scholarly journals Planting Date Effects on Stand Establishment and Yield of Chile Pepper

HortScience ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 357-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert F. Bevacqua ◽  
Dawn M. VanLeeuwen
Keyword(s):  
New Mexico ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Acid Methyl Ester ◽  
Planting Date ◽  
Phosphorus Fertilizer ◽  
Planting Dates ◽  
Chile Pepper ◽  
Fungicide Treatment ◽  
Stand Establishment ◽  
Direct Seeded

Chile pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) yields are highly variable and are strongly influenced by disease and weather. The goal of two field experiments was to evaluate crop management factors, especially planting date, that could contribute to improved and more consistent crop production. Current practice in New Mexico is to direct seed the crop from 13 to 27 Mar. In the first experiment, chile pepper was direct seeded on three planting dates, 13, 20, and 27 Mar. 2000, without or with a fungicide treatment of pentachloronitrobenzene and mefenoxam for the control of damping off. The results indicate planting date had no effect on stand establishment or yield. Fungicide treatment, significantly reduced stand, but had no effect on yield. In the second experiment, chile pepper was direct seeded on six planting dates, 13, 20, 27 Mar. and 3, 10, 17, Apr. 2001, with or without an application of phosphorus fertilizer, P at 29.4 kg·ha-1, banded beneath the seed row. During the growing season, this experimental planting suffered, as did commercial plantings in New Mexico, from high mortality and stunting due to beet curly top virus, a disease transmitted by the beet leafhopper. The results indicate planting date had a significant effect on crop performance. The best stand establishment and highest yield were associated with the earliest planting date, 13 Mar. This date also resulted in the least viral disease damage. Phosphorus fertilizer had no effect on stand establishment or yield. Chemical names used: pentachloronitrobenzene (PCNB); (R)-2-[(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-methoxyacetylamino]-propionic acid methyl ester (mefenoxam).

Impact of Planting Date on Melanaphis sacchari (Hemiptera: Aphididae) Population Dynamics and Grain Sorghum Yield

2019 ◽  
Vol 112 (6) ◽  
pp. 2731-2736 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas J Seiter ◽  
Anne D Miskelley ◽  
Gus M Lorenz ◽  
Neelendra K Joshi ◽  
Glenn E Studebaker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
The United States ◽  
Grain Sorghum ◽  
Planting Date ◽  
Melanaphis Sacchari ◽  
Planting Dates ◽  
Sugarcane Aphid ◽  
Aphid Feeding ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The sugarcane aphid, Melanaphis sacchari (Zehntner) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), has become a major pest of grain sorghum, Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench, in the United States in recent years. Feeding by large densities of sugarcane aphids causes severe damage, which can lead to a total loss of yield in extreme cases. Our objective was to determine the effect of grain sorghum planting date on sugarcane aphid population dynamics and their potential to reduce yields. We conducted field experiments from 2015 to 2017 in which an aphid-susceptible grain sorghum hybrid was planted at four different dates, which encompassed the typical range of planting dates used in Arkansas production systems. Plots were either protected from sugarcane aphid feeding using foliar insecticide sprays, or left untreated to allow natural populations of sugarcane aphids to colonize and reproduce freely. Planting date impacted both the magnitude and severity of sugarcane aphid infestations, with the highest population densities (and subsequent reductions in sorghum yield) generally occurring on plots that were planted in May or June. Sugarcane aphid feeding reduced yields in the untreated plots in two of the four planting date categories we tested. Earlier planting generally resulted in less sugarcane aphid damage and improved yields compared with later planting dates. While the effect of planting date on sugarcane aphid populations is likely to vary by region, sorghum producers should consider grain sorghum planting date as a potential cultural tactic to reduce the impact of sugarcane aphid.

Late-Season Interference of Spurred Anoda in Chile Peppers

Weed Science ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 172-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jill Schroeder
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Planting Date ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Competitive Effect ◽  
Direct Seeded ◽  
Yield Quality ◽  
Red Peppers ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Chile Peppers

Broadleaf weeds, including spurred anoda, emerge after direct-seeded chile peppers are thinned. Field experiments were conducted in 1989, 1990, and 1991 to determine the effect of spurred anoda density on green and red pepper yield, quality, and ease of hand harvest. Spurred anoda was established immediately after peppers were thinned at initial densities of 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, or 48 plants 9 m−1row. The 1991 experiment also evaluated the influence of delayed pepper thinning and concurrent spurred anoda establishment on the competitive effect of spurred anoda. Spurred anoda were beginning to flower at green harvest and senescing at red harvest regardless of planting date. Spurred anoda were taller and accumulated more biomass when planted at a pepper thinning stage of 10 cm compared to 20 cm. Spurred anoda that emerged after thinning peppers reduced yield and ease of harvest of green and red peppers but not the quality of green peppers. Yield reduction at the highest spurred anoda density was 31 to 49% and 12 to 27% when peppers were thinned at 10 or 20 cm, respectively. Yield reduction was smaller when peppers were thinned at 20 cm tall than 10 cm tall and appeared to be associated with reduced spurred anoda biomass. Time required to hand harvest 1 kg of green or red peppers increased as spurred anoda density increased when peppers were thinned at 10 cm.

Rice Response to Clomazone as Influenced by Application Rate, Soil Type, and Planting Date

2007 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 199-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
John H. O'Barr ◽  
Garry N. McCauley ◽  
Rodney W. Bovey ◽  
Scott A. Senseman ◽  
James M. Chandler
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Rice Yield ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Planting Date ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Silty Clay Loam ◽  
Planting Dates ◽  
Fine Sandy Loam

Clomazone is an effective herbicide widely used for PRE grass control in rice. However, use of clomazone on sandy textured soils of the western Texas rice belt can cause serious rice injury. Two field experiments at three locations were conducted in 2002 and 2003 to determine the optimum rate range that maximizes barnyardgrass and broadleaf signalgrass control and minimizes rice injury across a wide variety of soil textures and planting dates. At Beaumont (silty clay loam), Eagle Lake (fine sandy loam), and Ganado (fine sandy loam), TX, PRE application of 0.34 kg ai/ha clomazone applied to rice planted in March, April, or May optimized barnyardgrass and broadleaf signalgrass control and rice yield while minimizing rice injury. Data suggest that, although injury might occur, clomazone is safe to use in rice on sandy textured soils.

scholarly journals Black Polyethylene Mulch Doubled Yield of Fresh-market Field Tomatoes

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (7) ◽  
pp. 787-789 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aref Abdul-Baki ◽  
C. Spence ◽  
R. Hoover
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Planting Date ◽  
Trickle Irrigation ◽  
Fresh Market ◽  
Planting Dates ◽  
Early Production ◽  
Polyethylene Mulch

Field experiments were conducted to a) maximize total yield of fresh-market field tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) cultivars using black polyethylene mulch (BPM), and b) increase fruit size and yield during the last 5 weeks of the production period by reducing the number of synthate sinks per plant through eliminating all flowers that appeared during this period. Unmulched treatments under trickle irrigation and multiple applications of soluble fertilizer yielded an average of 43 t·ha-1 for `Sunny' and `Pik-Rite' over the two planting dates. With BPM, total yield increased by 95% to 84 t·ha-1. Although total yield increases due to BPM over the control were highly significant in both cultivars and over the two planting dates, yield increases were higher for the early than for the optimum planting date. BPM also significantly increased early production of `Pik-Rite' but not `Sunny', and the increase in early production was more pronounced for the optimum than the early planting date. Sink reduction during the last 5 weeks of the growing season had no effect on yield or fruit weight during that period.

scholarly journals Planting Date and Biculture Affect Sunn Hemp Productivity in the Midwest

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 26
Author(s):  
James K. Stute ◽  
D. Esther Shekinah
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Biomass Yield ◽  
Unit Cost ◽  
Planting Date ◽  
Planting Dates ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Sunn Hemp ◽  
Cost Of Production ◽  
The Cost

Sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea L.) is recommended as a warm season cover crop in the Midwest due to its ability to produce high levels of biomass and fix atmospheric nitrogen. It can also be grown in biculture with other cover crops to enhance overall ecosystem services. Two field experiments were conducted over four growing seasons (2014 – 2017) in Wisconsin on a forest derived Fox silt loam (Fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Typic Hapludalfs) under organic certification to determine the effect of planting date on sunn hemp dry matter yield, N and C addition and to determine the effect of species ratio in a biculture with sorghum-sudan [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] on the same output variables as well as seed cost and the related per unit cost of production. Planting dates significantly affected all biomass yield variables, which declined linearly from the initial date and appear related to growing degree accumulation. Regression analysis revealed a biomass yield decline of 1.3% per day (8.9% week-1) in relative yield, and 0.90 Mg day-1 (0.61 Mg week-1) in actual yield. In biculture, sunn hemp grown in a planting ratio of 50:50 with sorghum-sudan maximized N addition through nitrogen fixation and added N from dry matter, without a significant difference in the dry matter recorded. Analysis of seed cost data revealed that as the ratio of sunn hemp in the planting mixture decreased, the cost per hectare decreased. The cost of production per unit of DM, N, C and CO2 equivalent at this planting ratio were 7.08 $ Mg-1, 0.57 $ kg-1, 17.51 $ t-1 and 4.78 $ t-1 respectively. In pure culture, early planting dates (June 15th to July 15th) are recommended for sunn hemp, and in biculture, a planting ratio of 50:50 with sorghum-sudan could serve Midwestern producers well by reducing per unit cost of biomass production.

scholarly journals Stand Establishment of Fluid-drilled Tomato in Rye and Wheat Tillage Systems

HortScience ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 26 (12) ◽  
pp. 1475-1478 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.T. Drost ◽  
H.C. Price
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Lycopersicon Esculentum ◽  
Secale Cereale ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Planting Date ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Planting Dates ◽  
Stand Establishment ◽  
Germinated Seeds

Tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) were grown in conventional tillage (CT), rye (Secale cereale L.) mulch no tillage (RNT), and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) mulch no tillage (WNT). Either germinated seeds (GS) or raw seeds (RS) were fluid drilled on several dates in 1981 and 1982. Tomato stands in no tillage (NT) generally were equal to or higher than in CT, and stands improved with later plantings in each year. Plant stands were unaffected by GS and RS. Time to 50% emergence (T50) was up to 4 days less in NT than in CT and 2 to 3 days less from GS than RS. Yields with CT were twice as high as those with NT for early planting dates. Yields decreased in CT with successive planting dates to levels equal to NT plantings. Use of GS increased fruit yields as compared to RS, regardless of the planting date.

Response of soybeans to planting date in south-eastern Queensland. III.* Agronomic and physiological response of cultivars to planting arrangements

1977 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 63 ◽  
Author(s):  
RJ Lawn ◽  
DE Byth ◽  
VE Mungomery
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Planting Date ◽  
Plant Population ◽  
High Density ◽  
Planting Dates ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Population Interaction ◽  
Narrow Row ◽  
Seed Yields

Results from five field experiments, designed to evaluate the response of several soybean cultivars to planting arrangement, and conducted at two locations in south-eastern Queensland during 1967–1972, are reported. Response to planting arrangement varied depending on cultivar maturity type, planting date, and availability of moisture during growth. Averaged over cultivars and planting arrangements, seed yields for irrigated soybeans were highest for December plantings, and declined as planting was delayed. A cultivar x planting date interaction was apparent. For December planting dates, yields of all cultivars were generally highest in 50.8 cm rows. A cultivar x plant population interaction occurred, with yields of the later-maturing cultivars maximized at lower plant population levels than for the earlier cultivars. When the planting date was delayed beyond December, yields of all cultivars were maximized in narrow row-high density treatments. Yields of the narrow row-high density late plantings were equivalent to, and in the case of the late-maturing cultivars, greater than, the highest December yields. Wide row widths (101 .6 cm) were consistently lower-yielding, regardless of cultivar and planting date. Seed yields were reduced substantially by periods of severe moisture stress during growth. The relative performance of cultivars of differing phenology depended primarily on the coincidence of periods of severe stress with critical stages of development, viz. pod and seed development. In the environments involving periods of severe moisture stress, seed yields were maximized in row widths narrower than 50.8 cm, and at the lowest plant populations used (c. 95,000 plants per ha). Such treatments most closely approached low density-equidistant spacings in these studies.

Effects of shading and seed tuber spacing on initiation and number of tubers in potato crops (Solanum tuberosum)

1998 ◽  
Vol 130 (4) ◽  
pp. 431-449 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. O'BRIEN ◽  
D. M. FIRMAN ◽  
E. J. ALLEN
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Seed Tuber ◽  
Incident Radiation ◽  
Planting Date ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Radiation Environment ◽  
Tuber Initiation ◽  
Planting Dates ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Growth Initiation

Twelve field experiments, carried out over 7 years, examined effects of shading and seed tuber spacing on plant growth, initiation and retention of tubers in four cultivars: Estima, Maris Piper, Maris Peer and Record. Ten of the experiments were carried out at Cambridge and two near Valencia, Spain. Other treatments included in some experiments were floating polythene mulch and planting date.Shading by up to 75% did not affect the timing of onset or cessation of tuber initiation in Estima but shading by 50% or more delayed the completion of tuber initiation in Maris Piper compared with less severe shading. Except for intensely shaded treatments (50% or more), the majority of tubers were initiated in a very short period (4–7 days). Shading by 37% or more during the period of tuber initiation and increasing planting density, decreased number of tubers per stem initiated in all experiments, but number of tubers was not affected by shading at other stages of growth. At Cambridge, effects of shading on number of tubers >10 mm retained later in growth from normal planting dates (March to early May) were similar to effects on number of tubers initiated, but effects were much reduced or absent following later plantings at Cambridge and in both experiments in Valencia. The decreased effects of shading on number of tubers >10 mm at late plantings at Cambridge were associated with the initiation of fewer tubers at these plantings. Effects of shading, planting density and planting date on number of tubers were a consequence of changes in the frequency of occurrence and tuberization of different stolon types. Increasing shading and planting density and delaying planting reduced the number of lateral and branch stolons and the frequency of their tuberization but there were no effects on number of primary stolons or their tuberization. Consequently, at Cambridge a similar number of tubers was borne on primary stolons in shaded and unshaded crops. In Valencia a greater proportion of initiated tubers was retained at final harvest from shaded treatments than at Cambridge, which accounts for the absence of effects of shading on number of tubers >10 mm. The greater retention of tubers late in growth in Spain may have been associated with the higher peak growth rates achieved in higher radiation fluxes than at Cambridge.Linear regressions of the data for normal planting dates at Cambridge and from Valencia indicated that the number of tubers >10 mm late in growth was dependent on the radiation environment during the period of tuber initiation. Radiation flux during the brightest period of the first few days of initiation appeared to be the most crucial aspect of radiation affecting number of tubers. As incident radiation can vary greatly over the short period of tuber initiation, it is potentially an important factor affecting number of tubers in field crops.

Planting date affects phenology of London rocket (Sisymbrium irio) and interaction with beet leafhopper (Circulifer tenellus)

Weed Science ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 127-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jarren Ray ◽  
Jill Schroeder ◽  
Rebecca Creamer ◽  
Leigh Murray
Keyword(s):  
New Mexico ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Insect Vector ◽  
Planting Dates ◽  
Beet Leafhopper ◽  
Beet Curly Top Virus ◽  
Circulifer Tenellus ◽  
Plant Emergence ◽  
Sisymbrium Irio ◽  
The Impact

London rocket is a common winter annual weed in southern New Mexico that can host beet curly top virus and its insect vector, the beet leafhopper. Experiments were conducted in southern New Mexico to determine if London rocket could serve as a host for overwintering beet leafhopper. Field experiments were carried out from 2002 to 2003 and from 2003 to 2004 to compare the impact of three London rocket planting dates on plant emergence and life history and leafhopper survival. Emergence was highest in October-planted London rocket, low in January/February plantings, and did not occur for August plantings. The life cycle was 185 d and 125 d for October- and January-planted London rocket, respectively, and growth of the plant (including height and rosette base diameter) was greater for London rocket that was planted in October. October-planted London rocket survived from late October through mid to late April, the period of time needed to serve as an overwintering host for beet leafhoppers. Caging the plants to assess beet leafhopper survival did not affect rate of plant growth, but it reduced the time to flowering for October-planted London rocket and increased the height and weight of plants. Beet leafhoppers were able to survive for approximately 2 mo in early winter or spring on caged London rocket plants.

scholarly journals Duração do ciclo e danos por altas e baixas temperaturas em gladíolo em função da época de plantio

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-173
Author(s):  
Natalia Teixeira Schwab ◽  
Nereu Augusto Streck ◽  
Lilian Osmari Uhlmann ◽  
Camila Coelho Becker ◽  
Bruna San Martim Rolim Ribeiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Planting Date ◽  
Developmental Cycle ◽  
Market Demand ◽  
Planting Dates ◽  
Adverse Conditions ◽  
High And Low Temperatures ◽  
Santa Maria

The planting date is an important factor affecting the developmental cycle and quality of final product. Indications from the literature are that gladiolus is a species that can be cultivated throughout the year, but in some periods, adverse conditions may occur, reducing the quality of the flower. Two field experiments (Experiment 1: August 2011 to July 2012 and Experiment 2: August 2012 to July 2013) were conducted in Santa Maria, RS, Brazil, to quantify the influence of planting dates on the duration of the developmental cycle and on the quality of flower stems in gladiolus, identifying possible damages by high and low temperatures in the final product. It is concluded that it is possible to cultivate gladiolus throughout the year, but the duration of gladiolus cycle is higher when planting is carried out in periods of low temperatures, and this is important for scheduling the planting date, mainly for meeting specific market demand (commemorative dates). Extreme temperatures (above 35 ºC and below 0 ºC) reduce the commercial flowers quality and even cause the death of plants.

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