scholarly journals Gas Exchange and Growth of Selected Transplanted and Nontransplanted Landscape Tree Species

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 444A-444
Author(s):  
D. Thayne Montague ◽  
Roger Kjelgren ◽  
Larry Rupp
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Acer Platanoides ◽  
Growth Data ◽  
Total Leaf Area ◽  
Area Increase ◽  
New Location

Gas exchange and growth of transplanted and non-transplanted Acer platanoides `Schwedleri' and Tilia cordata `Greenspire' trees were investigated. This study was conducted on trees planted in 1991 in a field nursery near Logan, Utah. In Spring 1995, three trees of each species were moved with a tree spade to a new location within the nursery and three non-transplanted trees were selected as controls. To simulate landscape conditions, all trees were watered at the time of planting and once per week during the growing season. Pre-dawn water potential, dawn-to-dusk stomatal conductance, mid-day photosynthesis, and growth data were collected over a 2-year period. Transplanted trees of each species were under more water stress (indicated by more negative pre-dawn water potential) than non-transplanted trees. However, pre-dawn water potential of transplanted A. platanoides recovered to near non-transplanted levels, while transplanted T. cordata did not. Dawn-to-dusk studies in 1995 and 1996 showed that stomatal conductance was lower throughout the day in transplanted trees. Once again, transplanted A. platanoides recovered to near non-transplanted levels, while transplanted T. cordata did not. A similar trend for mid-day photosynthesis was found for both species in 1995 and 1996. Transplanted trees of each species had less stem area increase, shoot elongation, and total leaf area than non-transplanted trees for each year. These data indicate that transplanted A. platanoides can recover to near non-transplant pre-dawn water potential and gas exchange levels earlier, and therefore establish faster, than transplanted T. cordata. However, after 2 years neither transplanted tree species were able to fully recover to non-transplanted growth rates.

scholarly journals Influence of Irrigation Regime on Water Relations, Gas Exchange, and Growth of Two Field-grown Redbud Varieties in a Semiarid Climate

2014 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindsey Fox ◽  
Amber Bates ◽  
Thayne Montague
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Irrigation Regime ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Area Increase ◽  
Irrigation Volume

For three growing seasons (2003–2005) two newly planted, field-grown redbud (Cercis canadensis L.) varieties were subjected to three reference evapotranspiration (ETo)-based irrigation regimes (100, 66, and 33% ETo). Over this time period, water relations (pre-dawn leaf water potential), gas exchange (mid-day stomatal conductance), and growth data (trunk cross sectional area increase, tree leaf area, and shoot elongation) were measured. Pre-dawn leaf water potential (ψl) was more negative for trees receiving the least amount of irrigation, and for Mexican redbud [C. canadensis var. mexicana (Rose) M. Hopkins] trees. However, mid-day stomatal conductance (gs) was similar for Texas redbud (C. canadensis var. texensis S. Watson) trees across the three irrigation regimes, and was highest for Mexican redbud trees receiving the greatest amount of irrigation volume. Growth varied by variety and irrigation regime. Trunk cross sectional area increase was greatest for Mexican redbud trees, leaf area was highest for trees receiving the greatest amount of irrigation, and shoot elongation was greatest for trees receiving the 66% ETo irrigation regime. However, despite differing irrigation volumes, greatest gas exchange and growth was not necessarily associated with greatest irrigation volume. When considering conservation of precious water resources, these redbud varieties maintain adequate growth and appearance under reduced irrigation.

Responses of functional traits to seven-year nitrogen addition in two tree species: coordination of hydraulics, gas exchange and carbon reserves

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongxia Zhang ◽  
Fenghui Yuan ◽  
Jiabing Wu ◽  
Changjie Jin ◽  
Alexandria L Pivovaroff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Functional Traits ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Vessel Diameter ◽  
N Deposition ◽  
Plant Water ◽  
N Addition

Abstract Atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition has been observed to impact plant structure and functional traits in terrestrial ecosystems. Although the effect of N deposition on plant water use has been well-evaluated in laboratories and in experimental forests, the linkages between water and carbon relations under N deposition are unclear. Here, we report on hydraulics, gas exchange and carbon reserves of two broad-leaved tree species (Quercus mongolica and Fraxinus mandshurica) in mature temperate forests after a seven-year experiment with different levels of N addition (control (CK), low (23 kg N ha−1 yr−1), medium (46 kg N ha−1 yr−1) and high (69 kg N ha−1 yr−1)). We investigated variation in hydraulic traits (xylem-specific hydraulic conductivity (Ks), native percentage loss of conductivity (PLC) and leaf water potential), xylem anatomy (vessel diameter and density), gas exchange (maximum net photosynthesis rate and stomatal conductance) and carbon reserves (soluble sugars, starch and total nonstructural carbohydrates (NSC)) with different N addition levels. We found that medium N addition significantly increased Ks and vessel diameter compared to control, but accompanied increasing PLC and decreasing leaf water potential, suggesting that N addition results in a greater hydraulic efficiency and higher risk of embolism. N addition promoted photosynthetic capacity via increasing foliar N concentration but did not change stomatal conductance. In addition, we found increase in foliar soluble sugar concentration and decrease in starch concentration with N addition, and positive correlations between hydraulic traits (vessel diameter and PLC) and soluble sugars. These coupled responses of tree hydraulics and carbon metabolism are consistent with a regulatory role of carbohydrates in maintaining hydraulic integrity. Our study provides an important insight into the relationship of plant water transport and carbon dynamics under increasing N deposition.

scholarly journals Tree Transplant Size Influences Post-Transplant Growth, Gas Exchange, and Leaf Water Potential Of ‘October Glory’ Red Maple

1995 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 178-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel M. Lauderdale ◽  
Charles H. Gilliam ◽  
Donald J. Eakes ◽  
Gary J Keever ◽  
Arthur H. Chappelka
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Leaf Water Potential ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Leaf Water ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Large Trees ◽  
Use Efficiency

Abstract Effects of red maple transplant size [3.8 cm (1.5 in, small) and 7.6 cm (3.0 in, large) trunk diameter] on growth were evaluated at park and residential planting sites in Mobile, AL, during 1993 and 1994. Gas exchange and leaf water potential of transplants were monitored. Small trees had greater shoot elongation than large trees during both growing seasons. In 1994, small trees had greater height increases than large trees. Trunk diameter increases of small transplants were twice those of large transplants in 1994. Photosynthesis, leaf conductance, transpiration, and water use efficiency were higher for small transplants than large transplants on every observation date. In August 1993, pre-dawn and daily leaf water potentials were higher (less negative) for small trees than for large trees.

scholarly journals RESPONSE OF FIELD-GROWN NORWAY MAPLE AND GREEN ASH TREES TO WHITE AND BROWN TREESHELTERS

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (12) ◽  
pp. 1409d-1409
Author(s):  
David T. Montague ◽  
Roger Kjelgren ◽  
Larry Rupp
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Tree Growth ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Wave Radiation ◽  
Green Ash ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Norway Maple

We investigated microclimate, gas exchange, and growth of field-grown Norway maple (Acer platanoides) and green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica) trees in brown, white, or no treeshelters. Microclimate, tree growth, and gas exchange measurements were taken summer and winter. Treeshelter microclimate was greenhouse-like compared to ambient conditions, as short-wave radiation (S↓) was lower, and midday air temperature and relative humidity were higher. In both species, this resulted in less trunk growth and greater specific leaf area, which are growth responses characteristic of shade acclimation. Treeshelter microclimate did, however, substantially increase shoot elongation and stomatal conductance, but did not increase photosynthesis when compared to trees grown without shelters. White shelters allowed 25% more penetration of S↓ than brown shelters, but tree growth and climatic variables did not differ with treeshelter color. Stomatal conductance, however, was higher for trees in white shelters. Treeshelters also appeared to have a negative effect on plant hardiness. New shoot growth in shelters was more winter-damaged, particularly in maple, than nonsheltered trees. This may be related to winter bark (Tb) and air temperature (Ta). Winter midday Tb on trees grown in shelters was up to 15C higher than Tb on trees outside shelters, while midday Ta inside treeshelters was up to 20C higher than Ta outside treeshelters.

scholarly journals EFFECT OF ROOT PRUNING ON WATER RELATIONS AND SHOOT GROWTH OF `BELLAIRE' PEACH.

HortScience ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 748A-748
Author(s):  
Roberto Santos ◽  
Bradley H. Taylor ◽  
Roger Kjelgren
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Water Relations ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Stomatal Closure ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Diurnal Pattern ◽  
June July ◽  
Old Trees

The effect of root pruning on shoot length and water relations of `Bellaire' peach was investigated as a means of controlling vegetative growth. On 27 April, 25 May, and 23 June, 1990, five-year-old trees were root pruned to a 0.35 m depth at either 0.4 or 0.8 m from the tree trunks along both sides of the row. Shoot growth was measured biweekly through the growing season, and the diurnal pattern of stomatal conductance and water potential was followed in late June, July, and August. Stomatal conductance of the root-pruned treatments was less than the control, while there were no differences in water potential among treatments. Reduced shoot elongation was evident within a month of root pruning at 0.4 m for all timing treatments, but at 0.8 m it varied with the date of pruning. The first root pruning at 0.4 m reduced cumulative shoot elongation 39% compared to the un-pruned control trees, while the remaining treatments reduced it 14%. While root pruning limited cumulative shoot elongation in all treatments, the earliest 0.4 m treatment was most effective, possibly due to pruning of a larger percent of the root system prior to rapid shoot elongation. Stomatal closure in root-pruned trees appeared to moderate diurnal water deficits at levels similar to the control.

scholarly journals IS ABSCISIC ACID INVOLVED IN THE DROUGHT RESPONSES OF BRAZILIAN GREEN DWARF COCONUT?

2009 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. P. GOMES ◽  
M. A. OLIVA ◽  
M. S. MIELKE ◽  
A-A. F. DE ALMEIDA ◽  
H. G. LEITE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Abscisic Acid ◽  
Water Stress ◽  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Recovery Cycles ◽  
Mild Drought

SUMMARYAbscisic acid (ABA) accumulation in leaves of drought-stressed coconut palms and its involvement with stomatal regulation of gas exchange during and after stress were investigated. Two Brazilian Green Dwarf coconut ecotypes from hot/humid and hot/dry environments were submitted to three consecutive drying/recovery cycles under greenhouse conditions. ABA accumulated in leaflets before significant changes in pre-dawn leaflet water potential (ΨPD) and did not recover completely in the two ecotypes after 8 days of rewatering. Stomatal conductance was influenced by ABA under mild drought and by ΨPD under severe drought. There were no significant differences between the ecotypes for most variables measured. However, the ecotype from a hot/dry environment showed higher water use efficiency after repeated cycles of water stress.

scholarly journals Variation in scion water relations mediated by two newly released Geneva series rootstocks

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erica Casagrande Biasuz ◽  
Lee Kalcsits
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Water Relations ◽  
Isotope Composition ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Physiological Traits ◽  
Stem Water Potential ◽  
Carbon And Oxygen Isotope ◽  
Stem Water

Dwarfing rootstocks are used to control tree vigor allowing for increased densities that increase apple production. Although there is considerable variation among rootstocks in dwarfing capacity, the mechanisms by which rootstocks affect vigor in apple scions remains unclear. Here, Honeycrisp apple growth and water relations were compared among three rootstocks; M-9 as the industry standard and two less studied Geneva series rootstocks; G.87 and G. 814 in Washington, USA. Trees were acquired from a commercial nursery and planted in 2017. In 2018 and 2019, scion physiological, isotopic and morphological traits were measured to better understand the link between rootstock-driven vigor and physiological traits. Rootstock affected scion shoot growth (P <0.001), stomatal conductance (P< 0.01) and stem water potential (P <0.001). Rootstocks with low vegetative vigor like M.9 also had lower stomatal conductance and enriched leaf δ13C and δ18O isotope composition. Plant growth was positively correlated with stomatal conductance and stem water potential. Rootstocks also affected plant water status and net gas exchange. Here, we report an association between rootstock-induced vigor and scion physiological traits such as gas exchange, stem water potential, and leaf carbon and oxygen isotope composition. This research has implications for the understanding of the mechanisms of dwarfing by rootstocks in apple.

scholarly journals Water status and gas exchange of umbu plants (Spondias tuberosa Arr. Cam.) propagated by seeds and stem cuttings

2007 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 355-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Moacir Pinheiro Lima Filho
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Leaf Water Potential ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Leaf Water ◽  
Soil Water Deficit ◽  
Stem Cuttings

The experiment was carried out at the Embrapa Semi-Árido, Petrolina-PE, Brazil, in order to study the physiological responses of umbu plants propagated by seeds and by stem cuttings under water stress conditions, based on leaf water potential and gas exchange measurements. Data were collected in one-year plants established in pots containing 30 kg of a sandy soil and submitted to twenty-day progressive soil water deficit. The evaluations were based on leaf water potential and gas exchange data collection using psychrometric chambers and a portable infra-red gas analyzer, respectively. Plants propagated by seeds maintained a significantly higher water potential, stomatal conductance, transpiration and photosynthesis under decreasing soil water availability. However, plants propagated by stem cuttings were unable to maintain a favorable internal water balance, reflecting negatively on stomatal conductance and leaf gas exchange. This fact is probably because umbu plants propagated by stem cuttings are not prone to formation of root tubers which are reservoirs for water and solutes. Thus, the establishing of umbu plants propagated by stem cuttings must be avoided in areas subjected to soil water deficit.

scholarly journals Physiological Response of Carambola Trees to Soil Water Depletion in Krome Soils

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 857B-857
Author(s):  
Rashid Al-Yahyai* ◽  
Bruce Schaffer ◽  
Frederick S. Davies
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Stem Water Potential ◽  
Soil Water Depletion ◽  
Water Depletion ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Stem Water

The effect of soil water depletion on plant water potential and leaf gas exchange of carambola (Averrhoa carambola L. cv. Arkin) in Krome very gravelly loam soil was studied in an orchard and in containers in the field and in a greenhouse. The rate of soil water depletion was determined by continuously monitoring soil water content with multi-sensor capacitance probes. Stem water potential and leaf gas exchange of carambola in containers were reduced when the soil water depletion level fell below 50% (where field capacity = 100%). Although there was a decrease in the rate of soil water depletion in the orchard as the soil dried, soil water depletion did not go below an average of 70%. This was presumably due to sufficient rainfall and capillary movement of water in the soil. Therefore, soil water content did not decline sufficiently to affect leaf gas exchange and leaf and stem water potential of orchard trees. A decline in soil water depletion below 40% resulted in a concomitant decline in stem water potential of the container trees in the field and greenhouse to below -1.0 MPa. Stomatal conductance, net CO2 assimilation, and transpiration declined significantly when stem water potential was below -1.0 MPa. The reduction of net CO2 assimilation and transpiration was proportional to the decline in stomatal conductance of container trees in the field and greenhouse. Thus, soil water depletion in Krome very gravelly loam soil must be less than 50% before water potential or leaf gas exchange of carambola is affected. Based on these results, irrigation scheduling should be based on physiological variables such as stem water potential and stomatal conductance or the amount rather than the rate of soil water depletion.

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