Ethephon for American Ginseng (Panax quiquefolium L.) Inflorescence Removal

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 481b-481
Author(s):  
A.E. Fiebig ◽  
J.T.A. Proctor ◽  
D. Murr ◽  
R. Releeder
Keyword(s):  
Additive Concentration ◽  
Root Mass ◽  
Panax Quinquefolium ◽  
Fruit Removal ◽  
Plant Damage ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Production Practice ◽  
Whole Plants ◽  
Mass Increase ◽  
Standard Production

Varying concentrations (500-4000 mg·L–1) of ethephon, an ethylene-releasing compound, were applied to 3-year-old ginseng (Panax quinquefolium L.) plants in fields of southern Ontario. The effects of this chemical on fruit removal, plant damage, infructescence morphology, and root mass were studied and compared to the normal practice of manual inflorescence removal. The highest concentrations had the highest rates of removal but also caused the greatest amount of damage to the whole plants when compared to the mid-range concentrations. The lowest concentrations showed less foliar damage but did not provide sufficient fruit removal to mimic hand removal. When individual inflorescences of the ethephon treatments were studied, the seed heads had fewer ripe berries and more unpollinated florets than the untreated controls. When root masses were compared, high and low concentrations showed lower masses than those of the standard production practice of hand removal. However, mid range concentrations showed similar root mass increase to manual removal. When all parameters were considered, the concentration range giving the best results was 1000-1500 mg·L–1. Multiple applications of ethephon, at weekly intervals, had an additive effect on flower removal and plant damage. Treatments having an additive concentration of over 2000 mg·L–1 had detrimental effects on all parameters. Those within the 1000–1500 mg·L–1 range showed the highest similarity to the hand removal benefits.

scholarly journals ESTABLECIMIENTO DEL SISTEMA DE REGENERACION POR EMBRIOGÉNESIS SOMÁTICA DE Azadirachta indica A. Juss.

2014 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria D. Artigas R ◽  
Rafael Fernandez Da Silva
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Azadirachta Indica ◽  
Culture System ◽  
Plant Metabolites ◽  
Secondary Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Efficient System ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Whole Plants

<p><em>Azadirachta indica</em>, es una planta con múltiples aplicaciones tanto forestal como farmacológica. Por ende, el establecimiento del sistema de cultivo <em>in vitro</em> por embriogénesis somática ofrece diversas y variadas ventajas, tales como obtener plantas altamente productivas en metabolitos. En este estudio, se utilizaron secciones foliares y cotiledonares, inducidas en medios MS (1962) suplementados con: BAP sólo y combinado con ANA/2,4-D, TDZ sólo y con ABA. La regeneración fue con MS sólo o con K + AIA y BAP + AIA. Como resultado se estableció un sistema eficiente con secciones de cotiledones, observándose organogénesis a bajas concentraciones de BAP, mientras a altos niveles de BAP (2,5 mg.L<sup>-1</sup>), así como  con TDZ + ABA (0,02 + 1mg.L<sup>-1</sup>) respectivamente favorecieron la embriogénesis somática primaria y secundaria en un 96 % y 71 % respectivamente. La regeneración fue 71 % con MS, mientras que el enraizamiento fue de 86,67 % con MS½, obteniéndose plantas completas a corto plazo. </p><p><strong>ABSTRACT</strong></p><p><em>Azadirachta indica</em>, is a plant with multiple forest and pharmacological application. Therefore, the establishment of <em>in vitro</em> culture system for somatic embryogenesis offers several distinct advantages such as obtaining highly productive plant metabolites. In this study, were used sections cotyledon and leaf, induced on MS medium (1962) supplemented with: BAP alone and combined with NAA / 2,4-D, TDZ alone and ABA. Regeneration was with MS alone or with K + BAP + IAA and IAA. As a result was established an efficient system with cotyledon sections, being observed organogenesis at low concentrations of BAP, while high levels of BAP (2.5 mg.L<sup>-1</sup>) with 96 % and TDZ + ABA (0.02 + 1mg.L<sup>-1</sup>) with 71 %, favoring the primary and secondary somatic embryogenesis. Regeneration was 71 % with MS; rooting was 86.67 % with MS½, presenting whole plants obtained short term.</p><p><strong>RESUMO</strong></p><p><em>Azadirachta indica, </em>é uma planta com várias aplicaçãos florestas e farmacológicas. Por conseguinte, a criação de sistema de cultur<em>a in vitro </em>para a embriogénese somática apresenta várias vantagens, tais como a obtenção de plantas altamente produtivas de metabolitos. Neste estudo, as seções de cotilédones e folhas, induzidas em meios suplementado en MS (1962) con: BAP sozinho e combinado com ANA / 2,4-D, TDZ e ABA sozinho. A regeneração foi apenas com MS ou com K + BAP + IAA e IAA. Como resultado, foi eficiente con seções cotiledones, observados organogênese em baixas concentrações de BAP, en quanto altos níveis de BAP (2,5 mg L-1) e com TDZ + ABA (0,02 + 1mg.L-1) favoreceu a embriogênese somática primária e secundária até 96 % e 71%, respectivamente. Regeneração estava com MS 71 %, en quanto que o enraizamento foi de 86,67 %, com ½ MS produzindo plantas inteiras curto prazo.</p><p><strong><br /></strong></p><p> </p>

THE IMPACT OF LUCERNE’S NEW BREEDS ON THE STRUCTURE OF ARABLE LAYER OF HEAVY-GREY FOREST SOILS DEPENDING ON MINERAL NUTRITION LEVEL

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 103-107
Author(s):  
Шарипова ◽  
Gulsiya Sharipova ◽  
Тагиров ◽  
Marsel Tagirov ◽  
Шайтанов ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mineral Nutrition ◽  
Forest Soils ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Root Mass ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Alfalfa Varieties ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Mass Increase

The article presents data on the effect of three-year usage of herbage of six varieties of alfalfa, which are well adapted to the conditions of the Republic of Tatarstan, to the structure of gray forest heavy-loamy soils. The studies, carried out in 2007-2010, on different mineral nutrition backgrounds, showed that the studied alfalfa varieties differ greatly in intensity of root mass increase and responsiveness to the application of mineral fertilizers, respectively, their habitat-forming properties also differ.

Low Concentrations of Phytoalexins Correlate with Resistance in Regenerated Plants from Meristem Cultures of Vicia faba L

1989 ◽  
Vol 44 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 237-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Thynn ◽  
A. Wolff ◽  
E. Gorge ◽  
D. Werner
Keyword(s):  
Vicia Faba ◽  
Ethylene Production ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Phytophthora Megasperma ◽  
Regenerated Plants ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
General Production ◽  
Faba Beans ◽  
Whole Plants ◽  
High Level

Abstract In tissue cultures from shoot apex meristems with leaf primordias of Vicia faba cv. TP667, addition of low concentration of auxins (0.01 mg ・1-1) induced regeneration of whole plants at high frequency (100%). The combination of NAA and kinetin or GA , also induced a high yield of plant regeneration. Regenerated plants from various cultivars on a medium with 2 ,4 D (0.01 mg ・1-1) were infected with Botrytis cinerea, Phytophthora megasperma and R hizoctonia solani. Accumulation of phytoalexins, ethylene production and the resistance to fungal diseases were studied. In general, production of phytoalexins occurred at a high level in all cultivars infected with B. cinerea. Ethylene production varied more in the seven cultivars studied than phytoalexin accumulation. No cultivar was resistant to B. cinerea. The highest resistance and the low est concentration of phytoalexin was found after infection by R. solani, and phytoalexin accumulation and resistance were interm ediate in plants infected by P. megasperma. The data suggest that only low to medium concentrations of phytoalexin in faba beans are correlated with resistance of regenerated plants.

scholarly journals Root Growth and Organogenesis in Thidiazuron-treated Ginseng (Panax quinquefolium L.)

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 628c-628
Author(s):  
J.T.A. Proctor ◽  
T. Slimmon ◽  
P.K. Saxena
Keyword(s):  
De Novo ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Panax Quinquefolium ◽  
Old Field ◽  
Efficient System ◽  
Morphogenetic Potential ◽  
Whole Plants ◽  
Secondary Roots

Ginseng is an herbaceous perennial that grows in the understorey of deciduous hardwood forests and is also cultivated for its highly valued root. The primary method of propagation of ginseng is by seed which requires the breaking of dormancy by stratification, a process which takes 18–24 months. Investigation of factors controlling the growth and development of ginseng plants is a prerequisite to the development of a more efficient system of ginseng propagation. We have recently modulated the morphogenetic potential of geranium roots and stimulated de novo development of shoots and embryo-like structures which later formed whole plants using thidiazuron (TDZ). Our objective was to investigate the morphological changes in seedling and mature ginseng plants induced by TDZ, particularly in relation to root and shoot morphogenesis and economic yield. Applications of TDZ (0.22 and 2.20 ppm), either as foliar sprays or soil watering to greenhouse-grown seedlings over 18 weeks (2 weeks after sowing to 20 weeks when plants were harvested) induced similar effects. These responses included increased stem length and diameter, and shoot and root weight (economic yield). Single foliar applications of TDZ at 62.5 and 125 ppm to 3-year-old field-grown ginseng plants 3 months before harvest increased root biomass (economic yield) by 19% to 23%. Roots of TDZ-treated seedlings and 3-year-old field-grown plants developed thickened secondary roots on the upper part of the taproot. The root-like structure of these secondary roots was confirmed by histology. In addition, TDZ treatments induced adventitious buds on the shoulder of 3-year-old roots. These buds developed into shoots to give multi-stem plants following a period of dormancy, which was overcome with GA3 (gibberellic acid) treatment before planting.

Response of Phaseolus vulgaris protoplasts to chemical components of fungal origin

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen M. Griffiths ◽  
Anne J. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
French Bean ◽  
Colletotrichum Lindemuthianum ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Extracellular Products ◽  
Bean Hypocotyl ◽  
Whole Plants ◽  
Hypocotyl Tissue ◽  
Plant Pathogen Interactions

Colletotrichum lindemuthianum is the causal agent of anthracnose in Phaseolus vulgaris L. (French bean). The α and β races of the fungus were used in this study with French bean cultivar ‘Great Northern’. Whole plants inoculated with the α race developed brown lesions on the hypocotyls (susceptible response). The β race caused small limited lesions, indicating a more resistant interaction. Extracellular products and cell wall materials were isolated from β race cultures and extracellular products from α race cultures. The extracts were size fractionated. By using a cotyledon bioassay, elicitor activity was demonstrated on ‘Dark Red Kidney’ within fractions from the α race. Fractions from the β race had little activity on ‘Dark Red Kidney’ or ‘Great Northern’ cotyledons. Protoplasts were isolated from ‘Great Northern’ bean hypocotyl tissue and incubated with the fungal fractions. Even at low concentrations (0.01 μg glucose equivalent∙mL−1), the β race culture filtrate rapidly killed a greater percentage of protoplasts (30%) than the α race (15%). The β race wall extract had little effect upon protoplast viability. The proportion of nonviable protoplasts depended on the incubation period and the concentration of the fungal material. Heat treatment of the culture filtrates and wall extract did not decrease their lethal effects. The results suggest that protoplasts may be valuable in examining the nature of certain plant–pathogen interactions.

Microtubule nucleation sequence studied by time-resolved x-ray scattering and electron microscopy

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 766-767
Author(s):  
Eva-Maria Mandelkow ◽  
Eckhard Mandelkow ◽  
Joan Bordas
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Dynamic Equilibrium ◽  
Time Resolved ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
X Ray Scattering ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Microtubule Growth ◽  
Ray Patterns ◽  
Ray Scattering

When a solution of microtubule protein is changed from non-polymerising to polymerising conditions (e.g. by temperature jump or mixing with GTP) there is a series of structural transitions preceding microtubule growth. These have been detected by time-resolved X-ray scattering using synchrotron radiation, and they may be classified into pre-nucleation and nucleation events. X-ray patterns are good indicators for the average behavior of the particles in solution, but they are difficult to interpret unless additional information on their structure is available. We therefore studied the assembly process by electron microscopy under conditions approaching those of the X-ray experiment. There are two difficulties in the EM approach: One is that the particles important for assembly are usually small and not very regular and therefore tend to be overlooked. Secondly EM specimens require low concentrations which favor disassembly of the particles one wants to observe since there is a dynamic equilibrium between polymers and subunits.

The CM120 Biotwin: a high-contrast objective lens, optimum cryo-vacuum and improved EDX performance

1995 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 584-585
Author(s):  
Uwe Lücken ◽  
Michael Felsmann ◽  
Wim M. Busing ◽  
Frank de Jong
Keyword(s):  
Life Science ◽  
Focal Length ◽  
Objective Lens ◽  
High Contrast ◽  
Contrast Imaging ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Forming Mechanism ◽  
Similar Image ◽  
High Contrast Imaging ◽  
Low Concentrations

A new microscope for the study of life science specimen has been developed. Special attention has been given to the problems of unstained samples, cryo-specimens and x-ray analysis at low concentrations.A new objective lens with a Cs of 6.2 mm and a focal length of 5.9 mm for high-contrast imaging has been developed. The contrast of a TWIN lens (f = 2.8 mm, Cs = 2 mm) and the BioTWTN are compared at the level of mean and SD of slow scan CCD images. Figure 1a shows 500 +/- 150 and Fig. 1b only 500 +/- 40 counts/pixel. The contrast-forming mechanism for amplitude contrast is dependent on the wavelength, the objective aperture and the focal length. For similar image conditions (same voltage, same objective aperture) the BioTWIN shows more than double the contrast of the TWIN lens. For phasecontrast specimens (like thin frozen-hydrated films) the contrast at Scherzer focus is approximately proportional to the √ Cs.

Immunogold labeling of CMP-KDO synthetase produced by recombinant E. Coli cells

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 924-925
Author(s):  
F. A. Durum ◽  
R. G. Goldman ◽  
T. J. Bolling ◽  
M. F. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Inclusion Bodies ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Recombinant Dna ◽  
Test System ◽  
Cell Protein ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Cytoplasmic Inclusions ◽  
Isolation And Purification ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Low Concentrations

CMP-KDO synthetase (CKS) is an enzyme which plays a key role in the synthesis of LPS, an outer membrane component unique to gram negative bacteria. CKS activates KDO to CMP-KDO for incorporation into LPS. The enzyme is normally present in low concentrations (0.02% of total cell protein) which makes it difficult to perform large scale isolation and purification. Recently, the gene for CKS from E. coli was cloned and various recombinant DNA constructs overproducing CKS several thousandfold (unpublished data) were derived. Interestingly, no cytoplasmic inclusions of overproduced CKS were observed by EM (Fig. 1) which is in contrast to other reports of large proteinaceous inclusion bodies in various overproducing recombinant strains. The present immunocytochemical study was undertaken to localize CKS in these cells.Immune labeling conditions were first optimized using a previously described cell-free test system. Briefly, this involves soaking small blocks of polymerized bovine serum albumin in purified CKS antigen and subjecting them to various fixation, embedding and immunochemical conditions.

Phase behavior of cationic and anionic surfactants at low concentrations

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 694-695
Author(s):  
E. Naranjo
Keyword(s):  
Phase Behavior ◽  
Structural Characterization ◽  
Dynamic Systems ◽  
Anionic Surfactants ◽  
Intermolecular Forces ◽  
Stable Form ◽  
Surfactant Mixtures ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Cationic And Anionic Surfactants ◽  
General Method

Equilibrium vesicles, those which are the stable form of aggregation and form spontaneously on mixing surfactant with water, have never been demonstrated in single component bilayers and only rarely in lipid or surfactant mixtures. Designing a simple and general method for producing spontaneous and stable vesicles depends on a better understanding of the thermodynamics of aggregation, the interplay of intermolecular forces in surfactants, and an efficient way of doing structural characterization in dynamic systems.

Freeze-Fracture Studies of Membranes in Developing Sieve Elements in a Plant Tissue Culture

1980 ◽  
Vol 38 ◽  
pp. 636-637
Author(s):  
R. D. Sjolund ◽  
C. Y. Shih
Keyword(s):  
Plant Tissue ◽  
Cultured Cells ◽  
Freeze Fracture ◽  
Tissue Cultures ◽  
Sieve Elements ◽  
Intact Plants ◽  
Plant Tissue Cultures ◽  
Whole Plants ◽  
Energy Dependent ◽  
Similar Elements

The differentiation of phloem in plant tissue cultures offers a unique opportunity to study the development and structure of sieve elements in a manner that avoids the injury responses associated with the processing of similar elements in intact plants. Short segments of sieve elements formed in tissue cultures can be fixed intact while the longer strands occuring in whole plants must be cut into shorter lengths before processing. While iyuch controversy surrounds the question of phloem function in tissue cultures , sieve elements formed in these cultured cells are structurally similar to those of Intact plants. We are particullarly Interested In the structure of the plasma membrane and the peripheral ER in these cells because of their possible role in the energy-dependent active transport of sucrose into the sieve elements.

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