Evaluating Chemical Indices of Growing Media for Nursery Production of Quercus rubra Seedlings

We evaluated suitability of chemical indices of three media formulations or substrates (A, B, and C) consisting of composted pine bark, coconut coir pith, sphagnum peatmoss, processed bark ash, and perlite in varied proportions for growing northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) seedlings. These substrates were ranked according to their ability to promote seedling growth. The low-yielding substrate (A) was devoid of pine bark and perlite and the medium-yielding substrate (B) contained no peatmoss or processed bark ash. The high-yielding substrate (C) contained all components. Additionally, we tested plant response to high nitrogen (N) fertilization on each substrate. Media EC, pH, and total dissolved solids measured at transplanting explained 68%, 43%, and 66%, respectively, of the variation in plant dry weight and 39%, 54%, and 46%, respectively, of the variation in shoot height. Vector diagnosis effectively ranked nutritional limitations on seedling growth as N > P > K. High N fertilization highlighted element deficiency in seedlings grown on substrate A, but resulted in element toxicity and antagonistic interactions in plants established on substrates B and C, respectively.

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Growth and Water Use Characteristics of Six Eastern North American Oak (Quercus) Species and the Implications for Urban Forestry

Arboriculture & Urban Forestry ◽

10.48044/jauf.2006.026 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 32 (5) ◽

pp. 202-213

Author(s):

Daniel Struve ◽

Petra Sternberg ◽

Nick Drunasky ◽

Kurt Bresko ◽

Rico Gonzalez

Keyword(s):

Growth Factors ◽

Water Use ◽

Seedling Growth ◽

North American ◽

Urban Forestry ◽

Principal Component ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Statistical Technique ◽

Northern Red Oak ◽

Quercus Species

Seedling growth and water use of six North American oak species were studied in a series of four experiments to determine inter- and intraspecies water use characteristics. Xeric-site adapted species (chestnut oak, Q. prinus [L.] and black oak, Q. velutina [Lamb.]) had slower growth (height and dry weight accumulation and lower shoot:root ratios) than mesic-site adapted species (bur oak, Quercus macrocarpus [Michx.]; pin oak, Q. palustris [Muenchh.], northern red oak, Q. rubra [L]; and Shumard oak, Q. shumardii [Buckl.]). Principal component analysis (a statistical technique used to identify correlated variables) using 11 variables found that seedling water use loaded positively with seedling growth factors (taller seedlings tended to have higher dry weights and greater leaf and root areas and used more water than shorter seedlings, which tended to have lower dry weights, smaller leaf, and root areas) in the first principal component. However, in the third experiment, seedling growth factors loaded negatively with seedling water use for Q. prinus. Tall Q. prinus seedlings tended to use less water than short seedlings. However, other measures of water use (g water cm −1height and cm −2leaf and root area) loaded negatively on the first principal component. Correlations between seedling heights and seedling waters use were significant and positive, but great within-species and within half-sib family differences in height-adjusted water use (g water cm −1height) were found. By plotting height-adjusted water use against seedling height, efficient and inefficient water use seedlings could be identified. Inefficient water use seedlings were shorter and had higher water use cm −1height than efficient water use seedlings. Inefficient water use seedlings were described as having a xeric-water use habit, whereas tall seedlings had a mesic-water use habit. Potentially, height-adjusted water use could be used as a method for selecting individual oak seedlings better adapted to stressful urban planting sites.

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Germination, Emergence, and Seedling Growth of Tomato and Impatiens in Response to Seed Treatment with Paclobutrazol

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.38.6.1201 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 38 (6) ◽

pp. 1201-1204 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Jennifer R. Still ◽

Wallace G. Pill

Keyword(s):

Seedling Growth ◽

Seed Treatment ◽

Shoot Growth ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Suppressive Effect ◽

Growth Suppression ◽

Growth Retardant ◽

Lower Percentage ◽

Shoot Height ◽

Grade 5

Seed treatments with paclobutrazol (PB), a triazole growth retardant, were examined for seedling growth suppression without exerting a deleterious effect on germination or emergence. Seeds of `Salmon Picotee impatiens (Impatiens wallerana Hook f.) and `Marglobe tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) were soaked for 24 or 48 hours at 22 °C in 0, 50, 500, or 1000 mg·L-1 PB or were primed in polyethylene glycol 8000 or grade 5 exfoliated vermiculite (both at -1.0 MPa for 7 days at 22 °C) containing these PB solutions. Any PB seed treatment of impatiens (including a series of lower concentrations up to 50 mg·L-1 PB) that elicited seedling growth suppression also reduced germination and emergence. For tomato, soaking seeds for 24 hours in up to 1000 mg·L-1 PB had little or no effect on germination or emergence, and yet shoot height or dry weight was not decreased further by exceeding 50 mg·L-1 PB. At any PB concentration, soaking seeds for 48 hours or priming seeds resulted in lower percentage of germination or emergence than soaking seeds for 24 hours. Soaking tomato seeds in 50 mg·L-1 PB for 24 hours resulted in similar shoot growth suppression until at least 31 days after planting as a growth medium drench (1 mg·L-1 PB) or as a shoot spray (10 mg·L-1 PB), both applied at 14 days after planting. Beyond 31 days after planting, however, the latter two treatments gave greater shoot growth suppression than the PB seed soak treatment, which had lost its growth suppressive effect. Chemical name used: (+)-(R*,R*)-[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]- -(1,1,-dimethyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole-1-ethanol (paclobutrazol).

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EFFECTS OF K-IBA AND RADICLE-CLIPPING TREATMENTS ON ROOT DEVELOPMENT OF NORTHERN RED OAK

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.27.6.607f ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 27 (6) ◽

pp. 607f-607

Author(s):

Daniel G. Krueger ◽

Bert T. Swanson

Keyword(s):

Root Development ◽

Quercus Rubra ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Root Systems ◽

Red Oak ◽

Northern Red Oak ◽

Stem Height ◽

Root Dry Weight ◽

Low Concentrations ◽

High Concentrations

To increase root fibrosity, acorns of northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) were germinated and subjected to several radicle clipping (+/-) and K-IBA concentration treatments combintations prior to planting. Taproots and laterals ≥ 1 mm in diameter at the point of origin were counted. Low concentrations of K-IBA (0-4000 ppm) resulted in four root morphologies: 1) a single taproot and 3-6 laterals (no clipping/no K-IBA), 2) 4-5 taproots and 1-3 laterals (clipped only), 3) a single taproot and 5-12 laterals (not clipped/K-IBA) and 4) 6-12 taproots and 1-2 laterals. High concentrations of K-IBA (4000-10,000 ppm) `clipped' unclipped radicles resulting in root systems similiar to those clipped by hand. Stem height was unaffected by treatment. Radicle-clipping may increase stem caliper. K-IBA treatments may decrease root dry weight.

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609 Micronutrient Fertilization of Container-grown Woody Seedlings Essential Regardless of Pine Bark pH

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.34.3.552c ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 34 (3) ◽

pp. 552C-552

Author(s):

Amy N. Wright ◽

Alex X. Niemiera ◽

J. Roger Harris ◽

Robert D. Wright

Keyword(s):

Seedling Growth ◽

Irrigation Water ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Pine Bark ◽

Dolomitic Limestone ◽

Solution Ph ◽

Shoot Dry Weight ◽

Koelreuteria Paniculata ◽

Micronutrient Fertilizer ◽

Cu And Zn

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of micronutrient fertilization on seedling growth in pine bark with pH ranging from 4.0 to 5.5. Koelreuteria paniculata (Laxm.) was container-grown from seed in pine bark amended (preplant) with 0, 1.2, 2.4, or 3.6 kg/m3 dolomitic limestone and 0 or 0.9 kg/m3 sulfate-based micronutrient fertilizer (Micromax ®). Initial pine bark pH for each lime rate was 4.0, 4.5, 5.0, and 5.5, respectively. Final pH (week 10) ranged from 4.7 to 6.4. Ca and Mg supply in irrigation water was 10.2 and 4.2 mg·L–1. Seedlings were harvested 10 weeks after planting, and shoot dry weight and height were determined. Pine bark solution was extracted using the pour-through method at 3, 7, and 10 weeks after planting. Solution pH was measured, and solutions were analyzed for Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn. Shoot dry weight and height were higher in micronutrient-amended bark than in bark without added micronutrients. Lime (1.2 kg·\batchmode \documentclass[fleqn,10pt,legalpaper]{article} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amsmath} \pagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \(\mathrm{m}^{-_{3}}\) \end{document}) increased growth only in the absence of micronutrient additions. In general, adding micronutrients increased pine bark solution Ca, Mg, and micronutrient concentrations. Adding lime increased pine bark solution pH and Mg concentration and either had no effect on or decreased solution Ca and micronutrient concentrations. Regardless of pine bark pH, micronutrient additions resulted in improved growth and adding lime was not necessary.

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Subirrigation of Quercus rubra Seedlings: Nursery Stock Quality, Media Chemistry, and Early Field Performance

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.43.7.2179 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 43 (7) ◽

pp. 2179-2185 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Mindy L. Bumgarner ◽

K. Francis Salifu ◽

Douglass F. Jacobs

Keyword(s):

Biomass Production ◽

Aboveground Biomass ◽

Quercus Rubra ◽

Field Performance ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Nutrient Content ◽

Forest Tree ◽

Red Oak ◽

Tree Seedlings ◽

Northern Red Oak

Container seedling production systems for forest tree nurseries are challenged by the need for judicious water consumption. Subirrigation systems may provide an alternative to overhead systems by mitigating water use, yet remain relatively untested for propagation of forest tree seedlings. We evaluated effects of overhead versus subirrigation under varying media (40:60, 60:40, and 80:20 peat:perlite) and fertilization (0 or 1.2 g nitrogen/plant) regimes on nursery development and first-year field performance of northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) seedlings. Fertilization increased aboveground biomass production and nutrient content, but decreased root dry weight. Relative to overhead-irrigated seedlings, subirrigation increased red oak seedling aboveground biomass production as well as above- and belowground nitrogen content under fertilized conditions. Media had no effect on plant response. Subirrigation increased electrical conductivity (5 dS·m−1 greater) and decreased pH in the upper media zone (0 to 5 cm from top), whereas the opposite effect was found in the lower zone. Nursery fertilization was associated with reduced field survival and growth, which may have been the result of transplant stress resulting from higher shoot:root. Subirrigated seedlings had greater field diameter growth. Our results suggest that subirrigation could serve as a viable alternative to overhead systems in container propagation of hardwood seedlings.

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Pear and apple pomace compost as an alternative to commercial substrates in the production of tomato seedlings

Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias UNCuyo ◽

10.48162/rev.39.013 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 53 (1) ◽

pp. 128-138

Author(s):

Jorge Federico Maldonado ◽

Marta Susana Agüero ◽

María Belén Buglione ◽

Facundo Iturmendi ◽

Marcela Viviana Filippi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Seedling Growth ◽

Renewable Resources ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Apple Pomace ◽

Tomato Seedling ◽

Shoot Height ◽

Tomato Seedlings ◽

Shoot Dry Weight ◽

Survival Percentage ◽

In Cells

It is important to look for alternative substrates to replace non-renewable resources such as peat used in growing media in horticulture. The aim of this work was to evaluate if the compost of pear and apple pomace could be used as an alternative to a commercial substrate for the production of tomato seedlings. Two experiments were carried out on trays with alveoli of 100 cm3 (experiment 1) and 30 cm3 (experiment 2). In experiment 1, three substrates were used: commercial substrate (CS), mixture of CS and pomace compost (CS+C) and pure compost (C). In experiment 2 a fourth treatment with a mixture of compost and perlite (C+P) was incorporated. The obtained results indicate that the development of the seedlings using CS+C and CS as a substrate was similar in cells of 100 cm3 and higher in cells of 30 cm3. In addition, the growth of seedlings on C+P in relation to CS showed similar or higher values in some variables. These results indicate that it would be feasible to replace the use of non-renewable resources such as peat in the production of tomato seedlings by a product obtained from a residue. Tomato seedling growth was evaluated on trays with 100 cm3 alveoli and 30 cm3 alveoli on different substrates mixtures: commercial substrate (CS), mixture of CS and pomace compost (CS+C), pure compost (C) and mixture of compost and perlite (C+P). Highlights Seedling development using CS+C and CS as substrates was similar in cells of 100 cm3 and higher in cells of 30 cm3. Seedling growth on C+P in relation to CS, showed similar or higher values for some variables such as root dry weight, shoot dry weight, stem diameter and shoot height. In 30 cm3 cell trays of the compost and perlite treatment (3:1 v/v), obtained seedling quality would enable a high post-transplant survival percentage. Pear and apple pomace compost may be an alternative to a commercial substrate containing peat for tomato seedlings production (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.).

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The Use of Cyclanilide to Promote Lateral Branching in Container-grown Whips

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.41.4.976e ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 41 (4) ◽

pp. 976E-977

Author(s):

Petra Sternberg ◽

Daniel K. Struve

Keyword(s):

Quercus Rubra ◽

Production Systems ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Growth Potential ◽

Eucommia Ulmoides ◽

Growing Stock ◽

Lateral Branching ◽

Cercis Canadensis ◽

Nursery Production ◽

Prairie Fire

In nursery production, increased branching is desirable, especially when growing stock that will be marketed at smaller sizes. Typically, branching is increased by pruning, which reduces growth potential. As an alternative to mechanical pruning, a chemical branching agent, Cyclanilide, has been evaluated for its ability to increase branching in container-grown whip production systems. Cyclanilide sprays of 0, 50, 100, and 200 mg·L-1 were applied to elongating shoots of Acer ×freemanii `Jeffsred', Cercis canadensis, Diospyros virginiana, Eucommia ulmoides, Malus ×`Prairie Fire', Malus ×`Harvest Gold', and Quercus rubra whips. Branching was increased in all taxa except Eucommia at concentrations >100 mg·L-1, without significantly reducing plant dry weight. For Diospyros, branching was increased when combined with pruning before Cyclanilide application.

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Growth and Ectomycorrhizal Development of Northern Red Oak Seedlings Treated with IBA

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.29.7.771 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 29 (7) ◽

pp. 771-773 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

D.D. Crunkilton ◽

H.E. Garrett ◽

S.G. Pallardy

Keyword(s):

Quercus Rubra ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Montmorillonite Clay ◽

Red Oak ◽

Northern Red Oak ◽

Shoot Dry Weight ◽

Positive Growth ◽

Root Size ◽

Size Container ◽

Oak Seedlings

Ectomycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal, glasshouse-grown northern red oak seedlings (Quercus rubra L.) received root treatments of IBA in starch, fired-montmorillonite clay, or starch-encapsulated montmorillonite clay. Clay proved to be superior to starch as a carrier for IBA, inducing significant increases in diameter, root length, leaf area, and shoot dry weight. Positive growth interactions between mycorrhizae and IBA were found with the clay carrier. The typical bare-rooted red oak seedling (grown for 1 year in nurseries and outplanted) performs poorly because of insufficient root size. Container-grown seedlings produced using clay/IBA treatments may perform better under field conditions than stock grown conventionally. Chemical name used: indole-3-butyric acid (IBA).

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IMPACT OF FERTILIZERS APPLICATION ON SEED GERMINATION AND SEEDLING GROWTH OF VIGNA RADIATA

FLORA AND FAUNA ◽

10.33451/florafauna.v24i2pp323-329 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 24 (2) ◽

Author(s):

SUPRIYA DIXIT ◽

R. K. GUPTA

Keyword(s):

Seed Germination ◽

Leaf Area ◽

Seedling Growth ◽

Vigna Radiata ◽

Agricultural Research ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Fertilizer Application ◽

Research Field ◽

Chemical Fertilizer ◽

Seedling Length

Currently, a real challenge for the workers in the agricultural research field is to stop or reduce the use of expensive agrochemicals/ chemical fertilizers which are hazardous to the environment as well as human health. Present study was aimed to improve the growth and obtain optimum yield of Vigna crop with eco-friendly, non-toxic way and to reduce the use of agrochemical/chemical fertilizer application in agricultural activities. A pot experiment was conducted to study the effect of chemical fertilizer (DAP) and biofertilizer ( Rhizobium strain) separately and in combination on seed germination and seedling growth (at 30 days) based on morphological parameters such as seedling length (cm), fresh weight (g), dry weight (g) and leaf area (cm)2 of Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek. After one month (30 Days) observations, it was found that seedling length, fresh and dry weights and leaf area were maximum in T4 and minimum in T15, T7 and T8 favored improved seedling length and leaf area whereas T7, T8, and T9 favored improved fresh and dry weights as compared to control.

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Genetic variation for rate of establishment in caucasian clover

Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association ◽

10.33584/jnzg.1998.60.2282 ◽

1998 ◽

pp. 213-217

Author(s):

K.H. Widdup ◽

T.L. Knight ◽

C.J. Waters

Keyword(s):

Genetic Variation ◽

Root Growth ◽

Seedling Growth ◽

White Clover ◽

Seedling Emergence ◽

Red Clover ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Cool Season ◽

Trifolium Ambiguum ◽

Root Dry Weight

Slow establishment of caucasian clover (Trifolium ambiguum L.) is hindering the use of this legume in pasture mixtures. Improved genetic material is one strategy of correcting the problem. Newly harvested seed of hexaploid caucasian clover germplasm covering a range of origins, together with white and red clover and lucerne, were sown in 1 m rows in a Wakanui soil at Lincoln in November 1995. After 21 days, the caucasian clover material as a group had similar numbers of emerged seedlings as white clover and lucerne, but was inferior to red clover. There was wide variation among caucasian clover lines (48-70% seedling emergence), with the cool-season selection from cv. Monaro ranked the highest. Recurrent selection at low temperatures could be used to select material with improved rates of seedling emergence. Red clover and lucerne seedlings produced significantly greater shoot and root dry weight than caucasian and white clover seedlings. Initially, caucasian clover seedlings partitioned 1:1 shoot to root dry weight compared with 3:1 for white clover. After 2 months, caucasian clover seedlings had similar shoot growth but 3 times the root growth of white clover. Between 2 and 5 months, caucasian clover partitioned more to root and rhizome growth, resulting in a 0.3:1 shoot:root ratio compared with 2:1 for white clover. Both clover species had similar total dry weight after 5 months. Unhindered root/ rhizome devel-opment is very important to hasten the establishment phase of caucasian clover. The caucasian clover lines KZ3 and cool-season, both selections from Monaro, developed seedlings with greater shoot and root growth than cv. Monaro. KZ3 continued to produce greater root growth after 5 months, indicating the genetic potential for improvement in seedling growth rate. Different pasture estab-lishment techniques are proposed that take account of the seedling growth characteristics of caucasian clover. Keywords: establishment, genetic variation, growth, seedling emergence, Trifolium ambiguum

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