Winter-applied Glyphosate Effects on Spring Green-up of Zoysiagrasses and ‘Yukon’ Bermudagrass in a Transition Zone

In transitional environments, turf managers and sod producers of warm-season grasses face the issue of winter annual weeds that can dominate dormant turf stands through the winter until late spring. The use of glyphosate to control weeds in dormant bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) has been well documented, but information is lacking about its effect on spring green-up of other warm-season grasses. A field study was conducted on two commercial sod farms in northern Italy (Expt. 1) to evaluate the effects of glyphosate applied on two different winter dates on weed control and spring green-up of ‘Zeon’ manilagrass (Zoysia matrella). A second study was carried out at the experimental agricultural farm of Padova University (Expt. 2) to assess the effects of a winter application of glyphosate on weed control and spring green-up of ‘Yukon’ bermudagrass and ‘Companion’ zoysiagrass (Zoysia japonica). Each experiment was conducted from Jan. to June 2011, and glyphosate was applied at 1.1 kg·ha−1 on 8 and 21 Feb. in Expt. 1 and on 8 Feb. in Expt. 2. Spring recovery was evaluated by periodical visual ratings of green turf cover and by collecting normalized difference vegetation indices (NDVIs). Weed injury was visually evaluated on all plots 7 weeks after the 8 Feb. glyphosate application. The visual ratings of green cover were strongly and positively correlated with NDVI measurements. Glyphosate applied in February as a single treatment effectively controlled winter weeds in ‘Zeon’ manilagrass (Expt. 1) and ‘Yukon’ bermudagrass (Expt. 2) without negatively affecting spring green-up. In contrast, spring green-up of ‘Companion’ zoysiagrass (Expt. 2) was delayed by the application of glyphosate.

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Postemergence Winter Weed Control in Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) Turf

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500055533 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 28 (4) ◽

pp. 385-392 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

B. J. Johnson

Keyword(s):

Weed Control ◽

Initial Treatment ◽

Cynodon Dactylon ◽

Time Interval ◽

Combination Treatments ◽

Anisic Acid ◽

Winter Annual ◽

Annual Weeds ◽

Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid ◽

Made In

Several herbicides were applied in January, February, and March with a comparison of the intervals of treatment of 2 and 4 weeks after the initial treatment each month for postemergence control of winter annual weeds in bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon(L.) Pers.] turf. Glyphosphate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] treatments applied at 2-week intervals with the initial treatment made in January or February controlled a higher percentage of annual bluegrass (Poa annuaL.) than when applied in March. Hop clover (Trifolium agrariumL.) control was also higher when glyphosate was initially applied in January or February than when applied in March regardless of time interval between first and second treatment. Combination treatments of (a) 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] + dicamba (3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid) and (b) 2,4-D + mecoprop {2-[(4-chloro-o-tolyl)oxy] propionic acid} + dicamba applied at 2-week intervals with the initial treatment made in January or February controlled more corn speedwell (Veronica arvensisL.) and hop clover than when applied in March. Highest henbit (Lamium amplexicauleL.) control was obtained from the combination 2,4-D treatments made at 4-week intervals when initial treatment was made in February and March. Weed control was not influenced by dates and interval of repeated treatments with either paraquat (1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium ion) or atrazine [2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine] treatments. Germination and regrowth of weeds were greater in plots treated with glyphosate and paraquat initially in January or February than other herbicide-treated plots. Weeds were not reestablished in any of the atrazine-treated plots. Paraquat and combinations of 2,4-D + dicamba or 2,4-D + mecoprop + dicamba injured bermudagrass when applied initially in January and February even though they were applied to turf that appeared dormant. All herbicides injured bermudagrass more when applied to semi-dormant turf in March than to dormant turf in January or February. Atrazine affected bermudagrass less than any of the other herbicides tested when initial treatment was applied in March to semi-dormant turf.

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Evaluating Hybrid Bermudagrass Using Spectral Reflectance under Different Mowing Heights and Trinexapac-ethyl Applications

HortTechnology ◽

10.21273/horttech03436-16 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 27 (1) ◽

pp. 45-53 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Dana Sullivan ◽

Jing Zhang ◽

Alexander R. Kowalewski ◽

Jason B. Peake ◽

William F. Anderson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Spectral Reflectance ◽

Management Practices ◽

Cynodon Dactylon ◽

Functional Performance ◽

Lignin Content ◽

Vegetation Indices ◽

Variety Trials ◽

Fiber Analysis ◽

Green Cover ◽

Aesthetic Performance

Quantitative spectral reflectance data have the potential to improve the evaluation of turfgrasses in variety trials when management practices are factors in the testing of turf aesthetics and functionality. However, the practical application of this methodology has not been well developed. The objectives of this research were 1) to establish a relationship between spectral reflectance and turfgrass quality (TQ) and percent green cover (PGC) using selected reference plots; 2) to compare aesthetic performance (TQ, PGC, and vegetation indices) and functional performance (surface firmness); and 3) to evaluate lignin content as an alternate means to predict surface firmness in turfgrass variety trials of hybrid bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon × C. transvaalensis]. A field study was conducted on mature stands of three varieties (‘TifTuf’, ‘TifSport’, and ‘Tifway’) and two experimental lines (04-47 and 04-76) at two mowing heights (0.5 and 1.5 inch) and trinexapac-ethyl application (0.15 kg·ha−1 and nontreated control) treatments. Aesthetic performance was estimated by vegetation indices, spectral reflectance, visual TQ, and PGC. The functional performance of each variety/line was measured through surface firmness and fiber analysis. Regression analyses were similar when using only reference plots or all the plots to determine the relationship between individual aesthetic characteristics. Experimental line 04-47 had lower density in Apr. 2010, whereas varieties ‘TifTuf’, ‘TifSport’, and ‘Tifway’ were in the top statistical group for aesthetic performance when differences were found. ‘TifSport’ and ‘Tifway’ produced the firmest surfaces, followed by ‘TifTuf’, and finally 04-76 and 04-47, which provided the least firm surface. Results of leaf fiber analysis were not correlated with turf surface firmness. This study indicates that incorporating quantitative measures of spectral reflectance could reduce time and improve precision of data collection as long as reference plots with adequate range of green cover are present in the trials.

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FALL, SPLIT, AND TANK-MIX APPLICATION METHODS AS ALTERNATIVES TO SPRING PREEMERGENT HERBICIDE APPLICATION

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.27.6.627g ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 27 (6) ◽

pp. 627g-628

Author(s):

Martin L. Kaps ◽

Marilyn B. Odneal

Keyword(s):

Weed Control ◽

Residual Activity ◽

Early Summer ◽

Herbicide Application ◽

Weed Growth ◽

Full Rate ◽

Winter Annual ◽

Application Methods ◽

Annual Weeds ◽

Better Than

Preemergent herbicides were applied to vineyards in the southcentral Missouri Ozark region. These were applied at full label rate in the fall or in the spring, at half rate in the fall and again in the spring, and as tank-mixes in the spring. Days of acceptable annual weed control (30% or less cover) beyond the untreated control were determined for these application methods over three years. The fall applications were effective at controlling winter annual weeds and early summer annual weed growth the following season. By mid summer the fall applied preemergents lost residual activity. Splitting the label rate between fall and spring was no better than a full rate spring application at increasing the days of acceptable summer annual weed control. Single preemergent spring application performed as well as tank-mixes.

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Green-up of Seeded Bermudagrass Cultivars as Influenced by Spring Scalping

HortTechnology ◽

10.21273/horttech.21.2.230 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 21 (2) ◽

pp. 230-235 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Filippo Rimi ◽

Stefano Macolino ◽

Bernd Leinauer ◽

Umberto Ziliotto

Keyword(s):

Cynodon Dactylon ◽

Warm Season ◽

Early Spring ◽

Late Winter ◽

Winter Dormancy ◽

Green Cover ◽

Mediterranean Countries ◽

Northeastern Italy ◽

Soil Temperatures ◽

The University

Winter dormancy is the main impediment to a wide acceptance of warm-season turfgrasses in the Mediterranean countries of Europe due to a loss of color during the winter months. Scalping during late winter or early spring has been recommended anecdotally to enhance spring green-up of bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon); however, information is lacking on the effectiveness of this practice. A study was conducted to investigate the effects of spring scalping on spring green-up of eight bermudagrass cultivars (Barbados, Contessa, La Paloma, Mohawk, NuMex Sahara, Princess-77, SR 9554, and Yukon) grown in a transition zone environment. The trial was carried out in Spring of 2009 and 2010 on plots established in July 2005 at the experimental farm of the University of Padova (northeastern Italy). Half of the plots for each cultivar were subjected to spring scalping, which was applied in both years on 13 Mar. with a rotary mower set at a height of 28 mm. Soil temperatures were recorded hourly during the research period at a depth of 2.5 cm. The percentage of green cover was estimated weekly from 0 to 98 days after spring scalping (DASS). Soil temperatures in scalped plots were greater than in unscalped plots. Among the cultivars tested, ‘Yukon’ showed earliest spring green-up, with no difference between the scalping treatments, reaching 80% green cover by the end of April. For all other cultivars, scalped plots reached 80% green cover 10 to 18 days earlier than unscalped plots. Results showed that scalping enhanced spring green-up, primarily for cultivars that recover slowly from winter dormancy.

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Comparison of Fall Versus Spring Applications of Sulfometuron for Common Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) Release

Weed Technology ◽

10.1017/s0890037x00041063 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 947-950

Author(s):

James M. Taylor ◽

G. Euel Coats

Keyword(s):

Weed Control ◽

Initial Treatment ◽

Cynodon Dactylon ◽

Italian Ryegrass ◽

Common Vetch ◽

Application Timing ◽

Green Cover ◽

Equivalent Control ◽

Common Bermudagrass

A study was conducted to evaluate effects of application timing and sulfometuron rate on weed control and bermudagrass tolerance. Sulfometuron was applied at rates from 13 to 105 g ai/ha and compared to 1120 g ae/ha 2,4-D amine. Control of Italian ryegrass and common vetch was not affected by October, November, December, or March application dates and 39 to 105 g/ha sulfometuron provided equivalent control of both species 6 mo after the initial treatment. Percent green cover of bermudagrass at 6 mo after the initial treatment was 22% or less following March applications compared to 36% or greater when applied in October, November, or December. More bermudagrass injury occurred following March treatments of 52 g/ha or greater sulfometuron where green cover was 14% and less compared to 22 and 30% green cover following 13 g/ha sulfometuron or 1120 g/ha 2,4-D amine, respectively.

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Effects of Topramezone and Bispyribac-sodium in Irrigation Water on Warm-season Turfgrasses

HortTechnology ◽

10.21273/horttech03787-17 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 27 (5) ◽

pp. 599-606

Author(s):

William T. Haller ◽

Lyn A. Gettys ◽

Taizo Uchida

Keyword(s):

Weed Control ◽

Cynodon Dactylon ◽

Southeastern United States ◽

Warm Season ◽

Hydrilla Verticillata ◽

Paspalum Notatum ◽

Aquatic Weed ◽

Primary Target ◽

Low Concentrations ◽

Herbicide Concentration

Topramezone and bispyribac-sodium were registered for aquatic weed control in the last decade. A primary target for these products is fluridone-resistant hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata), which is one of the most invasive submersed weeds in the southeastern United States. Both products have water use restrictions that prohibit irrigation of turfgrasses with treated waters until the herbicides have degraded to very low concentrations. The objective of these studies was to identify the concentrations of topramezone and bispyribac-sodium that are phytotoxic to turfgrasses that are commonly planted in Florida. Three species of turfgrass were irrigated twice weekly with 0.5 inch of treated water for 4 weeks (eight irrigations total). Cumulative EC10 values (the herbicide concentration that caused a 10% reduction in biomass compared with untreated control plants) after eight irrigations with water containing topramezone were 3.5, 4.3, and 17 ppb for ‘Palmetto’ st. augustinegrass (Stenotaphrum secundatum), ‘Pensacola’ bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum), and ‘Tifway 419’ hybrid bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon × C. transvaalensis), respectively. Bispyribac-sodium was less toxic to all turfgrasses evaluated, with EC10 values of 56, 16, and >800 ppb for ‘Palmetto’ st. augustinegrass, ‘Pensacola’ bahiagrass, and ‘Tifway 419’ hybrid bermudagrass, respectively. These results support label instructions and highlight the need to comply with irrigation restrictions because the typical use concentrations for submersed weed control with topramezone and bispyribac-sodium are in the 20–40-ppb range.

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Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) Control with Topramezone and Triclopyr

Weed Technology ◽

10.1614/wt-d-12-00119.1 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 27 (1) ◽

pp. 138-142 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

James T. Brosnan ◽

Gregory K. Breeden

Keyword(s):

Weed Control ◽

Tall Fescue ◽

Initial Treatment ◽

Cynodon Dactylon ◽

Warm Season ◽

Field Research ◽

Future Research ◽

Second Year ◽

Common Bermudagrass ◽

To Receive

Common bermudagrass is a problematic weed within tall fescue turfgrass. Field research was conducted from 2010 to 2012 in Knoxville, TN, evaluating the efficacy of sequential applications of topramezone (12.5 and 25 g ha−1), triclopyr (1,120 g ha−1), and mixtures of topramezone + triclopyr for bermudagrass control in tall fescue turf. Sequential applications of fenoxaprop + triclopyr (100 + 1,120 g ha−1) were included for comparison. Three applications of each treatment were applied at 21-d intervals during July, August, and September of 2010 and 2011. Plots were stripped to receive tall fescue interseeding at 0 or 490 kg ha−1 during September 2010 and 2011. Bermudagrass control with topramezone + triclopyr mixtures was greater than topramezone or triclopyr applied alone 14 wk after initial treatment (WAIT) each year. In the second year of this study, topramezone + triclopyr mixtures controlled bermudagrass 27 to 50% compared to 27% for fenoxaprop + triclopyr by 52 WAIT. However, bermudagrass control with topramezone + triclopyr mixtures increased to 88 to 92% by 52 WAIT when accompanied with tall fescue interseeding at 490 kg ha−1. Future research should evaluate effects of interseeding on the efficacy of different herbicides for weed control in cool- and warm-season turf.

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Solar Heating of the Soil: Effect on Weed Control and on Soil-Incorporated Herbicides

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500070806 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 31 (6) ◽

pp. 819-825 ◽

Cited By ~ 34

Author(s):

Baruch Rubin ◽

Abraham Benjamin

Keyword(s):

Triticum Aestivum ◽

Plant Growth ◽

Soil Temperature ◽

Weed Control ◽

Solar Heating ◽

Effective Control ◽

Perennial Weeds ◽

Hot Season ◽

Winter Annual ◽

Annual Weeds

Solar heating (SH) of the soil by mulching it with transparent polyethylene (PE) during the hot season elevated the soil temperature by 10 to 18 C above that of the non-mulched soil. SH for 4 to 5 weeks resulted in effective control of most summer and winter annual weeds, the effect lasting for more than 5 months after PE removal.Melilotus sulcatusDesf.,Astragalus boeticusL. and bull mallow (Malva nicaeensisAll. # MALNI) were not controlled by SH. Perennial weeds which propagate from vegetative parts were only partially controlled with short SH, but mulching for 8 to 10 weeks improved control. Mulching the soil with perforated or shaded transparent PE or black PE resulted in a smaller increase of soil temperature and thus less efficient weed control. A combination of SH with soil-incorporated EPTC (S-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate) or vernolate (S-propyl dipropylthiocarbamate) did not improve the weed control over SH alone, but significantly enhanced the disappearance of the herbicides from the soil. SH inhibited the disappearance of fluridone {1-methyl-3-phenyl-5-[3-(trifluoromethyl) phenyl]-4(1H)-pyridinone} but did not change the residual phytotoxicity of bromacil (5-bromo-3-sec-butyl-6-methyluracil). SH treatment improved plant growth and increased the yield of wheat (Triticum aestivumL. ‘895′) and turnip (Brassica rapaL. ‘Purple top’), but not of parsley (Petroselinum sativumHoffm.).

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Cover Technology Influences Warm-season Grass Establishment from Seed

HortTechnology ◽

10.21273/horttech.20.1.153 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

pp. 153-159 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Aaron J. Patton ◽

Jon M. Trappe ◽

Michael D. Richardson

Keyword(s):

Cynodon Dactylon ◽

Warm Season ◽

Buchloe Dactyloides ◽

Seashore Paspalum ◽

Active Radiation ◽

Warm Season Grass ◽

Paspalum Vaginatum ◽

Eremochloa Ophiuroides ◽

Grass Establishment ◽

Warm Season Grasses

Covers, mulches, and erosion-control blankets are often used to establish turf. There are reports of various effects of seed cover technology on the germination and establishment of warm-season grasses. The objective of this study was to determine how diverse cover technologies influence the establishment of bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon), buffalograss (Buchloe dactyloides), centipedegrass (Eremochloa ophiuroides), seashore paspalum (Paspalum vaginatum), and zoysiagrass (Zoysia japonica) from seed. Plots were seeded in June 2007 or July 2008 with the various turfgrass species and covered with cover technologies, including Curlex, Deluxe, and Futerra products, jute, Poly Jute, polypropylene, straw, straw blanket, Thermal blanket, and the control. Establishment was reduced in straw- and polyethylene-covered plots due to decreased photosythentically active radiation penetration or excessive temperature build-up, respectively. Overall, Deluxe and Futerra products, jute, and Poly Jute allowed for the highest establishment of these seeded warm-season grasses.

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Preliminary Findings on the Correlation between Water-soluble Carbohydrate Content in Stolons and First Year Green-up of Seeded Bermudagrass Cultivars

HortTechnology ◽

10.21273/horttech.20.4.758 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 20 (4) ◽

pp. 758-763 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Stefano Macolino ◽

Matteo Serena ◽

Bernd Leinauer ◽

Umberto Ziliotto

Keyword(s):

Cynodon Dactylon ◽

Warm Season ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Soluble Carbohydrate ◽

First Year ◽

Green Cover ◽

Mediterranean Countries ◽

The University ◽

Water Soluble Carbohydrate

Warm-season grasses are not widely accepted in Mediterranean countries because they lose color during the winter months. A study was conducted at the University of Padova (Padova, Italy) to determine whether fall and spring water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) content in stolons of seeded bermudagrass cultivars (Cynodon dactylon) influenced spring green-up in the first year of establishment. Nine bermudagrass cultivars (La Paloma, Mohawk, NuMex Sahara, Princess 77, Riviera, SR 9554, Barbados, Contessa, and Yukon) were seeded in July 2005, and dry weight and WSC content in stolons were measured in Fall 2005 and again in Spring 2006. The percentage of green cover and days needed to achieve 80% green cover (D80) were regressed against November and March values of stolon dry weight and WSC content to determine if they were good predictors of D80. ‘Yukon’ showed earliest spring green-up by end of April, and ‘Princess 77’ and ‘Riviera’ were slowest, needing 43 to 46 days more than ‘Yukon’ to reach D80. There was a significant inverse relationship between November (r2 = 0.57) and March (r2 = 0.77) WSC content in stolons and D80 for all nine bermudagrass cultivars. These results suggest that bermudagrass cultivars with high WSC in stolons recover more rapidly from dormancy during establishment than those with low WSC content.

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