scholarly journals Components of Sustainable Production Systems for Vegetables-Conserving soil Moisture

1993 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 211-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald D. Morse
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Conservation Tillage ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Planting Dates ◽  
Cereal Rye ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Strip Tillage

Conservation tillage systems offer distinct advantages for crop production under erosive and droughty soil conditions. This report contains 4 years of data on the effects of in situ cereal rye and wheat mulches on yield of cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata) grown under limited-irrigation, conservation-tillage systems. Three tillage systems were studied: conventional plow-disk (CT); strip tillage (ST) and no-tillage (NT). The summers of 1987 and 1990 were characterized by below-average total rain and periods of prolonged (45 days) of dry weather during head enlargement; cabbage yields were highest in the mulched ST and NT plots. In contrast, the 1988 and 1989 growing seasons were above average in total rain and there were no prolonged periods of dry weather. Cabbage yields were unaffected by tillage treatments in 1988, while, in 1989, yields with NT were 65% and 60% lower than with CT and ST, respectively. A combination of abundant rain, soil compaction, and delayed planting retarded plant growth in the 1989 NT plots, resulting in smaller, less-productive plants than in the tilled ST and CT plots. These data show that: 1) conservation tillage and particularly strip tillage systems are viable options for production of cabbage; and 2) rain-irrigation patterns, site selection, and planting dates are major determinants of the relative advantages of conservation tillage compared to conventional tillage systems.

Effects of cereal rye seeding rate on waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus) emergence and soybean growth and yield

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-25
Author(s):  
Mandy Bish ◽  
Brian Dintelmann ◽  
Eric Oseland ◽  
Jacob Vaughn ◽  
Kevin Bradley
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Soil Seed Bank ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Early Season ◽  
Cereal Rye ◽  
Herbicide Resistant ◽  
Growing Seasons

Abstract The evolution of herbicide-resistant weeds has resulted in the necessity to integrate non-chemical control methods with chemicals for effective management in crop production systems. In soybean, control of the pigweed species, particularly herbicide-resistant waterhemp and Palmer amaranth, have become predominant concerns. Cereal rye planted as a winter cover crop can effectively suppress early-season weed emergence in soybean, including waterhemp, when planted at a rate of 123 kg ha−1. The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of different cereal rye seeding rates (0, 34, 56, 79, 110, and 123 kg ha−1) on early-season waterhemp suppression and soybean growth and yield. Soybean was planted into fall-seeded cereal rye, which was terminated within four days of soybean planting. The experiment was conducted over the 2018, 2019, and 2020 growing seasons in Columbia, Missouri. Effects of cereal rye on early-season waterhemp suppression varied by year and were most consistent at 56 kg ha−1 or higher seeding rates. Linear regression analysis of cereal rye biomass, height, or stand at soybean planting showed inverse relationships with waterhemp emergence. No adverse effects to soybean growth or yield were observed at any of the cereal rye seeding rates relative to plots that lacked cereal rye cover. Result differences among the years suggest that the successfulness of cereal rye on suppression of early-season waterhemp emergence is likely influenced by the amount of waterhemp seed present in the soil seed bank.

Evaluation of soil tillage systems in maize production

2005 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Rátonyi ◽  
L. Huzsvai ◽  
J. Nagy ◽  
A. Megyes
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Conservation Tillage ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Soil Tillage ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Primary Tillage ◽  
Direct Drilling

The cultivation technologies for the dominant crops in Hungary need to be improved both in the interests of environmental protection and to reduce cultivation costs. A long-term research project was initiated in order to determine the feasibility of conservation tillage systems. The aim of the experiments was to evaluate conservation farming systems in Hungary in order to achieve more economical and more environment-friendly agricultural land use. Four tillage systems, namely conventional tillage (mouldboard plough), conservation tillage I (primary tillage with a J.D. Disk Ripper), conservation tillage II (primary tillage with a J.D. Mulch Finisher) and no tillage (direct drilling), were compared on a clay loam meadow soil (Vertisol). The physical condition of the experimental soils was evaluated using a hand-operated static cone penetrometer. Parallel with the measurement of penetration resistance, the moisture content of the soil was also determined. The grain yield of maize hybrids (Kincs SC [1999], Occitán SC [2000], Pr 37M34 SC [2001], DeKalb 471 SC [2002]) was measured using a plot combine-harvester. The analysis of soil conditions confirmed that if the cultivation depth and intensity are reduced the compaction of soil layers close to the surface can be expected. The decrease in yields (8-33%) in direct drilling (NT) and shallow, spring cultivated (MF) treatments, despite the higher available water content, can be explained partly by the compacted status of the 15-25 cm soil layer.

Interaction of Tillage System and Irrigation Amount on Peanut Performance in the Southeastern U.S

2012 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. H. Faircloth ◽  
D. L. Rowland ◽  
M. C. Lamb ◽  
K. S. Balkcom
Keyword(s):  
Conservation Tillage ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Irrigation Amount ◽  
Narrow Strip ◽  
Irrigation Level ◽  
Wide Strip ◽  
Strip Tillage ◽  
Irrigation Levels

Abstract A five-year study to investigate the potential interaction of conservation tillage with reduced irrigation amounts was conducted near Dawson, GA on peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Conventional tillage was compared to two conservation tillage programs (wide-strip and narrow-strip tillage) under four irrigation levels (100, 66, 33, and 0% of a recommended amount). Peanut yield did not exhibit a tillage by irrigation interaction as expected, although the main effects of irrigation and tillage were each significant by year due to weather variations. Peanut yield in narrow-strip tillage or wide-strip tillage were individually superior to conventional tillage in three seasons out of five, however only in one year did both conservation tillage systems outperform the conventional system. No detrimental effects on yields could be attributed to conservation tillage. Peanut quality and digging loss were dependent on the tillage by year effect as well as the main effect of irrigation. Irrigation increased total sound mature kernels (TSMK) 2% versus non-irrigated (0% irrigation level); tillage was not significant each year of the study but increased TSMK 2% in three of five years. Digging losses were greater in plots with increased yield potential such as those receiving irrigation. Net economic returns revealed a moderate trend towards sustained profitability under reduced irrigation levels through narrow-strip tillage and to a lesser extent, wide-strip tillage. Under conventional tillage systems, returns decreased with decreasing amounts of irrigation applied.

Atrazine Carryover in Soil in a Reduced Tillage Crop Production System

Weed Science ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 661-666 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. C. Burnside ◽  
G. A. Wicks
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Reduced Tillage ◽  
Field Bioassay ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Soil Persistence ◽  
Row Crop ◽  
A Minor

Atrazine [2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-isopropylamino)-s-triazine] carryover under reduced or no-till row crop production systems was measured by planting oats (Avena sativaL.) the following year as a field bioassay during 1970 through 1976 at Lincoln and North Platte, Nebraska. Oat yields indicate that soil persistence of normal-use rates of atrazine into the subsequent year is only a minor residue problem under reduced tillage cropping systems. Atrazine carryover in soil was less of a problem under these reduced tillage systems as compared with prior experiments with conventional tillage systems across Nebraska.

Influence of Herbicides and Tillage on Weed Control, Yield, and Quality of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata)

1996 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Greg D. Hoyt ◽  
A. Richard Bonanno ◽  
Glenn C. Parker
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Herbicide Treatments ◽  
Common Purslane ◽  
Strip Tillage ◽  
Tillage Method

Transplanted cabbage was grown in conventional-tillage (100% cultivated) and strip-tillage (25% cultivated and 75% residue) production systems with various herbicide treatments to evaluate weed control and cabbage yield. DCPA at 9 kg ai/ha, napropamide at 1.1 kg ai/ha, oxyfluorfen at 0.3 kg ai/ha, and oxyfluorfen at 0.2 kg ai/ha plus napropamide at 1.1 kg ai/ha provided commercially acceptable (> 80%) control of carpetweed, swinecress, large crabgrass, redroot pigweed, and common lambsquarters under both tillage systems. However, only oxyfluorfen plus napropamide provided control of eclipta. At a second location, all herbicides controlled common purslane and barnyardgrass and all but DCPA controlled hairy galinsoga. Overall, cabbage yields were the same between conventional and strip-tillage systems, and among herbicide treatments when average cabbage head weights across tillage method were pooled.

scholarly journals Comparison of energy inputs and energy efficiency for maize in a long-term tillage experiment under Pannonian climate conditions

2021 ◽  
Vol 67 (No. 5) ◽  
pp. 45-52
Author(s):  
Gerhard Moitzi ◽  
Reinhard W. Neugschwandtner ◽  
Hans-Peter Kaul ◽  
Helmut Wagentristl
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Total Energy ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Energy Input ◽  
Conservation Tillage ◽  
Energy Output ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Total Energy Input

Sustainable crop production requires an efficient usage of fossil energy. This six-year study on a silt loam soil (chernozem) analysed the energy efficiency of four tillage systems (mouldboard plough 25–30 cm, deep conservation tillage 35 cm, shallow conservation tillage 8–10 cm, no-tillage). Fuel consumption, total energy input (made up of both direct and indirect input), grain of maize yield, energy output, net-energy output, energy intensity and energy use efficiency were considered. The input rates of fertiliser, herbicides and seeds were set constant; measured values of fuel consumption were used for all tillage operations. Total fuel consumption for maize (Zea mays L.) production was 81.6, 81.5, 69.5 and 53.2 L/ha for the four tillage systems. Between 60% and 64% of the total energy input (17.0–17.4 GJ/ha) was indirect energy (seeds, fertiliser, herbicides, machinery). The share of fertiliser energy of the total energy input was 36% on average across all tillage treatments. Grain drying was the second highest energy consumer with about 22%. Grain yield and energy output were mainly determined by the year. The tillage effect on yield and energy efficiency was smaller than the growing year effect. Over all six years, maize produced in the no-tillage system reached the highest energy efficiency.  

scholarly journals Influence of Cover Crop, Tillage, and Crop Rotation Management on Soil Nutrients

Agriculture ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel I. Haruna ◽  
Nsalambi V. Nkongolo
Keyword(s):  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Soil Nutrients ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Soil Nutrient ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
N Availability ◽  
P Availability ◽  
Long Term Effects

Cover cropping, tillage and crop rotation management can influence soil nutrient availability and crop yield through changes in soil physical, chemical and biological processes. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of three years of cover crop, tillage, and crop rotation on selected soil nutrients. Twenty-four plots each of corn (Zea mays) and soybean (Glycine max) were established on a 4.05 ha field and arranged in a three-factor factorial design. The three factors (treatments) were two methods of tillage (no-tillage (NT) vs. moldboard plow [conventional] tillage (CT)), two types of cover crop (no cover crop (NC) vs. cover crop (CC)) and four typess of rotation (continuous corn, continuous soybean, corn/soybean and soybean/corn). Soil samples were taken each year at four different depths in each plot; 0–10 cm, 10–20 cm, 20–40 cm and 40–60 cm, and analyzed for soil nutrients: calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), nitrogen (NO3 and NH4), potassium (K), phosphorus (P), sulfur (S), sodium (Na), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn) and copper (Cu). The results in the first year showed that CT increased NO3-N availability by 40% compared with NT. In the second year, NH4-N was 8% lower under CC compared with NC management. In the third year, P was 12% greater under CC management compared with NC management. Thus, CC can enhance crop production systems by increasing P availability and scavenging excess NH4-N from the soil, but longer-term studies are needed to evaluate long-term effects.

scholarly journals Impact of Cover Crops on the Soil Microbiome of Tree Crops

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 328 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Castellano-Hinojosa ◽  
Sarah L. Strauss
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
Sustainable Management ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Soil Nutrient ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Soil Microbiome ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Tree Crops

Increased concerns associated with interactions between herbicides, inorganic fertilizers, soil nutrient availability, and plant phytotoxicity in perennial tree crop production systems have renewed interest in the use of cover crops in the inter-row middles or between trees as an alternative sustainable management strategy for these systems. Although interactions between the soil microbiome and cover crops have been examined for annual cropping systems, there are critical differences in management and growth in perennial cropping systems that can influence the soil microbiome and, therefore, the response to cover crops. Here, we discuss the importance of cover crops in tree cropping systems using multispecies cover crop mixtures and minimum tillage and no-tillage to not only enhance the soil microbiome but also carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycling compared to monocropping, conventional tillage, and inorganic fertilization. We also identify potentially important taxa and research gaps that need to be addressed to facilitate assessments of the relationships between cover crops, soil microbes, and the health of tree crops. Additional evaluations of the interactions between the soil microbiome, cover crops, nutrient cycling, and tree performance will allow for more effective and sustainable management of perennial cropping systems.

Weed seedbank response to crop rotation and tillage in semiarid agroecosystems

Weed Science ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Dorado ◽  
J. P. Del Monte ◽  
C. López-Fando
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Crop Rotations ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Mouse Ear ◽  
Tillage System ◽  
Number Of Seeds

In a semiarid Mediterranean site in central Spain, field experiments were conducted on a Calcic Haploxeralf (noncalcic brown soil), which had been managed with three crop rotations and two tillage systems (no-tillage and conventional tillage) since 1987. The crop rotations consisted of barley→vetch, barley→sunflower, and a barley monoculture. The study took place in two growing seasons (1992–1994) to assess the effects of management practices on the weed seedbank. During this period, spring weed control was not carried out in winter crops. In the no-tillage system, there was a significant increase in the number of seeds of different weed species: anacyclus, common purslane, corn poppy, knotted hedge-parsley, mouse-ear cress, spring whitlowgrass, tumble pigweed, venus-comb, andVeronica triphyllos.Conversely, the presence of prostrate knotweed and wild radish was highest in plots under conventional tillage. These results suggest large differences in the weed seedbank as a consequence of different soil conditions among tillage systems, but also the necessity of spring weed control when a no-tillage system is used. With regard to crop rotations, the number of seeds of knotted hedge-parsley, mouse-ear cress, and spring whitlowgrass was greater in the plots under the barley→vetch rotation. Common lambsquarters dominated in the plots under the barley→sunflower rotation, whereas venus-comb was the most frequent weed in the barley monoculture. Larger and more diverse weed populations developed in the barley→vetch rotation rather than in the barley→sunflower rotation or the barley monoculture.

Sorption of clopyralid, dicamba and MCPA by two soils with conventional and no-till management

1998 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 181-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Shang ◽  
M. A. Arshad
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Soil Matrix ◽  
Tillage Practices ◽  
Soil Systems ◽  
The Difference

Sorption is one of the key processes controlling the fate of agrochemicals in soil systems. The sorption of agrochemicals on a soil matrix can be affected by changes in chemical and physical properties caused by different tillage practices. Clopyralid (3,6-dichloro-2-pyridinecarboxylic acid), dicamba (3,6-dichloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid), and MCPA ((4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)acetic acid), weakly acidic herbicides, are commonly used to control broadleaf weeds in crop production. The sorption of the three herbicides by surface soils (0–5 cm) from different tillage systems was studied by batch equilibrium. Of the herbicides used, MCPA was sorbed on soil in the greatest quantity, dicamba was the least sorbed, and the sorption was dependent on the pKa values of herbicides. In a sandy loam soil, more herbicide was sorbed under no-tillage (NT) than conventional tillage (CT). However, in a clay soil the difference in herbicide sorption between the two tillage systems was not consistent. The results can be explained in terms of changes in soil pH and organic matter content. The presence of clopyralid and MCPA lowered the sorption of dicamba, and MCPA was more effective than clopyralid in competing for sorption sites with dicamba. Key words: Herbicide sorption, clopyralid, dicamba, MCPA, tillage

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