Responses of functional traits to seven-year nitrogen addition in two tree species: coordination of hydraulics, gas exchange and carbon reserves

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongxia Zhang ◽  
Fenghui Yuan ◽  
Jiabing Wu ◽  
Changjie Jin ◽  
Alexandria L Pivovaroff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Functional Traits ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Vessel Diameter ◽  
N Deposition ◽  
Plant Water ◽  
N Addition

Abstract Atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition has been observed to impact plant structure and functional traits in terrestrial ecosystems. Although the effect of N deposition on plant water use has been well-evaluated in laboratories and in experimental forests, the linkages between water and carbon relations under N deposition are unclear. Here, we report on hydraulics, gas exchange and carbon reserves of two broad-leaved tree species (Quercus mongolica and Fraxinus mandshurica) in mature temperate forests after a seven-year experiment with different levels of N addition (control (CK), low (23 kg N ha−1 yr−1), medium (46 kg N ha−1 yr−1) and high (69 kg N ha−1 yr−1)). We investigated variation in hydraulic traits (xylem-specific hydraulic conductivity (Ks), native percentage loss of conductivity (PLC) and leaf water potential), xylem anatomy (vessel diameter and density), gas exchange (maximum net photosynthesis rate and stomatal conductance) and carbon reserves (soluble sugars, starch and total nonstructural carbohydrates (NSC)) with different N addition levels. We found that medium N addition significantly increased Ks and vessel diameter compared to control, but accompanied increasing PLC and decreasing leaf water potential, suggesting that N addition results in a greater hydraulic efficiency and higher risk of embolism. N addition promoted photosynthetic capacity via increasing foliar N concentration but did not change stomatal conductance. In addition, we found increase in foliar soluble sugar concentration and decrease in starch concentration with N addition, and positive correlations between hydraulic traits (vessel diameter and PLC) and soluble sugars. These coupled responses of tree hydraulics and carbon metabolism are consistent with a regulatory role of carbohydrates in maintaining hydraulic integrity. Our study provides an important insight into the relationship of plant water transport and carbon dynamics under increasing N deposition.

scholarly journals Gas Exchange and Growth of Selected Transplanted and Nontransplanted Landscape Tree Species

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 444A-444
Author(s):  
D. Thayne Montague ◽  
Roger Kjelgren ◽  
Larry Rupp
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Acer Platanoides ◽  
Growth Data ◽  
Total Leaf Area ◽  
Area Increase ◽  
New Location

Gas exchange and growth of transplanted and non-transplanted Acer platanoides `Schwedleri' and Tilia cordata `Greenspire' trees were investigated. This study was conducted on trees planted in 1991 in a field nursery near Logan, Utah. In Spring 1995, three trees of each species were moved with a tree spade to a new location within the nursery and three non-transplanted trees were selected as controls. To simulate landscape conditions, all trees were watered at the time of planting and once per week during the growing season. Pre-dawn water potential, dawn-to-dusk stomatal conductance, mid-day photosynthesis, and growth data were collected over a 2-year period. Transplanted trees of each species were under more water stress (indicated by more negative pre-dawn water potential) than non-transplanted trees. However, pre-dawn water potential of transplanted A. platanoides recovered to near non-transplanted levels, while transplanted T. cordata did not. Dawn-to-dusk studies in 1995 and 1996 showed that stomatal conductance was lower throughout the day in transplanted trees. Once again, transplanted A. platanoides recovered to near non-transplanted levels, while transplanted T. cordata did not. A similar trend for mid-day photosynthesis was found for both species in 1995 and 1996. Transplanted trees of each species had less stem area increase, shoot elongation, and total leaf area than non-transplanted trees for each year. These data indicate that transplanted A. platanoides can recover to near non-transplant pre-dawn water potential and gas exchange levels earlier, and therefore establish faster, than transplanted T. cordata. However, after 2 years neither transplanted tree species were able to fully recover to non-transplanted growth rates.

The Effect of Water Shortage on Potted Peach Trees in Relation to Ecophysiological Parameters and Infra-red Thermometry

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 541b-541
Author(s):  
Rita Giuliani ◽  
James A. Flore
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll Fluorescence ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Early Detection ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Canopy Temperature ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Development Rate ◽  
Plant Water ◽  
Infra Red ◽  
Peach Trees

Potted peach trees grown outdoors during the 1997 season were subjected to drought and subsequent rewatering to evaluate their dynamic response to soil water content. The investigation was primarily focused on the early detection of plant water stress to prevent negative effects on the growth. Leaf chlorophyll fluorescence and canopy temperature estimates (by infra-red thermometry) were conducted. Drought effect on physiological processes were detected through by estimates of canopy development rate, leaf gas-exchange measurements; while leaf water potential was measured to characterize plant water status. A decrease in the canopy's development rate was found 1 week after irrigation was stopped, which also coincided with a more-negative leaf water potential, whereas a decrease of the gas-exchange activities occurred several days later. No significant differences between the stressed and control plants were recorded by the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters (Fo, Fm, Fv and the ratio Fv/Fm), whereas the infra-red estimates of canopy temperature detected a slight increase of the canopy surface temperature (connected to the change of leaf energy balance and in relation to partial stomatal closure) on the non-irrigated plants 1 week after the beginning of the trial. The use of infra-red thermometry for early detection of water shortage is discussed.

scholarly journals Influence of Irrigation Regime on Water Relations, Gas Exchange, and Growth of Two Field-grown Redbud Varieties in a Semiarid Climate

2014 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindsey Fox ◽  
Amber Bates ◽  
Thayne Montague
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Irrigation Regime ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Area Increase ◽  
Irrigation Volume

For three growing seasons (2003–2005) two newly planted, field-grown redbud (Cercis canadensis L.) varieties were subjected to three reference evapotranspiration (ETo)-based irrigation regimes (100, 66, and 33% ETo). Over this time period, water relations (pre-dawn leaf water potential), gas exchange (mid-day stomatal conductance), and growth data (trunk cross sectional area increase, tree leaf area, and shoot elongation) were measured. Pre-dawn leaf water potential (ψl) was more negative for trees receiving the least amount of irrigation, and for Mexican redbud [C. canadensis var. mexicana (Rose) M. Hopkins] trees. However, mid-day stomatal conductance (gs) was similar for Texas redbud (C. canadensis var. texensis S. Watson) trees across the three irrigation regimes, and was highest for Mexican redbud trees receiving the greatest amount of irrigation volume. Growth varied by variety and irrigation regime. Trunk cross sectional area increase was greatest for Mexican redbud trees, leaf area was highest for trees receiving the greatest amount of irrigation, and shoot elongation was greatest for trees receiving the 66% ETo irrigation regime. However, despite differing irrigation volumes, greatest gas exchange and growth was not necessarily associated with greatest irrigation volume. When considering conservation of precious water resources, these redbud varieties maintain adequate growth and appearance under reduced irrigation.

scholarly journals Stem Water Potential and Apple Size

1995 ◽  
Vol 120 (4) ◽  
pp. 577-582 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amos Naor ◽  
Isaac Klein ◽  
Israel Doron
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Plant Water ◽  
Stem Water Potential ◽  
Plant Water Stress ◽  
Stem Water ◽  
Irrigation Treatments ◽  
Highly Correlated

The sensitivity of leaf (ψleaf) and stem (ψstem) water potential and stomatal conductance (gs) to soil moisture availability in apple (Malus domestics Borkh.) trees and their correlation with yield components were studied in a field experiment. Two drip irrigation treatments, 440 mm (H) and 210 mm (L), were applied to a `Golden Delicious' apple orchard during cell enlargement stage (55-173 days after full bloom). Data collected included ψstem, y leaf, gs, and soil water potential at 25 (ψsoil-25) and 50 cm (ψsoil-50). No differences in midday ψleaf's were found between irrigation treatments. Stem water potential was higher in the H treatment than in the L treatment in diurnal measurements, and at midday throughout the season. Stomatal conductance of the H treatment was higher than the L treatment throughout the day. Stomatal conductance between 0930 and 1530 hr were highly correlated with ψstem. The H treatment increased the percentage of fruit >65 mm, and increased the proportion of earlier harvested fruit reaching marketable size compared to the L treatment. Fruit size in the first harvest and the total yield were highly correlated with ψstem. The degree of correlation between plant water stress indicators and yield component decreased in the following order: ψstem>ψsoil-25,>ψsoil-50>ψleaf. The data suggest that midday ψstem may serve as a preferable plant water stress indicator with respect to fruit size.

scholarly journals Short-Term Nitrogen Addition Does Not Significantly Alter the Effects of Seasonal Drought on Leaf Functional Traits in Machilus pauhoi Kanehira Seedlings

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hua Yu ◽  
Dongliang Cheng ◽  
Baoyin Li ◽  
Chaobin Xu ◽  
Zhongrui Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Traits ◽  
C:N Ratio ◽  
Leaf Traits ◽  
N Deposition ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
N Addition ◽  
Subtropical China ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Leaf Functional Traits ◽  
Seasonal Drought

Research Highlights: Short-term nitrogen (N) addition did not significantly alter the effects of seasonal drought on the leaf functional traits in Machilus pauhoi Kanehira seedlings in N-rich subtropical China. Background and Objectives: Seasonal drought and N deposition are major drivers of global environmental change that affect plant growth and ecosystem function in subtropical China. However, no consensus has been reached on the interactive effects of these two drivers. Materials and Methods: We conducted a full-factorial experiment to analyze the single and combined effects of seasonal drought and short-term N addition on chemical, morphological and physiological traits of M. pauhoi seedlings. Results: Seasonal drought (40% of soil field capacity) had significant negative effects on the leaf N concentrations (LNC), phosphorus (P) concentrations (LPC), leaf thickness (LT), net photosynthetic rate (A), transpiration rate (E), stomatal conductance (Gs), and predawn leaf water potential (ψPD), and significant positive effects on the carbon:N (C:N) ratio and specific leaf area (SLA). Short-term N addition (50 kg N·hm−2·year−1 and 100 kg N·hm−2·year−1) tended to decrease the C:N ratio and enhance leaf nutrient, growth, and photosynthetic performance because of increased LNC, LPC, LT, leaf area (LA), SLA, A, E, and ψPD; however, it only had significant effects on LT and Gs. No significant interactive effects on leaf traits were detected. Seasonal drought, short-term N addition, and their interactions had significant effects on soil properties. The soil total C (STC), nitrate N (NO3−-N) and soil total N (STN) concentrations were the main factors that affected the leaf traits. Conclusions: Seasonal drought had a stronger effect on M. pauhoi seedling leaf traits than short-term N deposition, indicating that the interaction between seasonal drought and short-term N deposition may have an additive effecton M. pauhoi seedling growth in N-rich subtropical China.

scholarly journals IS ABSCISIC ACID INVOLVED IN THE DROUGHT RESPONSES OF BRAZILIAN GREEN DWARF COCONUT?

2009 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. P. GOMES ◽  
M. A. OLIVA ◽  
M. S. MIELKE ◽  
A-A. F. DE ALMEIDA ◽  
H. G. LEITE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Abscisic Acid ◽  
Water Stress ◽  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Recovery Cycles ◽  
Mild Drought

SUMMARYAbscisic acid (ABA) accumulation in leaves of drought-stressed coconut palms and its involvement with stomatal regulation of gas exchange during and after stress were investigated. Two Brazilian Green Dwarf coconut ecotypes from hot/humid and hot/dry environments were submitted to three consecutive drying/recovery cycles under greenhouse conditions. ABA accumulated in leaflets before significant changes in pre-dawn leaflet water potential (ΨPD) and did not recover completely in the two ecotypes after 8 days of rewatering. Stomatal conductance was influenced by ABA under mild drought and by ΨPD under severe drought. There were no significant differences between the ecotypes for most variables measured. However, the ecotype from a hot/dry environment showed higher water use efficiency after repeated cycles of water stress.

scholarly journals Variation in scion water relations mediated by two newly released Geneva series rootstocks

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erica Casagrande Biasuz ◽  
Lee Kalcsits
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Water Relations ◽  
Isotope Composition ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Physiological Traits ◽  
Stem Water Potential ◽  
Carbon And Oxygen Isotope ◽  
Stem Water

Dwarfing rootstocks are used to control tree vigor allowing for increased densities that increase apple production. Although there is considerable variation among rootstocks in dwarfing capacity, the mechanisms by which rootstocks affect vigor in apple scions remains unclear. Here, Honeycrisp apple growth and water relations were compared among three rootstocks; M-9 as the industry standard and two less studied Geneva series rootstocks; G.87 and G. 814 in Washington, USA. Trees were acquired from a commercial nursery and planted in 2017. In 2018 and 2019, scion physiological, isotopic and morphological traits were measured to better understand the link between rootstock-driven vigor and physiological traits. Rootstock affected scion shoot growth (P <0.001), stomatal conductance (P< 0.01) and stem water potential (P <0.001). Rootstocks with low vegetative vigor like M.9 also had lower stomatal conductance and enriched leaf δ13C and δ18O isotope composition. Plant growth was positively correlated with stomatal conductance and stem water potential. Rootstocks also affected plant water status and net gas exchange. Here, we report an association between rootstock-induced vigor and scion physiological traits such as gas exchange, stem water potential, and leaf carbon and oxygen isotope composition. This research has implications for the understanding of the mechanisms of dwarfing by rootstocks in apple.

scholarly journals Terrestrial Laser Scanning Intensity Captures Diurnal Variation in Leaf Water Potential

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuli Junttila ◽  
Teemu Hölttä ◽  
Eetu Puttonen ◽  
Masato Katoh ◽  
Mikko Vastaranta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diurnal Variation ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Leaf Water Potential ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Terrestrial Laser Scanning ◽  
Leaf Water ◽  
Water Dynamics ◽  
Plant Water ◽  
Plant Mortality

Drought-induced plant mortality has increased globally during the last decades and is forecasted to influence global vegetation dynamics. Timely information on plant water dynamics is essential for understanding and anticipating drought-induced plant mortality. The most common metric that has been used for decades for measuring water stress is leaf water potential (&Psi;L), which is measured destructively. To obtain information on water dynamics from trees and forested landscapes, remote sensing methods have been developed. However, the spatial and temporal resolution of the existing methods have limited our understanding of water dynamics and diurnal variation of &Psi;L within single trees. Thus, we investigated the capability of terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) intensity in observing diurnal variation in &Psi;L during a 50 hour monitoring period and aimed to improve understanding on how large part of the diurnal variation in &Psi;L can be captured using intensity observations. We found that TLS intensity at 905 nm wavelength was able to explain 78% of the variation in &Psi;L for three trees of two tree species with a root-mean square error of 0.137 MPa. Based on our experiment with three trees, time-series of TLS intensity measurements can be used in detecting changes in &Psi;L, and thus it is worthwhile to expand the investigations to cover a wider range of tree species and forests and further increase our understanding of plant water dynamics at wider spatial and temporal scales.

scholarly journals Water status and gas exchange of umbu plants (Spondias tuberosa Arr. Cam.) propagated by seeds and stem cuttings

2007 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 355-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Moacir Pinheiro Lima Filho
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Leaf Water Potential ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Leaf Water ◽  
Soil Water Deficit ◽  
Stem Cuttings

The experiment was carried out at the Embrapa Semi-Árido, Petrolina-PE, Brazil, in order to study the physiological responses of umbu plants propagated by seeds and by stem cuttings under water stress conditions, based on leaf water potential and gas exchange measurements. Data were collected in one-year plants established in pots containing 30 kg of a sandy soil and submitted to twenty-day progressive soil water deficit. The evaluations were based on leaf water potential and gas exchange data collection using psychrometric chambers and a portable infra-red gas analyzer, respectively. Plants propagated by seeds maintained a significantly higher water potential, stomatal conductance, transpiration and photosynthesis under decreasing soil water availability. However, plants propagated by stem cuttings were unable to maintain a favorable internal water balance, reflecting negatively on stomatal conductance and leaf gas exchange. This fact is probably because umbu plants propagated by stem cuttings are not prone to formation of root tubers which are reservoirs for water and solutes. Thus, the establishing of umbu plants propagated by stem cuttings must be avoided in areas subjected to soil water deficit.

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