Determining the Performance of Five Ornamental Grasses under Reduced Moisture Conditions

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 491a-491
Author(s):  
James T. Cole ◽  
Janet C. Cole
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Stomatal Resistance ◽  
Time Domain Reflectometry ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Drought Period ◽  
Shoot Ratio ◽  
Relative Water ◽  
Moisture Conditions ◽  
Water Treatments ◽  
Potential Transpiration

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the performance of five ornamental grass species under reduced moisture. This experiment was conducted in the greenhouse with three water treatments for each species: 1) Well-watered plants were irrigated daily throughout the experiment, 2) acclimated-plants were exposed to four drought cycles prior to a final drought period in which measurements were taken, and 3) non-acclimated plants received daily irrigation until undergoing a drought cycle in which measurements were taken. A drought cycle was defined as the time from irrigation until Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) measured 0 (zero). Preliminary observations determined the plants to be under severe stress, but capable of recovering at TDR measurements of 0. All plants were established from tillers of a single parent for each species. Two plants of each species for the three treatments were established in five blocks. Leaf water potential, osmotic potential, transpiration, stomatal resistance, and relative water content were measured during the drought cycle. At the end of the experiment the leaf area and root and shoot dry weights were determined, root to shoot ratio and leaf area ratio were calculated, and the plants were analyzed for macronutrient and micronutrient contents.

Comparative study of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) response to seven watering regimes in a controlled environment

2010 ◽  
Vol 61 (11) ◽  
pp. 918 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Bourgault ◽  
D. L. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Common Bean ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Vigna Radiata ◽  
Relative Water Content ◽  
Phaseolus Vulgaris L ◽  
Relative Water ◽  
Moisture Conditions

Legume crops are often grown in drought-prone areas, and subjected to water stress. Greater understanding of drought tolerance in legumes and the use of physiological traits in breeding programs would likely provide high returns. An experiment was conducted comparing the response of two legume crops, common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek), to seven watering regimes, in order to identify traits and timing of observations that are inexpensive and relatively easy to phenotype. Gas exchange measurements were conducted before and after selected waterings, and plants were harvested at flowering for the determination of leaf area, biomass, relative water content, and water potential. Results demonstrated that mungbean exhibited a conservative use of water through lower leaf area and a limit to maximum transpiration under non-limiting soil moisture conditions, as well as a greater partitioning of biomass into stems rather than leaves. Mungbean also maintained higher photosynthesis than common bean in low soil moisture conditions, and maintained higher relative water content than common bean. We suggest investigations into stem water-soluble carbohydrates would be worthwhile.

scholarly journals Salicylic acid and jasmonic acid alter physiological performance, assimilate mobilization and seed filling of soybean under salt stress

2018 ◽  
Vol 111 (3) ◽  
pp. 597 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazem GHASSEMI-GOLEZANI ◽  
Salar FARHANGI-ABRIZ ◽  
Ali BANDEHAGH
Keyword(s):  
Salicylic Acid ◽  
Jasmonic Acid ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Specific Leaf Area ◽  
Relative Water Content ◽  
Seed Mass ◽  
Seed Filling ◽  
Leaf Mass ◽  
Content Index ◽  
Relative Water

<p>This research was conducted to investigate the morpho-physiological effects of salicylic acid and jasmonic acid on soybean performance and productivity under salinity. Leaf chlorophyll content index, carotenoids and anthocyanins content, photosystem II efficiency, relative water content, leaf area, leaf mass, specific leaf area, water use efficiency, seed filling duration, assimilate mobilization efficiency and seed mass decreased, but leaf temperature, specific leaf mass and electrolytic leakage of leaves increased with enhancing salinity. Salicylic acid improved leaf chlorophyll content index, anthocyanins content, leaf area, specific leaf area, water use efficiency, seed filing duration, assimilate mobilization efficiency and seed mass under both saline and non-saline conditions. The superior effects of salicylic acid on some traits such as maximum quantum yield of PSII, relative water content and leaf electrolytic leakage only occurred under different salinity levels. Jasmonic acid improved leaf mass, specific leaf mass, carotenoids content, relative water content, seed filling rate and reduced chlorophyll content index, leaf temperature, leaf area, specific leaf area, seed filling duration, assimilates mobilization efficiency and relative electrolytic leakage of soybean, with no significant effects on photosystem II efficiency and seed mass. Application of salicylic acid was, therefore, the superior treatment for enhancing physiological performance and seed mass of soybean plants under different salinity levels.</p>

DROUGHT SURVIVAL OF SELECTED FORAGE GRASSES COMMONLY SEEDED IN THE NORTHERN GREAT PLAINS

1982 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 949-955 ◽  
Author(s):  
PAT O. CURRIE ◽  
RICHARD S. WHITE
Keyword(s):  
Great Plains ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Northern Great Plains ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Forage Grasses ◽  
Drought Tolerant ◽  
Drought Survival ◽  
Moisture Conditions

Prolonged drought between 1979 and 1981 killed or severely reduced stands of a number of grass species presumably adapted and frequently recommended for seeding rangelands in the Northern Great Plains. The drought damage took place on recently planted as well as established 2 years or older seedings. Cultivars of the intermediate-pubescent wheatgrass complex were killed or most severely damaged. Damage was also severe on seeded stands of the native green needlegrass, western and thickspike wheatgrasses and big bluegrass. Crested wheatgrass was only moderately drought tolerant, but two cultivars of Russian wild ryegrass established well even with adverse moisture conditions in the seeding year. Altai wild ryegrass seedlings established well but did not survive the drought. An established stand of Vinall Russian wild ryegrass increased in basal area and produced leaf growth and seedstalks during the most severe drought periods. These periodic droughts are sporadic in occurrence but need to be considered in reference to species recommendations for range seedings in the Northern Great Plains.

Selection of flood-resistant and susceptible seedlings of Populustrichocarpa Torr. & Gray

1988 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 271-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara A. Smit
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Marked Reduction ◽  
Branch Length ◽  
Stomatal Resistance ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Seed Collection ◽  
Individual Leaf ◽  
Total Branch Length ◽  
Collection Sites ◽  
Selection Of

To identify Populustrichocarpa plants with contrasting levels of resistance to flooding, seedlings from five diverse riparian sites were evaluated for growth and survival under flooding conditions. All seedlings survived 6 or 8 weeks of flooding. Total branch length and leaf number were reduced in all flooded plants relative to nonflooded controls. There was also a marked reduction in individual leaf area and increased stomatal resistance of flooded plants compared with nonflooded controls. Growth of flooded and nonflooded plants was highly variable within populations and no significant trends were found among populations. Therefore differential responses to flooding can be selected for within any of the seed collection sites. Plants that were rated as particularly resistant or susceptible fo flooding were selected for further study.

Sodium toxicity and cation imbalance in dry beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

1974 ◽  
Vol 82 (2) ◽  
pp. 339-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali T. Ayoub ◽  
H. M. Ishag
Keyword(s):  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Phaseolus Vulgaris L ◽  
Sodic Soil ◽  
Total Leaf Area ◽  
Sodium Accumulation ◽  
Unit Leaf ◽  
Sodium Toxicity ◽  
Relative Water

SummaryLeaf burn and gradual death were the characteristic symptoms of injury in P. vulgaris sown on a sodic soil. Plant growth, total leaf area per plant, number of stomata and epidermal cells per unit leaf area, and relative water content were drastically reduced in injured plants; these were associated with large sodium accumulation in the shoot resulting in cation imbalance.

Leaf growth and K+/Na+ ratio as an indication of the salt tolerance of three sorghum cultivars grown under salinity stress and IAA treatment

2004 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 287-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. M. Azooz ◽  
M. A. Shaddad ◽  
A. A. Abdel-Latef
Keyword(s):  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Salinity Stress ◽  
Relative Water Content ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Tolerance Index ◽  
Relative Water

The salt tolerance of three sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) cultivars (Dorado, Hagen Shandawil and Giza 113) and their responses to shoot spraying with 25 ppm IAA were studied. Salinity stress induced substantial differences between the three sorghum cultivars in the leaf area, dry mass, relative water content and tolerance index of the leaves. Dorado and Hagen Shandawil tolerated salinity up to 88 and 44 mM NaCl, respectively, but above this level, and at all salinity levels in Giza 113, a significant reduction in these parameters was recorded. The rate of reduction was lower in Dorado than in Hagen Shandawil and Giza 113, allowing the sequence Dorado ? Hagen Shandawil ? Giza 113 to be established for the tolerance of these cultivars to salinity. The differences in the tolerance of the sorghum cultivars were associated with large differences in K+ rather than in Na+, which was found to be similar in the whole plant. The youngest leaf was able to maintain a higher K+ content than the oldest leaf. Consequently the K+/Na+ ratios were higher in the most salt-tolerant cultivar Dorado than in the other sorghum cultivars, and in the youngest than in the oldest leaf. In conformity with this mechanism, the stimulatory effect of the exogenous application of IAA was mostly associated with a higher K+/Na+ ratio. Shoot spraying with IAA partially alleviated the inhibitory effect of salinity on leaf growth and on the K+ and Ca2+ contents, especially at low and moderate levels of salinity, while it markedly retarded the accumulation of Na+ in the different organs of sorghum cultivars. Abbreviations: LA: Leaf area, DM: Dry mass, I Indole acetic acid, RWC: Relative water content,TI: Tolerance index

scholarly journals Physiological responses of two halophytic grass species under drought stress environment

2016 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zamin Shaheed Siddiqui ◽  
Huda Shahid ◽  
Jung-Il Cho ◽  
Sung-Han Park ◽  
Tae-Hun Ryu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Biomass Accumulation ◽  
Photosynthetic Performance ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Free Proline ◽  
Relative Water ◽  
Halophytic Grasses

AbstractThe physiological responses of two halophytic grass species, Halopyrum mucronatum (L.) Staph. and Cenchrus ciliaris (L.), under drought stress were evaluated. Biomass accumulation, relative water content, free proline, H2O2content, stomatal conductance, photosynthetic performance and quantum yield (Fv/Fmratio) were studied. Under drought conditions, these halophytic plants expressed differential responses to water deficit. Stomatal conductance and free proline content were higher in H. mucronatum than in C. ciliaris, while H2O2content in H. mucronatum was substantially lower than in C. ciliaris. Performance index showed considerable sensitivity to a water deficit condition, more so in C. ciliaris than in H. mucronatum. Results were discussed in relation to comparative physiological performance and antioxidant enzymes activity of both halophytic grasses under drought stress.

Verticillium wilt of chrysanthemum: quantitative relationship between increased stomatal resistance and local vascular dysfunction preceding wilt

1976 ◽  
Vol 54 (10) ◽  
pp. 1023-1034 ◽  
Author(s):  
William E. MacHardy ◽  
Lloyd V. Busch ◽  
Robert Hall
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Water Transport ◽  
Vascular Dysfunction ◽  
Stomatal Closure ◽  
Quantitative Relationship ◽  
Stomatal Resistance ◽  
Chrysanthemum Morifolium ◽  
Transport Pathways ◽  
Relative Water ◽  
Chrysanthemum Morifolium Ramat

The relationship between the development of water stress and foliar symptom expression within chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat) cuttings infected with Verticillium dahliae Kleb. was examined using relative water content (RWC), diffusive resistance to water vapor loss (stomatal resistance), and dye distribution along water-transport pathways as indicators of water stress. The RWC remained at a normal level until symptoms appeared, but stomatal resistance increased beginning about 8 days before symptoms. Dye movement along xylem elements was uniform within uninoculated checks and also within infected plants until stomatal resistances increased. Veinal dye distribution was incomplete within tissue exhibiting increased stomatal resistances, and the extent of dye interruption was closely aligned to the magnitude of resistance increase. Apparently, stomatal closure effectively prevented tissue desiccation under conditions of high, localized internal water stress, but this mechanism could not prevent tissue from becoming flaccid or wilted when water transport became so limited that water was deficient even within the large veins.

Greenhouse production of Echinacea purpurea (L.) and E. angustifolia using different growing media, NO3−/NH4+ ratios and watering regimes

2006 ◽  
Vol 86 (3) ◽  
pp. 809-815 ◽  
Author(s):  
Youbin Zheng ◽  
Mike Dixon ◽  
Praveen Saxena
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Medicinal Plant ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Production System ◽  
Echinacea Purpurea ◽  
Root Production ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Greenhouse Production ◽  
Shoot Ratio ◽  
Root Shoot Ratio

Current field cultivation and wild-harvest methods for the medicinal plant Echinacea are struggling to meet the requirements for a high-quality, uniformly produced crop for human consumption. To help meet this challenge, the potential of using a greenhouse production system for Echinacea production was explored. Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench and angustifolia DC. var. angustifolia plants were grown in three types of greenhouse production systems: (1) deep flow solution culture (D), (2) pots with either Pro-Mix (P) or (3) sand (S). Plants were irrigated with one of three nutrient solutions containing NO3−/NH4+ ratios of 7:1, 5:1 or 3:1, respectively. The plants grown in the Pro-Mix and the sand systems were either well-watered or subjected to periodical water stress. The results obtained after 12 wk of growth showed that Echinacea root production in the greenhouse systems was comparable with or better than that in the field. Based on root and total biomass production, the Pro-Mix system was the best production system for both E. angustifolia and E. purpurea. In most cases, the NO3−/NH4+ ratio did not have significant effects on the growth of either species. When effects were seen, however, higher NO3−/NH4+ levels generally resulted in greater leaf area, root and total biomass, and a higher root/shoot ratio. Mild periodic water stress did not affect the root/shoot ratio or the root biomass in either species. The application of a periodic water stress reduced leaf area of both species, but a reduction in total biomass was only observed in E. purpurea. Key words: Echinacea, greenhouse production, hydroponic production, medicinal plant, NO3−/NH4+ ratio, water stress

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