Adjusting Growth Stage Values to Develop a Linear Scale for Apricot Flower Bud Phenology

Integer values used to represent apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) flower bud growth stages in a phenological scale were adjusted by a simple technique based on cumulative counts of bud observations. Adjusted stage values on a new continuous scale were calculated so that differences between consecutive values were proportional to the frequency with which buds were observed in each growth stage class during the entire assessment period. This meant that adjusted scale values were linearly related to bud development rate at 20 °C. The method was applied to a scale describing flower development from budbreak to petal fall for three cultivars of apricot growing under orchard conditions.

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UAV-Based Heating Requirement Determination for Frost Management in Apple Orchard

Remote Sensing ◽

10.3390/rs13020273 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 273

Author(s):

Wenan Yuan ◽

Daeun Choi

Keyword(s):

Apple Orchard ◽

Growth Stages ◽

Flower Bud ◽

Critical Temperatures ◽

Mapping Algorithm ◽

Aerial Vehicle ◽

Bud Growth ◽

Frost Protection ◽

Map Resolution ◽

Temperature Maps

Frost is a natural disaster that can cause catastrophic damages in agriculture, while traditional temperature monitoring in orchards has disadvantages such as being imprecise and laborious, which can lead to inadequate or wasteful frost protection treatments. In this article, we presented a heating requirement assessment methodology for frost protection in an apple orchard utilizing unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-based thermal and RGB cameras. A thermal image stitching algorithm using the BRISK feature was developed for creating georeferenced orchard temperature maps, which attained a sub-centimeter map resolution and a stitching speed of 100 thermal images within 30 s. YOLOv4 classifiers for six apple flower bud growth stages in various network sizes were trained based on 5040 RGB images, and the best model achieved a 71.57% mAP for a test dataset consisted of 360 images. A flower bud mapping algorithm was developed to map classifier detection results into dense growth stage maps utilizing RGB image geoinformation. Heating requirement maps were created using artificial flower bud critical temperatures to simulate orchard heating demands during frost events. The results demonstrated the feasibility of the proposed orchard heating requirement determination methodology, which has the potential to be a critical component of an autonomous, precise frost management system in future studies.

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The effect of summer shading on flower bud morphogenesis in apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.)

Open Life Sciences ◽

10.2478/s11535-012-0109-1 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 54-63 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Susanna Bartolini ◽

Raffaella Viti ◽

Lucia Andreini

Keyword(s):

Fruit Set ◽

Prunus Armeniaca ◽

Climatic Conditions ◽

Regular Growth ◽

Xylem Differentiation ◽

Flower Bud ◽

Primary Xylem ◽

Floral Differentiation ◽

Prunus Armeniaca L ◽

Bud Growth

AbstractThe aim of this investigation was to assess whether imposed summer shading treatments in apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) can affect the main phenological phases related to the floral morphogenesis (floral differentiation, xylogenesis), flower bud growth and quality in terms of bud capacity to set fruit. Experimental trials were carried out on fully-grown trees of ‘San Castrese’ and ‘Stark Early Orange’ cultivars characterized by different biological and agronomical traits to which shadings were imposed in July and August. Histological analysis was carried out from summer onwards in order to determine the evolution of floral bud differentiation, and the acropetal progression of primary xylem differentiation along the flower bud axis. Periodical recordings to evaluate the bud drop, blooming time, flowering and fruit set rates were performed also. These shade treatments determined a temporary shutdown of floral differentiation, slowed xylem progression up to the resumption of flower bud growth and a reduced entity of flowering and fruit set. These events were particularly marked in ‘San Castrese’ cultivar, which is well known for its adaptability to different climatic conditions. These findings suggest that adequate light penetration within the canopy during the summer season could be the determining factor when defining the qualitative traits of flower buds and their regular growth, and ultimately to obtain good and constant crops.

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Effect of growth stage at cutting on yield and quality of lucerne cultivars from different dormancy groups in northern Victoria

Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1071/ea9870055 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 27 (1) ◽

pp. 55 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

RH Slarke ◽

WK Mason

Keyword(s):

Protein Content ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Growth Stage ◽

In Vitro Digestibility ◽

Growth Stages ◽

Flower Bud ◽

Yield And Quality

At Kyabram, Victoria, the effects of growth stage at cutting on dry matter (DM) yield and quality of lucerne was determined during the warm season haymaking period for cultivars with contrasting winter dormancy characteristics. Growth stages at cutting were pre-flower bud, flower-bud, 10% bloom and full bloom. Cultivars were winter non-dormant CUF 101 and Pioneer Brand 572, semi-winter dormant Pioneer Brand 581 and winter dormant Pioneer Brand 545. Cultivar responses or interactions between cultivar and growth stage at cutting were not significant (P>0.05) for dry matter yield, crude protein or in vitro digestibility. Cutting of the pre-flower bud stage, compared with cutting at the 10% bloom stage, reduced DM yield by 18% (16.4 v. 13.5 t/ha), but increased crude protein content of the lucerne from 19.3 to 24%. The total protein yield per hectare was not affected by cutting stages from pre-flower bud stage to 10% bloom. Cutting lucerne at the flower bud stage rather than at 10% bloom gave increased protein content and digestibility with only a moderate yield decline. However, more frequent cutting was unsatisfactory as it decreased the density of the stand and increased the proportion of weeds and so could not be recommended.

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Timing and Concentration of Hydrogen Cyanamide Affect Blueberry Bud Development and Flower Mortality

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.36.5.922 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 36 (5) ◽

pp. 922-924 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

J.G. Williamson ◽

B.E. Maust ◽

D.S. NeSmith

Keyword(s):

Growth Stages ◽

Flower Bud ◽

Time Intervals ◽

Vaccinium Ashei ◽

Hydrogen Cyanamide ◽

Bud Development ◽

Mild Winter ◽

Fruit Maturity ◽

Bud Growth ◽

Southern Highbush

The effects of hydrogen cyanamide (H2CN2) sprays on vegetative and reproductive bud growth and development were evaluated for `Climax' rabbiteye (Vaccinium ashei Reade) and `Misty' southern highbush blueberry (V. corymbosum L. hybrid). `Climax' plants were sprayed with 0% or 1% H2CN2 (v/v) at each of several time intervals or flower bud growth stages following either 270 or 600 hours of artificial chilling. `Misty' plants were sprayed with 0%, 1%, or 2% H2CN2 (v/v) immediately after exposure to 0, 150, or 300 hours of artificial chilling. H2CN2 application to `Climax' plants at 3 days after forcing (DAF) and at 10% to 30% stage 3 flower bud development dramatically accelerated leafing, and only minimal flower bud damage was observed at these application times. For `Misty', vegetative budbreak was increased and advanced by both H2CN2 spray concentrations, regardless of pretreatment chilling levels; the number of vegetative budbreaks per plant increased with increased concentration. Timing of anthesis did not appear to be affected by H2CN2, but fruit maturity was hastened. Increased pretreatment chilling also hastened fruit development. This effect on maturity appears to be due primarily to increased and accelerated vegetative budbreak, which probably increased leaf: fruit ratios. Greater flower bud mortality from H2CN2 occurred in nonchilled plants than in those chilled for 150 or 300 hours, especially at 2% H2CN2. These results indicate that H2CN2 has potential value in stimulating vegetative bud development, which potentially hastens maturity in blueberries grown under the mild winter conditions of the Southeast. However, spray concentration and timing of application will be critical to successful use of this compound.

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Infection Efficiency of Venturia inaequalis Ascospores as Affected by Apple Flower Bud Developmental Stage

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis.1997.81.6.661 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 81 (6) ◽

pp. 661-663 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

S. Sanogo ◽

D. E. Aylor

Keyword(s):

Developmental Stage ◽

Venturia Inaequalis ◽

Growth Stages ◽

Vegetative Shoot ◽

Flower Buds ◽

Flower Bud ◽

Infection Efficiency ◽

Tight Cluster ◽

Bud Growth

The average infection efficiency of ascospores of Venturia inaequalis deposited on cluster leaves of apple flower buds was 6 to 16%, 3 to 9%, and 0.4 to 0.6% at tight cluster, first pink, and full pink-to-bloom, respectively. No lesions were observed on flower bud cluster leaves at petal fall. However, the leaves on the vegetative shoot emerging from the flower bud were highly susceptible; the average infection efficiency of ascospores on these leaves was 6 to 21%. The infection efficiency was more variable on young cluster and vegetative shoot leaves than on developing and mature cluster leaves. Results from this study indicate that differences in infection efficiency of V. inaequalis ascospores could be identified by apple bud growth stages.

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SEASONAL DYNAMICS OF THE SUNFLOWER STEM WEEVIL, CYLINDROCOPTURUS ADSPERSUS (LECONTE) (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE), ON CULTIVATED SUNFLOWER IN THE NORTHERN GREAT PLAINS

The Canadian Entomologist ◽

10.4039/ent1191131-12 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 119 (12) ◽

pp. 1131-1137 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Laurence D. Charlet

Keyword(s):

South Dakota ◽

Great Plains ◽

Northern Great Plains ◽

Growth Stages ◽

Regression Equations ◽

Flower Bud ◽

Bud Growth ◽

Production Areas ◽

North And South ◽

Early Flower

AbstractThe sunflower stem weevil, Cylindrocopturus adspersus (LeConte), is a pest of cultivated sunflower in the major production areas of North and South Dakota, Minnesota, and Texas. Adults appeared in sunflower plots between 5 and 25 June in 1980–1985, when plants had 4–14 leaves. Oviposition began soon after adults were present and continued into late August. Peak densities of both eggs and adults occurred in mid-July. Larvae hatched between 6 and 11 July, when plants were in the early flower bud growth stages. Larvae fed in the sunflower stalk and moved to the stalk base or root crown to construct overwintering chambers. The seasonal patterns of the weevil’s life stages in 6 years were similar, but population densities varied. Regression equations were developed to predict larval numbers in stalks from number of adults to aid in making control decisions.

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Sumagic (Uniconazole) Promotes Flower Bud Set on Camellia japonica

Journal of Environmental Horticulture ◽

10.24266/0738-2898-23.3.153 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 23 (3) ◽

pp. 153-157

Author(s):

Thomas J. Banko ◽

Amelia L. Landon

Keyword(s):

Growth Stage ◽

Shoot Growth ◽

Application Rate ◽

Growth Stages ◽

Water Control ◽

Flower Bud ◽

Camellia Japonica ◽

Application Timing ◽

Bud Set

Abstract Three-year-old container-grown plants of Camellia japonica ‘Grace Albritton’, ‘Paulette Goddard’, and ‘Sea Foam’ were sprayed with a water control, B-Nine (daminozide) at 5000 ppm, Bonzi (paclobutrazol) at 80, 120, 160, 200, and 240 ppm, or Sumagic (uniconazole) at 30, 45, 60, 75, and 90 ppm in June. B-Nine and Bonzi treatments provided no increase in flower bud set but Sumagic treatments increased bud set for ‘Grace Albritten’ by up to 370% and ‘Paulette Goddard’ by 200%. In another experiment, Sumagic at 0, 45, 60, 75, and 90 ppm was applied to ‘Grace Albritton’, ‘Paulette Goddard’, and ‘Blood of China’ at three different spring growth stages: Bud swell, partial new shoot growth, and new shoots fully extended. Significant linear or quadratic increases in flower bud set occurred for all cultivars depending on application timing. Application at the two earlier stages resulted in more flowers than application at the latest (full shoot growth) stage. Sumagic decreased plant heights by 10 to 30%, depending on cultivar and application rate but this reduced the need for shearing to maintain form and compactness and made flowers more visible over the surface of the plants.

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Rootstock-induced Differences in Flower Bud Phenology in Peach

Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science ◽

10.21273/jashs.117.5.690 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 117 (5) ◽

pp. 690-697 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Edward F. Durner ◽

Joseph C. Goffreda

Keyword(s):

Prunus Persica ◽

Temperature Profiles ◽

Flower Bud ◽

Spring Temperature ◽

Bud Development ◽

Bud Phenology ◽

Bud Growth ◽

Spring Frosts ◽

Enhanced Yield ◽

Scion Cultivar

Three peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] rootstock plantings were monitored for date and rate of bloom during Spring 1989 and 1990 to determine if the time of scion bloom on different rootstocks is determined by the date of initiation of bud growth in the spring or by the duration of a particular bud stage. Included were a 1984 planting of `Redhaven' on eight rootstocks, a 1984 planting of `Rio-Oso-Gem' and `Loring', each on 11 rootstocks, and a 1986 planting of `Encore' on 18 rootstocks. The effect of rootstock on bud phenology was consistent within scion cultivar over two extremely different spring temperature profiles. In `Redhaven' and `Rio-Oso-Gem', rootstocks affected the dates but not the rates of bud development. Rootstocks affected both the dates and rates of `Loring' and `Encore' bud development. No consistent effect of rootstock on yield could be associated with delayed bud development in `Rio-Oso-Gem', `Redhaven', or `Loring'; however, delayed bud development of `Encore' on `Okinawa' x `Cardinal' and 62325 resulted in enhanced yield following spring frosts.

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Growth Stages Classification of Potato Crop Based on Analysis of Spectral Response and Variables Optimization

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s20143995 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (14) ◽

pp. 3995 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Ning Liu ◽

Ruomei Zhao ◽

Lang Qiao ◽

Yao Zhang ◽

Minzan Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Growth Stage ◽

Spectral Response ◽

Classification Model ◽

Growth Stages ◽

Potato Field ◽

Spectral Bands ◽

Svm Model ◽

Selection Algorithms ◽

Potato Crops

Potato is the world’s fourth-largest food crop, following rice, wheat, and maize. Unlike other crops, it is a typical root crop with a special growth cycle pattern and underground tubers, which makes it harder to track the progress of potatoes and to provide automated crop management. The classification of growth stages has great significance for right time management in the potato field. This paper aims to study how to classify the growth stage of potato crops accurately on the basis of spectroscopy technology. To develop a classification model that monitors the growth stage of potato crops, the field experiments were conducted at the tillering stage (S1), tuber formation stage (S2), tuber bulking stage (S3), and tuber maturation stage (S4), respectively. After spectral data pre-processing, the dynamic changes in chlorophyll content and spectral response during growth were analyzed. A classification model was then established using the support vector machine (SVM) algorithm based on spectral bands and the wavelet coefficients obtained from the continuous wavelet transform (CWT) of reflectance spectra. The spectral variables, which include sensitive spectral bands and feature wavelet coefficients, were optimized using three selection algorithms to improve the classification performance of the model. The selection algorithms include correlation analysis (CA), the successive projection algorithm (SPA), and the random frog (RF) algorithm. The model results were used to compare the performance of various methods. The CWT-SPA-SVM model exhibited excellent performance. The classification accuracies on the training set (Atrain) and the test set (Atest) were respectively 100% and 97.37%, demonstrating the good classification capability of the model. The difference between the Atrain and accuracy of cross-validation (Acv) was 1%, which showed that the model has good stability. Therefore, the CWT-SPA-SVM model can be used to classify the growth stages of potato crops accurately. This study provides an important support method for the classification of growth stages in the potato field.

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Effect of Herbicides on the Management of the Invasive Weed Solanum rostratum Dunal (Solanaceae)

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants10020284 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 284

Author(s):

Jackline Abu-Nassar ◽

Maor Matzrafi

Keyword(s):

Growth Stage ◽

Late Summer ◽

Early Spring ◽

Growth Stages ◽

Weed Species ◽

Invasive Weed ◽

Solanum Rostratum ◽

Stage 4 ◽

Chemical Solutions ◽

Late Growth

Solanum rostratum Dunal is an invasive weed species that invaded Israel in the 1950s. The weed appears in several germination flashes, from early spring until late summer. Recently, an increase in its distribution range was observed, alongside the identification of new populations in the northern part of Israel. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of herbicide application for the control of S. rostratum using two field populations originated from the Golan Heights and the Jezreel Valley. While minor differences in herbicide efficacy were recorded between populations, plant growth stage had a significant effect on herbicide response. Carfentrazone-ethyl was found to be highly effective in controlling plants at both early and late growth stages. Metribuzin, oxadiazon, oxyfluorfen and tembutrione showed reduced efficacy when applied at later growth stage (8–9 cm height), as compared to the application at an early growth stage (4–5 cm height). Tank mixes of oxadiazon and oxyfluorfen with different concentrations of surfactant improved later growth stage plant control. Taken together, our study highlights several herbicides that can improve weed control and may be used as chemical solutions alongside diversified crop rotation options. Thus, they may aid in preventing the spread and further buildup of S. rostratum field populations.

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