing in the climatic conditions of Lower Silesia. The experiment was conducted in the years 2006–2010 in the Fruit Experimental Station located in Samotwór near Wrocław. In spring 2006, trees of several less known pear cultivars were planted: 'Isolda', 'Hortensia', 'Fertilia Delbard Delwilmor', 'Wyżnica', 'Nojabrskaja' ('Xenia®'), 'Uta', 'David' on Caucasian pear (<em>Pyru</em><em>s caucasica </em>Fed.), 'Bohemica' on quince S1 (<em>Cydoni</em><em>a oblonga </em>Mill.) as well as 'Morava' and 'Blanka' on both these rootstocks. The highest total yield in the years 2007–2010 was recorded for the 'Nojabrskaja' and 'Wyżnica' cultivars. The 'Blanka' cultivar produced the largest fruit, while fruits of the 'Isolda' cultivar were significantly the smallest. The largest growth and cross-sectional area of the trunk were recorded for the trees of the 'Wyżnica' cultivar, while the smallest were observed in the case of 'Morava', in which the thickness of the trunk was similar on both rootstocks. The 'Morava' cultivar grafted on quince S1 formed the smallest crowns. On the other hand, 'Isolda' and 'Hortensia' were among the cultivars that produced the largest crowns.

scholarly journals Rootstock Influence on Flower Bud Hardiness and Yield of `Redhaven' Peach

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 172-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward F. Durner
Keyword(s):  
Production Efficiency ◽  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Rooted Trees ◽  
The Other ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Fruit Thinning ◽  
Peach Trees

`Redhaven' peach trees [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch.] on their own roots or budded to seven rootstock [`Bailey', `Siberian C', `Lovell', `Halford' (seedlings), GF 655.2, GF 677 (`Amandier'), or `Damas' (GF 1869) (clonal)] were evaluated for rootstock influence on flower bud hardiness, live pistils at bloom, thinning requirements, marketable yield, and production efficiency after exposure to temperatures lower than – 23C in 1987 and to - 26C in 1988. In 1987, flower bud hardiness was as great on `Siberian C' as on own-rooted `Redhaven' and greater than on the other rootstock. Fewer live pistils were observed during bloom on GF 677 than on `Siberian C', `Lovell', `Damas', or self-rooted trees in 1987. In 1988, flower bud hardiness was greater on `Siberian C' and `Bailey' than on GF 677. At bloom, `Lovell' and `Siberian C' rootstock carried more flowers with live pistils than `Damas'.`Siberian C' and `Lovell' required significantly greater fruit thinning than all other rootstock and self-rooted trees. GF 677 produced a larger marketable crop than GF 655.2 or `Damas'. In addition, `Bailey', `Lovell', and self-rooted trees produced a significantly larger crop than `Damas'. No significant rootstock effect on production efficiency was detected in either year. Tree vigor during the growing season preceding each freeze did not significantly influence flower bud survival or productivity.

scholarly journals Root Restriction Affects Shoot Development of Peach in a High-density Orchard

1992 ◽  
Vol 117 (3) ◽  
pp. 362-367 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.G. Williamson ◽  
D.C. Coston ◽  
J.A. Cornell
Keyword(s):  
Root Distribution ◽  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Shoot Development ◽  
High Density ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Total Length ◽  
Flower Density ◽  
Root Restriction ◽  
And Control

Planting treatments were evaluated for their influence on shoot development and root distribution of own-rooted `Redhaven' peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] trees planted to high density (5000 trees/ha). Planting in fabric-lined trenches (FLT) or narrow herbicide strips (NHS) reduced the diameter and length of primary shoots, the number and combined length of second-order shoots, and the total length of shoots. Flower density, the number of flowers per node, and the percentage of nodes containing one or more flowers were increased for FLT trees but not for NHS trees when compared with controls. The length of primary shoots increased quadratically for all treatments with increasing limb cross-sectional area (LCA). The total length of shoots increased more with increasing LCA for controls than for FLT trees. The number of flowers per shoot increased linearly for all treatments with increasing LCA values. Root concentration decreased with increasing soil depth and distance from tree rows for all treatments. Reduced widths of weed-free herbicide strips had little effect on root distribution. Roots of FLT trees were reduced in number and restricted vertically and laterally when compared with other planting treatments. The FLT treatment modified shoot development by reducing the length of total shoots and length of primary shoots across LCA values measured when compared with NHS and control-treatments.

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