scholarly journals Turgor Closely Relates to Postharvest Fruit Softening and Can Be a Useful Index to Select a Parent for Producing Cultivars with Good Storage Potential in Apple

HortScience ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 1377-1381 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroshi Iwanami ◽  
Shigeki Moriya ◽  
Nobuhiro Kotoda ◽  
Kazuyuki Abe
Keyword(s):  
Shelf Life ◽  
Reduction Rate ◽  
Fruit Softening ◽  
Flesh Firmness ◽  
Thermocouple Psychrometer ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Storage Potential ◽  
Low Rate

Changes in turgor and flesh firmness during storage at 20 °C were investigated using 27 apple (Malus ×domestica Borkh.) cultivars for 2 years. Flesh firmness was measured using a penetrometer, and turgor was determined using a thermocouple psychrometer. Firmness and turgor of fruit decreased during storage. The cultivars with little softening during storage had low rates of reduction in turgor. The softening rates in mealy cultivars were high, but there were cultivars with low rates of turgor reduction. When the rates of reduction in turgor after harvest were low, the mealy cultivars of the fruit tended to develop severe mealiness during storage. Therefore, a low rate of reduction in turgor could contribute to cultivars with both good shelf life and severe mealiness. The reduction rates of turgor in progeny cultivars were nearly identical to the mean reduction rates of turgor of their parents. This suggests that a cultivar with a low reduction rate of turgor, although it can be mealy, has the potential to produce a progeny with a low reduction rate of turgor.

scholarly journals Influence of Time and Concentration of 1-MCP Application on the Shelf Life of Pear `La France' Fruit

HortScience ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 38 (7) ◽  
pp. 1414-1416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasutaka Kubo ◽  
Kyoko Hiwasa ◽  
Willis Omondi Owino ◽  
Ryohei Nakano ◽  
Akitsugu Inaba
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Shelf Life ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Production ◽  
Ethylene Biosynthesis ◽  
Eating Quality ◽  
Fruit Softening ◽  
Pear Fruit ◽  
Chilling Temperature ◽  
Flesh Firmness

`La France' pear (Pyrus communis L.) fruit were exposed to chilling temperature (-1 °C) for a week to induce ethylene biosynthesis before they were transferred to 20 °C to allow ripening. On 1, 4, or 7 days after the transfer to room temperature, fruit were treated with 20 μL·L-1 1-MCP for 12 hours. The 1-MCP treatments suppressed ethylene and carbon dioxide production significantly and slowed fruit softening. The shelf life period of fruit with desirable firmness treated with 1-MCP on day 4 was twice that of untreated fruit, with firmness of 1-MCP treated fruit on day 1 being higher than desirable while that of fruit treated on day 7 was lower than desirable. To determine the optimum 1-MCP concentration for treatment, fruit were exposed to 0.01 to 100 μL·L-1 1-MCP 3 days after the transfer to 20 °C. The fruit treated with 1 μL·L-1 1-MCP and less ripened similarly to untreated fruit, having a shelf life of a week. 1-MCP treatments of 10 and 100 μL·L-1 inhibited ethylene and carbon dioxide production, and delayed fruit softening and occurrence of senescent break down. The flesh firmness of these fruit maintained suitable eating quality for more than 3 weeks. Our results indicate that 1-MCP treatment of 10 μL·L-1 at 20 °C 3 to 4 days after initiation of ripening can extend the shelf life of `La France' pear fruit. Chemical name used: 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP).

scholarly journals Geographic mapping of choroidal thickness in myopic eyes using 1050-nm spectral domain optical coherence tomography

2015 ◽  
Vol 08 (04) ◽  
pp. 1550012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qinqin Zhang ◽  
Maureen Neitz ◽  
Jay Neitz ◽  
Ruikang K. Wang
Keyword(s):  
Optical Coherence Tomography ◽  
High Myopia ◽  
Choroidal Thickness ◽  
Retinal Pigment ◽  
Reduction Rate ◽  
Radial Distance ◽  
Spectral Domain ◽  
Temporal Region ◽  
Optical Coherence ◽  
The Mean

Purpose: To provide a geographical map of choroidal thickness (CT) around the macular region among subjects with low, moderate and high myopia. Methods: 20 myopic subjects (n = 40 eyes) without other identified pathologies participated in this study: 20 eyes of ≤ 3 diopters (D) (low myopic), 10 eyes between -3 and -6D (moderate myopic), and 10 eyes of ≥ 6D (high myopic). The mean age of subjects was 30.2 years (± 7.6 years; range, 24 to 46 years). A 1050 nm spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) system, operating at 120 kHz imaging rate, was used in this study to simultaneously capture 3D anatomical images of the choroid and measure intraocular length (IOL) in the subject. The 3D OCT images of the choroid were segmented into superior, inferior, nasal and temporal quadrants, from which the CT was measured, representing radial distance between the outer retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) layer and inner scleral border. Measurements were made within concentric regions centered at fovea centralis, extended to 5 mm away from fovea at 1 mm intervals in the nasal and temporal directions. The measured IOL was the distance from the anterior cornea surface to the RPE in alignment along the optical axis of the eye. Statistical analysis was performed to evaluate CT at each geographic region and observe the relationship between CT and the degree of myopia. Results: For low myopic eyes, the IOL was measured at 24.619 ± 0.016 mm. The CT (273.85 ± 49.01 μm) was greatest under fovea as is in the case of healthy eyes. Peripheral to the fovea, the mean CT decreased rapidly along the nasal direction, reaching a minimum of 180.65 ± 58.25μm at 5 mm away from the fovea. There was less of a change in thickness from the fovea in the temporal direction reaching a minimum of 234.25 ± 42.27 μm. In contrast to the low myopic eyes, for moderate and high myopic eyes, CTs were thickest in temporal region (where CT = 194.94 ± 27.28 and 163 ± 34.89 μm, respectively). Like the low myopic eyes, moderate and high myopic eyes had thinnest CTs in the nasal region (where CT = 100.84 ± 16.75 and 86.64 ± 42.6μm, respectively). High myopic eyes had the longest mean IOL (25.983 ± 0.021mm), while the IOL of moderate myopia was 25.413 ± 0.022 mm (**p < 0.001). The CT reduction rate was calculated at 31.28 μm/D (diopter) from low to moderate myopia, whilst it is 13.49 μm/D from moderate to high myopia. The similar tendency was found for the IOL reduction rate in our study: 0.265 mm/D from low to moderate myopia, and 0.137 mm/D from moderate to high myopia. Conclusion: The CT decreases and the IOL increases gradually with the increase of myopic condition. The current results support the theory that choroidal abnormality may play an important role in the pathogenesis of myopic degeneration.

Predicting the Shelf-Life of Single Base Propellants

2014 ◽  
Vol 631-632 ◽  
pp. 1257-1262
Author(s):  
Myoung Jin Choi ◽  
Hyung Ju Park ◽  
Jaek Yung Yang
Keyword(s):  
Data Mining ◽  
Shelf Life ◽  
Decomposition Product ◽  
Reduction Rate ◽  
Storage Period ◽  
High Reactivity ◽  
Single Base ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Main Component ◽  
Acid Esters

Ammunitions stored in war fields have lifespans that are related to the single base propellants, as Nitrocellulose (NC), the main component of propelling gunpowder, decomposes naturally into an unstable substance, similar to other nitric acid esters. Decomposition is inevitable; however a decomposition product (NO2, NO3, and HNO3) and tranquillizer DPA (Diphenylamine), which have high reactivity, can be added to a propellant to restrain the induction of automatic catalysis by a decomposition product. The decay rate of the tranquillizer is also affected by the production rate of the decomposition product of NC. Thus, as the storage period of single base propellants lengthens, the reduction rate of the tranquillizer content increases. This paper presents a new methodology based on data mining and regression analysis for estimating the shelf-life of single base propellants using data from the ASRP to 105mm HE (KM1 and M1).

Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis of Water Reduction in Lower-Limb Lymphedema by Lymphaticovenular Anastomosis

2018 ◽  
Vol 35 (04) ◽  
pp. 306-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshichika Yasunaga ◽  
Daisuke Yanagisawa ◽  
Erika Ohata ◽  
Kiyoshi Matsuo ◽  
Shunsuke Yuzuriha
Keyword(s):  
Lower Limb ◽  
Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Reduction Rate ◽  
Bioelectrical Impedance ◽  
Impedance Analysis ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Volume Reduction ◽  
Water Volume ◽  
The Mean

Background Although lymphedema is fundamentally abnormal accumulation of excess water in the extracellular space, previous studies have evaluated the efficacy of physiological bypass surgery (lymphaticovenular anastomosis [LVA]) for lymphedema without measuring water volume. This study clarified the water reductive effect of LVA using bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). Methods The efficacy of LVA for unilateral lower-limb lymphedema was evaluated using BIA in a retrospective cohort. The water volume of affected and unaffected legs was measured using multifrequency BIA before and after LVA. Preoperative measurements were undertaken after compression therapy for at least 3 months. The follow-up period after LVA was a minimum of 6 months. Results Thirty consecutive patients with unilateral lower-limb lymphedema were enrolled. The mean water volume reduction of the affected leg by LVA (ΔLBW) was 0.86 L (standard deviation [SD]: 0.86, median: 0.65) with a mean number of 3.3 anastomoses (SD: 1.7). The mean reduction rate of edema was 45.1% (SD: 36.3). Multiple linear regression analysis revealed water volume difference between the affected and unaffected legs before LVA (excess LBW) as the strongest predictor of ΔLBW (R 2 = 0.759, p < 0.01; β = 0.500, p < 0.01). Conclusion The LVA reduces the volume of accumulated body water in lower-limb lymphedema. As excess LBW most strongly predicted the amount of water volume reduction by LVA, body water volume measurement by BIA before LVA might identify patients with low excess LBW not expected to benefit from LVA, regardless of apparent differences in limb circumference.

scholarly journals Effects of mode and timing of calcium chloride application on tissue calcium concentration and acceptability of mango fruits

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (103) ◽  
pp. 18552-18573
Author(s):  
Naphis Mokaya Bitange ◽  
◽  
GN Chemining’wa ◽  
JL Ambuko ◽  
WO Owino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Shelf Life ◽  
Calcium Chloride ◽  
Calcium Concentration ◽  
Beta Carotene ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Flesh Color ◽  
Flesh Firmness ◽  
Peel Color ◽  
Fruit Flavor

Mango (Mangifera indica L) production in Kenya directly supports approximately 200,000 farmers and many other beneficiaries. Despite this, its production suffers from post-harvest losses due to the fruits' short shelf life in ambient conditions. Calcium maintains cell integrity, strengthens the cell wall, membrane structure, and thus increases shelf life. A completely randomized block design with a split plot arrangement was used to compare the effect of spraying and immersion of ‘Van Dyke' mango fruits at maturity or 15 days later in calcium chloride at different concentrations (0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, or 0%) and times on the fruit ripening rate and organoleptic acceptance. The peel firmness (N), total soluble solids (0Brix), flesh color (Ho), beta carotene (mg/100ml), and carbon dioxide evolution (ml/kg/hr) of fruits were determined at time 0 and every two days for up to eight days in ambient conditions. Additionally, organoleptic characteristics, flesh firmness, calcium concentration (g/mg), and their correlations were determined. Fruits immersed in calcium chloride at maturity had higher retained peel firmness (10.6 N, 10.3 N), deeper flesh color (37.45, 36.78), lower total soluble solids (14, 13.8), a lower carbon dioxide evolution (30.7 ml/kg/hr), higher beta carotene and higher flesh calcium concentration than fruits exposed to other treatments. Fruits sprayed at maturity outperformed those sprayed 15 days later in the studied parameters. Flesh calcium content correlated positively with flesh firmness (r= 0.913, r= 0.852), flesh color (r= 0.828, r= 0.841), fruit aroma (r=0.8199, r=0.841), and negatively with skin shriveling (r=-0.778, r=-0.806) and fruit flavor (r=-0.811, r=-0.829). Flesh firmness correlated negatively with skin shriveling (r=-0.868, r=-0.788) and fruit flavor (r=-0.8869, r=-0.821), but positively with peel color (r=0.9115, r=0.856) and aroma (r=0.907, r=0.848). Skin shriveling was found to have a negative relationship with peel color (r=-0.944, r=-0.93) and aroma (r=-0.944, r=-0.938), but a positive relationship with fruit flavor (r=0.933, r=0.947). Peel color correlated positively with aroma (r=0.979, r=0.977) and negatively with fruit flavor (r=-0.962, r=-0.950), respectively. Despite the effectiveness of post-harvest calcium chloride immersion in extending fruit shelf life, optimal use is advised to avoid deteriorated pulp flavor and increased shriveling. More research is needed to determine how calcium chloride can be made available to the fruit while it is still attached to the tree.

Suppression of fruit softening and extension of shelf life of pear by putrescine application

2019 ◽  
Vol 256 ◽  
pp. 108623 ◽  
Author(s):  
Veerpartap Singh ◽  
S.K. Jawandha ◽  
P.P.S. Gill ◽  
M.S. Gill
Keyword(s):  
Shelf Life ◽  
Fruit Softening

FUNGICIDAL CONTROL OF BOTRYTIS CINEREA ON FOUR STRAWBERRY VARIETIES

1968 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 267-272
Author(s):  
C. O. Gourley
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Important Variable ◽  
The Other ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Low Rate

Captan, dichlofluanid at a high and a low rate, thiram, and a mixture of captan and thiram were tested in a field trial to control gray mold fruit rot caused by Botrytis cinerea Pers. on the strawberry varieties Gorella, Midway, Redcoat and Sparkle. The mean marketable yield of the varieties was increased by dichlofluanid (low) and thiram but not by the other treatments over that of non-sprayed plots. Dichlofluanid (high) gave better control of pre-harvest fruit rot than captan. Dichlofluanid (high) significantly reduced mean fruit size. Redcoat yields were higher with the low rate than the high rate of dichlofluanid, but pre-harvest fruit rot control and fruit size did not differ with the two rates. Gorella yields and fruit size were smaller with captan + thiram than with captan or thiram. Thiram reduced fruit size on Midway. The varietal reaction to fungicides suggests that marketable yield is the most important variable in selecting a fungicide for the control of gray mold fruit rot of strawberries.

scholarly journals Direct Numerical Simulation of Flow around a Circular Cylinder Controlled Using Plasma Actuators

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taichi Igarashi ◽  
Hiroshi Naito ◽  
Koji Fukagata
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Simulation ◽  
Circular Cylinder ◽  
Direct Numerical Simulation ◽  
Drag Reduction ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Reduction Rate ◽  
Plasma Actuators ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Freestream Velocity ◽  
The Mean

Flow around a circular cylinder controlled using plasma actuators is investigated by means of direct numerical simulation (DNS). The Reynolds number based on the freestream velocity and the cylinder diameter is set atReD=1000. The plasma actuators are placed at±90° from the front stagnation point. Two types of forcing, that is, two-dimensional forcing and three-dimensional forcing, are examined and the effects of the forcing amplitude and the arrangement of plasma actuators are studied. The simulation results suggest that the two-dimensional forcing is primarily effective in drag reduction. When the forcing amplitude is higher, the mean drag and the lift fluctuations are suppressed more significantly. In contrast, the three-dimensional forcing is found to be quite effective in reduction of the lift fluctuations too. This is mainly due to a desynchronization of vortex shedding. Although the drag reduction rate of the three-dimensional forcing is slightly lower than that of the two-dimensional forcing, considering the power required for the forcing, the three-dimensional forcing is about twice more efficient.

Shelf-Life Extension Of Azacitidine: A Cancer Centre Experience On Waste and Cost Reduction In The Treatment Of Myelodysplastic Syndromes

Blood ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 122 (21) ◽  
pp. 1749-1749
Author(s):  
Hany R. Guirguis ◽  
Flay Charbonneau ◽  
Ivan Tyono ◽  
Matthew C. Cheung ◽  
Rena Buckstein
Keyword(s):  
Shelf Life ◽  
Myelodysplastic Syndromes ◽  
Life Extension ◽  
Sterile Water ◽  
Potential Cost ◽  
Cancer Centre ◽  
Shelf Life Extension ◽  
Drug Wastage ◽  
New Strategy ◽  
The Mean

Abstract Background Azacitidine (AZA) is a nucleoside metabolic inhibitor indicated for the treatment of patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). In Canada, it is supplied as a lyophilized powder in 100-mg vials priced at 628 Canadian dollars (C$). The product monograph indicates that the reconstituted drug may be held under refrigerated conditions (2-8°C) for up to a maximum of 8 hours. At a recommended dosing of 75 mg/m2 x 7 days and average body surface areas (BSA) ranging between 1.7-1.9 m2, most patients require more than a single vial reconstituted each day resulting in a drug wastage that might range from 58-72 mg/patient/day. Without strategies to mitigate this wastage, up to 40-50% of the daily dosage for patients of average BSA is thus discarded. At our center, AZA acquisition costs are reimbursed by the provincial funding agency according to mg dispensed and administered (dollars/mg) and not for total vials used; the potential cost of drug wastage is substantial. Walker et al. (Can J Hosp Pharm 2012) recently demonstrated that AZA reconstituted in cold (4°C) sterile water, and stored at -20°C for up to 4 days retained more than 90% of its initial concentration. The Odette Cancer Centre has used this reconstitution and storage strategy since November 2011. In addition, ‘batching’ of AZA patients on the same days and at the same times is attempted wherever possible. We audited AZA prescription use and drug wastage over 1 year after adopting this strategy to determine if the anticipated drug wastage was actually minimized. Methods From December 2011 until November 2012 all patients with MDS treated with at least 1 cycle of AZA were identified via the Cancer Centre pharmacy database. Analysis of the prescribed and wasted doses of AZA was performed. We retrospectively retrieved the mean number of doses administered per patient and per cycle. The mean BSA was determined for all patients, and the mean dose per injection as well as the mean number of cycles per patient was calculated. The total amount of actual drug wastage (based on the pharmacy records) was compared to the projected amount of drug wastage without implementing the new strategy. Results Thirty-one patients (mean BSA of 1.86 m2) received 1167 injections of AZA over 170 cycles of treatment (mean of 5.48 cycles per patient). The mean dose prescribed was 141.7 mg per injection (95% confidence interval 139.43-143.98). Over 12 months a total of 165,370 mg was dispensed at a cost of C$1,038,523.60. The projected amount of AZA that would have been dispensed without adopting the new strategy would have been 233,400 mg, representing potential drug wastage of 68,030 mg at a cost of C$427,228.40. With the mitigating strategies implemented, the actual amount of wasted drug was 2,400 mg at a cost of C$15,072. Expiry on shelf accounted for 52% of the drug wastage (1,240 mg). Drug expiry outside the freezer due to human error, patients failing to arrive on the day of treatment, freezer technical issues, or other causes accounted for 48% of the drug wastage. The average waste per patient per cycle of treatment due to drug expiry on shelf was only 7.3 mg at a cost of C$45.70. If a solitary patient (without patient batching) of average BSA 1.86 m2had been treated without our policy of cold (4°C) water reconstitution and freezing, the drug wastage (cost) would have been 425.6 mg (C$2,672.70)/7 day cycle. In contrast, cold (4°C) sterile water reconstitution with overnight freezing of vials and syringes would result in a drug wastage of 25.6 mg/7 day cycle (C$160.70), a 94% cost savings due to wastage. Conclusions Shelf-life extension with cold (4°C) sterile water reconstitution and freezing of vials and syringes is a simple policy that reduces the waste of AZA by 72-98%. This, in addition to other drug waste minimization strategies like patient batching can lead to significant reductions in drug expenditure and substantial cost-saving. Disclosures: Charbonneau: Hospira: Honoraria; BD Medical: Honoraria; Sanofi: Honoraria; Hoffman LaRoche: Honoraria. Buckstein:Celgene: Honoraria, Research Funding.

scholarly journals The Efficacy of Single-Dose versus Double-Dose Praziquantel Treatments onSchistosoma mansoniInfections: Its Implication on Undernutrition and Anaemia among Primary Schoolchildren in Two On-Shore Communities, Northwestern Tanzania

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Z. Munisi ◽  
Joram Buza ◽  
Emmanuel A. Mpolya ◽  
Teckla Angelo ◽  
Safari M. Kinung’hi
Keyword(s):  
Single Dose ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Reduction Rate ◽  
Repeated Dose ◽  
Cure Rate ◽  
Treatment Regimens ◽  
Northwestern Tanzania ◽  
Primary Schoolchildren ◽  
The Mean ◽  
To Receive

Administering more than one treatment may increase Praziquantel cure and egg reduction rates, thereby hastening achievement of schistosomiasis transmission control. A total of 431S. mansoni-infected schoolchildren were randomized to receive either a single or repeated 40 mg/kg Praziquantel dose. Heights, weights, and haemoglobin levels were determined using a stadiometer, weighing scale, and HemoCue, respectively. At 8 weeks, cure rate was higher on repeated dose (93.10%) compared to single dose (68.68%) (p<0.001). The egg reduction rate was higher on repeated dose (97.54%) compared to single dose (87.27%) (p=0.0062). Geometric mean egg intensity was lower among those on repeated dose (1.30 epg) compared to single dose (3.18 epg) (p=0.036) but not at 5 (p>0.05) and 8 (p>0.05) months with no difference in reinfection rate. No difference in the prevalence of stunting was observed between the two treatment regimens (p>0.05) at 8 months, but there was an increase in the prevalence of wasting among those on repeated dose (p<0.001). There was an increase in the mean haemoglobin levels at 8 months with no difference between the two arms (p>0.05). To achieve reduction of transmission intensity and disease control in highly endemic areas, repeated treatments alone may not be sufficient. This trial was registered withPACTR201601001416338.

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