scholarly journals Plant Mass and Yield of Broccoli as Affected by Soil Moisture

HortScience ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-118
Author(s):  
Bodo Gutezeit
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Sandy Soil ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Total Mass ◽  
Flood Plain ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Water Application ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Total Plant

The effect of water supply on total mass and yield of broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica, `Emperor') was examined in an experiment carried out in a microplot field installation on three soil types: Gleyic Cambisol (sand) and Eutric Fluvisol (flood-plain loam) in spring and fall and on a Haplic Phaeosem (loessal loam) in fall. Soil moisture levels were established by irrigation under the following replacement protocols: 14 mm whenever the limit of 75% vol of the available soil water (ASW), 14 and 28 mm whenever the limit of 55% vol of ASW, and 14, 28, and 42 mm whenever the limit of 35% vol of ASW were reached. The highest total plant mass was achieved by irrigation at 75% vol of ASW on the sandy soil in spring cultivation, and at 55% vol of ASW (in doses of 28 mm) on the flood-plain loam in fall cultivation. The highest marketable yield (head mass) was obtained on the sandy soil at 55% vol of ASW (in doses of 14 mm) for both spring and fall production. The total plant mass and head mass was only significantly affected by reduced soil moisture at 35% vol of ASW in spring. At 75% vol of ASW, irrigation with 14 mm always resulted in reduced headmass. In fall, yield was not affected by soil moisture depletion or soil type. For the production of broccoli, it is recommended that irrigation be started when soil moisture falls below 55% vol of ASW, followed by a water application rates of either 14 or 28 mm.

scholarly journals The Effects of Cultivar, Nitrogen Supply and Soil Type on Radiation Use Efficiency and Harvest Index in Spring Wheat

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1391
Author(s):  
Xizi Wang ◽  
Svend Christensen ◽  
Jesper Svensgaard ◽  
Signe M. Jensen ◽  
Fulai Liu
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Sandy Soil ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Harvest Index ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Holding ◽  
Radiation Use

There is an urgent need among plant breeders for a deeper understanding of the links between wheat genotypes and their ability to utilize light for biomass production and their efficiency at converting the biomass into grain yield. This field trail was conducted to investigate the variations in radiation use efficiency (RUE) and harvest index (HI) of four spring wheat cultivars grown on two soil types with two nitrogen (N) fertilization levels. Grain yield (GY) was significantly higher with 200 kg N ha−1 than 100 kg N ha−1 and on clay soil than on sandy soil, and a similar trend was observed for shoot dry matter (DM) at maturity. RUE and HI was neither affected by cultivar nor N-fertilization, but was affected by soil type, with a significantly higher RUE and HI on clay than on sandy soil. The differences of water holding capacity between the two soil types was suggested to be a major factor influencing RUE and HI as exemplified by the principal component analysis. Thus, to achieve a high RUE and/or HI, sustaining a good soil water status during the critical growth stages of wheat crops is essential, especially on sandy soils with a low water holding capacity.

Efficiency of the salt flotation technique in the recovery of Ascaris lumbricoides eggs from the soil

1995 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.O. Ajala ◽  
S.O. Asaolu
Keyword(s):  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Sandy Soil ◽  
Sodium Nitrate ◽  
Ascaris Lumbricoides ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Zinc Sulphate ◽  
Sandy Soils ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Flotation Technique ◽  
Zinc Sulphate Solution

AbstractThe efficacy of the salt flotation technique using saturated solutions of sodium nitrate (specific gravity 1.30) and zinc sulphate (specific gravity 1.16) for separating Ascaris lumbricoides eggs from clay, loamy and sandy soils has been investigated. Ten samples of each of the egg concentrations of 100, 500, 2500, 5000 and 10,000 eggs/25 g of soil were used for each soil type. Using T-test and ANOVA, the number of eggs recovered from sand was significantly higher than from loam and the number from loam significantly higher than from clay. With sodium nitrate, the maximum egg recovery rate was 25.04% from sandy soil at a concentration of 500 eggs/25 g soil while with zinc sulphate it was 13.88% also from sandy soil and concentration of 500 eggs/25 g soil. While the number of eggs recovered increased with soil egg concentration, the percentage of eggs recovered is inversely proportional to egg concentration. The number of eggs recovered with sodium nitrate was significantly higher than with zinc sulphate solution in the three soil types.

Soil moisture distribution under trickle irrigation: a review

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 761-772 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arpna Bajpai ◽  
Arun Kaushal
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
Moisture Distribution ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Initial Water Content ◽  
Water Application ◽  
Trickle Irrigation ◽  
Irrigation Systems ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Soil Moisture Distribution

Abstract The wetting pattern of soil under trickle (drip) irrigation is governed by soil texture, structure, initial water content, emitter spacing, discharge rate and irrigation frequency. For efficient management of trickle irrigation moisture distribution plays an important role. The degree of soil wetted volume in an irrigation system determines the amount of water required to wet the root zone. This article helps in understanding moisture distribution for different lateral spacing, emitter spacing, emitter discharge rates and drip line installation depth for trickle irrigation under various soil conditions all over the world. This review reveals that soil moisture distribution and uniformity within the soil profile were affected by the distance between emitters rather than the distance between drip lines. In drip irrigation systems, the less the dripper spacing, the greater the moisture distribution as well as water use efficiency and crop yield. The radial spread of moisture was greater at lower water application rates, whereas the vertical spread was greater at higher water application rates. The vertical movement of soil moisture was greater than the horizontal movement under surface as well as subsurface drip irrigation systems. Deeper drip tape installations had a potential risk of not providing moisture to shallow rooted crops.

Initial activity of atrazine and chlorsulfuron residues is greater in the grey clays than in the black earths of southern Queensland

1994 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 67 ◽  
Author(s):  
SR Walker ◽  
JMT Marley ◽  
GR Robinson ◽  
PA Hargreaves
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Lower Activity ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Initial Activity ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Wimmera Ryegrass ◽  
The Mean

Commercial experience is that soil type appears to be a major factor influencing initial weed control from soil applications of atrazine and chlorsulfuron. We tested this by collecting 26 soils from the major cropping areas in southern Queensland. Initial activity was determined by measuring the dose required for 50% inhibition (ID50) of seedling growth in Wimmera ryegrass in controlled environment cabinets. The mean ID50 for atrazine and chlorsulfuron in black earths was 3 and 4 times greater, respectively, than in grey clays. Lower activity in the black earths was probably due to higher clay and cation contents and, consequently, greater adsorption of the herbicides. These results suggest that application rates of atrazine and chlorsulfuron can be adjusted for differences in initial activity between soil types.

scholarly journals Influence of Working Depth and Soil Type on Drawbar Performance of a Chisel Plow

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (16) ◽  
pp. 206
Author(s):  
José F. Schlosser ◽  
Paula M. dos Santos ◽  
Daniela Herzog ◽  
Lucas S. da Rosa ◽  
Jaqueline Ottonelli
Keyword(s):  
Data Acquisition ◽  
Sandy Soil ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Clayey Soil ◽  
Travel Speed ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Power Performance ◽  
Electronic Instrumentation ◽  
Chisel Plow ◽  
Drawbar Pull

With the aim of studying the drawbar performance and power required by a commercial chisel plow with five shanks, an experiment was carried out involving two soil types (sandy and clayey) and three working depths (0.25, 0.35 and 0.45 m). A farm wheeled tractor, properly sized by the raw power of the engine, pulled the equipment. An electronic instrumentation was used for data acquisition to measure the drawbar pull. Furthermore, in addition, four other parameters were determined, as real travel speed and slippage of the tractor. Chiseling operations showed no statistically significant effect of soil type on drawbar pull in the different working depths. However, clayey soil presented higher values of slippage (34.44%), power performance (47.25 kW) and drawbar pull (40.26 kN) than sandy soil.

scholarly journals Correlation of Bioassay Crop Growth with Cinmethylin and Chlorimuron Application Rates for Two Soils

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 536-538 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.G. Boucounis ◽  
T. Whitwell ◽  
J.E. Toler
Keyword(s):  
Soil Type ◽  
Sweet Corn ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Grain Sorghum ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Field Bioassay ◽  
Crop Tolerance ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Application Rates

Ten crops were evaluated for potential use as field bioassay species for cinmethylin and chlorimuron application rates in two soil types. Cinmethylin injured sweet corn (Zea mays L.) and grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] at concentrations as low as 0.28 kg·ha-1 on either soil type, while broadleaf crops were tolerant. Chlorimuron injured sweet corn, grain sorghum, radish (Raphanus sativus L.), cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), and watermelon [Citrullis lanatus (Thunb.) Mansf.] at rates ≥ 2.5 g·ha-1, and squash (Cucurbita pepo L.) at rates ≥ 5.0 g·ha-1 on a Dothan sand. In a Congaree silt loam, chlorimuron injured cucumber at rates ≥ 5.0 g·ha-1, sweet corn, watermelon, and squash at rates ≥ 10 g·ha-1, and grain sorghum, radish, and cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) at rates ≥ 20 g·ha-1. Soybean and snapbean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) were tolerant to chlorimuron in both soil types. Cinmethylin activity was not altered by soil type, but with chlorimuron greater crop injury was observed in the Dothan sand than in the Congaree silt loam. Sweet corn and grain sorghum were the most sensitive indicator species to cinmethylin and cucumber was the most sensitive to chlorimuron in both soils. Plant emergence and population alone are not valid indicators for crop tolerance to herbicides. Quantitative measurements such as shoot dry weight were more indicative of crop susceptibility to chlorimuron than plant populations. Chemical names used: exo -1-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-2 -[(2-methylphenyl) methoxy]-7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane (cinmethylin); 2-[[[[(4-chloro-6-methoxy-2-pyrimidinyl)amino] carbonyl]amino] sulfonyl]benzoic acid (chlorimuron).

scholarly journals Effects of Climate and Soil Type Interactions on Probable Work Days with Harvest Equipment in Mississippi and Alabama Forests

2000 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 213-218
Author(s):  
Jonathan W. Pote ◽  
Charles L. Wax ◽  
Bob L. Karr
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Coastal Zone ◽  
Computer Model ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Sandy Soils ◽  
Clay Soils ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Probability Level ◽  
Climate Zones

Abstract A computer model predicted soil moisture in three climate zones with three soil textures. A 30 yr daily simulation provided probable work days for the nine combinations. Criteria for work days were soil moisture capacities less than 95% of maximum for sandy soils, 80% for loamy soils, and 65% for clay soils. Results indicate that sandy soils in the inland zone allow 233 work days/yr at the 50% probability level, whereas clay soils there allow only 140 days at that level. In the coastal zone sandy soils allow 252 work days/yr at the 50% level and clay soils allow 122 days at that level. These results were produced at ten probability levels for all soil types and all zones, as well as for each month. Applied examples of uses of the results are included. South. J. Appl. For. 24(4):213-218.

Effect of soil type on burrowing behavior and cocoon formation in the green-striped burrowing frog, Cyclorana alboguttata

2006 ◽  
Vol 84 (6) ◽  
pp. 832-838 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.T. Booth
Keyword(s):  
Water Potential ◽  
Sandy Soil ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Soil Drying ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
Water Potentials ◽  
Burrowing Behaviour ◽  
Burrowing Behavior

This study examined the effect of soil type on burrowing behaviour and cocoon formation during aestivation in the green-striped burrowing frog, Cyclorana alboguttata (Günther, 1867). Given a choice, frogs always chose to burrow in wet sand in preference to wet clay. Frogs buried themselves faster and dug deeper burrows in sandy soil. However, under my laboratory conditions, there was little difference in the pattern of soil drying between the two soil types. Frogs in both sand and clay soil experienced hydrating conditions for the first 3 months and dehydrating conditions for the last 3 months of the 6-month aestivation period, and cocoons were not formed until after 3 months of aestivation. After 6 months, there were more layers in the cocoons of frogs aestivating in sand than those aestivating in clay. Frogs were able to absorb water from sandy soil with water potentials greater than –400 kPa, but lost water when placed on sand with a water potential of –1000 kPa.

scholarly journals Longevity of buried ragwort seed in four soils

2000 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 253-257
Author(s):  
T.K. James ◽  
A. Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Soil ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Senecio Jacobaea ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Viable Seed ◽  
Peat Soils ◽  
Nylon Mesh ◽  
Mesh Bags

The viability of ragwort (Senecio jacobaea L) seed buried for several years at 0 2 4 6 and 19 21 cm depths was evaluated in four different soil types Seed samples in nylon mesh bags were removed after 1 2 3 5 11 and 16 years burial and their viability determined by germination After 16 years no viable seed was found in the clay soil In the silt loam and peat soils 1 3 viable seed remained while in the sandy soil up to 13 remained viable In the surface 0 2 cm layer of soil it took from 109 to 146 years for the percentage of viable seed to fall to 1 of the original viable seed depending on soil type At the 4 6 and 19 21 cm depths the corresponding times were 128 165 years and 130 180 years

scholarly journals Cucumber susceptibility to simulated soil residues of clomazone

2016 ◽  
Vol 31 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 107-114
Author(s):  
Jelena Gajic-Umiljendic ◽  
Tijana Djordjevic ◽  
Ljiljana Santric ◽  
Marija Saric-Krsmanovic ◽  
Ljiljana Radivojevic
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Sandy Soil ◽  
Residual Activity ◽  
Sandy Soils ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Chlorophyll B ◽  
Laboratory Bioassay ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Concentration Series

A laboratory bioassay was conducted to investigate the susceptibility of cucumber to the residual activity of clomazone in loamy and sandy soils. The effects of three different levels of soil moisture (20, 50 and 70% field capacity - FC) was also examined. Clomazone was applied in concentration series of 0.047-6 mg a.i./kg soil. Plants grew for 21 days, upon which period physiological parameters (content of carotenoids, chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b) were measured. Clomazone caused leaf bleaching and reduction in pigments content in cucumber leaves in both types of soil at all levels of soil moisture, and the degree of change depended on application rates. Inhibition was higher in plants grown in the sandy soil, while the least sensitive were cucumber plants grown in both types of soil with 20% FC. The findings in this study showed moderate cucumber susceptibility to clomazone residues in loamy and sandy soils.

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