Partitioning of Sorbitol and Sucrose Catabolism within Peach Fruit

The peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch (Peach Group)] fruit is a sink organ comprised of different types of tissue, which undergoes three distinct developmental stages during the growth season. The objective of this study was to characterize the activity and partitioning of sorbitol and sucrose catabolism within `Encore' peach fruit to determine whether the two forms of translocated carbon play different roles in the various fruit tissues and/or stages of development. Sorbitol catabolic activity was defined as the sum of NAD-dependent sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH) and sorbitol oxidase (SOX) activities, whereas sucrose catabolic activity was defined as the sum of sucrose synthase (SS), soluble acid invertase (AI), and neutral invertase (NI) activities. Partitioning of sorbitol and sucrose catabolism in each tissue was calculated as percentage of total sorbitol or sucrose catabolic activity in the entire fruit. At cell division, sorbitol catabolic activity was similar in the endocarp and mesocarp, but lower in the seed. However, sorbitol catabolism was mostly partitioned into the mesocarp, due to its large size compared to that of other tissues. SDH was more active in the mesocarp, while SOX was more active in the endocarp. Sucrose catabolism was most active and partitioned mainly into the endocarp. At endocarp hardening, both sorbitol and sucrose catabolic activities were highest in the seed, but despite this, sucrose catabolism was partitioned mostly in the mesocarp. At cell expansion, sorbitol and sucrose catabolic activities were still higher in the seed only when expressed on a weight basis and similar in mesocarp and seed when expressed on a protein basis. Both sorbitol and sucrose catabolism were partitioned mostly into the mesocarp. Sorbitol and sucrose contents were generally higher in the tissues that exhibited lower catabolic activities. All carbohydrates were always partitioned mostly into the mesocarp. Our results show that, at the cell division and endocarp hardening stages, sorbitol and sucrose catabolism are partitioned differently in the fruit and that SDH activity may play an important role in mesocarp cell division and final fruit size determination.

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Activities of Sucrose and Sorbitol Metabolizing Enzymes in Vegetative Sinks of Peach and Correlation with Sink Growth Rate

Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science ◽

10.21273/jashs.124.4.381 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 124 (4) ◽

pp. 381-388 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Riccardo Lo Bianco ◽

Mark Rieger ◽

She-Jean S. Sung

Keyword(s):

Sucrose Synthase ◽

Prunus Persica ◽

Shoot Elongation ◽

Elongation Rate ◽

Acid Invertase ◽

Metabolizing Enzymes ◽

Soluble Acid Invertase ◽

Neutral Invertase ◽

Soluble Acid ◽

Carbohydrate Catabolism

Terminal portions of `Flordaguard' peach roots [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] were divided into six segments and the activities of NAD+-dependent sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH), sorbitol oxidase (SOX), sucrose synthase (SS), soluble acid invertase (AI), and soluble neutral invertase (NI) were measured in each segment 10, 15, and 20 days after seed germination. The same type of experiment was conducted with terminal portions of `Flordaguard' and `Nemaguard' peach shoots except that one of the six segments consisted of the leaflets surrounding the apex. Independent of the age of individual roots, activities of SDH and AI were consistently highest in the meristematic portion and decreased with tissue maturation. In shoots, AI was the most active enzyme in the elongating portion subtending the apex, whereas SDH was primarily associated with meristematic tissues. A positive correlation between SDH and AI activities was found in various developmental zones of roots (r = 0.96) and shoots (r = 0.90). Sorbitol and sucrose contents were low in roots regardless of distance from tip, while sucrose showed a decreasing trend with distance and sorbitol, fructose, and glucose increased with distance from the meristem in shoots. Activity of SDH in internodes, but not apices, correlated with shoot elongation rate of both cultivars, whereas activities of other enzymes did not correlate with shoot elongation rate. We conclude that AI and SDH are the predominant enzymes of carbohydrate catabolism and the best indicators of sink growth and development in vegetative sinks of peach.

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Comparative Study on Minerals in Peel and Pulp of Peach (Prunus persica L.) Fruit

Revista de Chimie ◽

10.37358/rc.19.6.7323 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 70 (6) ◽

pp. 2282-2286

Author(s):

Snezana Mitic ◽

Branka Stojanovic ◽

Snezana Tosic ◽

Aleksandra Pavlovic ◽

Danijela Kostic ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Comparative Study ◽

Analysis Of Variance ◽

Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽

Prunus Persica ◽

Optical Emission ◽

Peach Fruit ◽

Inductively Coupled ◽

Different Types ◽

Post Hoc

In this study, variations of minerals contents between peel and pulp parts of six different peach varieties originated from Serbia were investigated by using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrophotometry and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Tukey�s post-hoc test. The content of fifteen elements was determined and content of K was highest among macroelements and Fe among microelements in both parts of the peach fruit. Also, peach peel had higher levels of all minerals with the exception of K. Greater differences between the peel and the pulp and the same parts of different types of peaches are observed in the case of macroelements than the microelements. Hg and Cd are not detected while the contents of Pb and As are below prescribed values.

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Tergitol-TMN-6 Surfactant Is an Effective Blossom Thinner for Stone Fruits

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.41.5.1243 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 41 (5) ◽

pp. 1243-1248 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Esmaeil Fallahi ◽

Bahar Fallahi ◽

James R. McFerson ◽

Ross E. Byers ◽

Robert C. Ebel ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Adverse Effects ◽

Pacific Northwest ◽

Prunus Persica ◽

Fruit Set ◽

Fruit Size ◽

Stone Fruits ◽

Prunus Domestica ◽

Peach Fruit ◽

The Pacific ◽

Spray Volume

Effects of Tergitol-TMN-6 surfactant on blossom thinning (fruit set), fruit quality, and yield were studied in different cultivars of peach (Prunus persica [L.] Batsch) during 2003 to 2005, and in one cultivar of nectarine Prunus persica [L.] in one orchard and one cultivar of plum (Prunus domestica [L.]) in two orchards in 2004. In addition to Tergitol-TMN-6, effects of Crocker's fish oil (CFO) alone in three peach cultivars or in combination with lime sulfur in a nectarine cultivar were studied on fruit set, quality, and yield. Tergitol-TMN-6 at 5 mL·L–1 or higher rates, applied at about 75% to 85% bloom, reduced fruit set without russeting peach fruit. Peach fruit size was often increased by Tergitol-TMN-6 treatment. Applications of Tergitol at 20 mL·L–1 or 30 mL·L–1 excessively thinned peaches. Tergitol-TMN-6 at all rates burned foliage, but the symptoms disappeared after a few weeks without any adverse effects on tree productivity. Tergitol-TMN-6 at 7.5 mL·L–1 or 10 mL·L–1, applied either once at about 80% to 85% bloom or twice at 35% bloom and again at 80% to 85% bloom, reduced fruit set without any fruit russeting in nectarine. Tergitol-TMN-6 at 7.5 mL·L–1 to 12.5 mL·L–1 reduced fruit set in `Empress' plum. CFO at 30 mL·L–1 was effective in blossom thinning of some peach cultivars. A combination of lime sulfur and CFO was not effective in blossom thinning of nectarine. Considering results from several orchards in different locations in the Pacific Northwest over 3 years, Tergitol-TMN-6 is an excellent blossom thinner for peach, nectarine, and plum at rates of 7.5 to 12.5 mL·L–1, sprayed at a spray volume of 1870.8 L·ha–1 when about 75% to 85% blooms are open.

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Photoassimilate Regulation of Sorbitol and Sucrose Metabolism in Peach Fruit

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.40.4.1116d ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 40 (4) ◽

pp. 1116D-1116

Author(s):

Riccardo Lo Bianco ◽

Brunella Morandi ◽

Mark Rieger

Keyword(s):

Cell Division ◽

Enzyme Activities ◽

Developmental Stages ◽

Sucrose Metabolism ◽

Peach Fruit ◽

Relative Growth ◽

Neutral Invertase ◽

Photosynthetic Product ◽

Before And After ◽

And Control

Along with sucrose, sorbitol represents the major photosynthetic product and the main form of translocated carbon in peach. The objective of the present study was to determine whether in peach fruit, sorbitol and sucrose enzyme activities are source-regulated, and more specifically modulated by sorbitol or sucrose availability. In two separate trials, peach fruit relative growth rate (RGR), enzyme activities, and carbohydrates were measured 1) at cell division stage before and after girdling of the shoot subtending the fruit; and 2) on 14 shoots with different leaf to fruit ratio (L:F) at cell division and cell expansion stages. Fruit RGR and sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH) activity were significantly reduced by girdling, whereas sucrose synthase (SS), acid invertase (AI), and neutral invertase (NI) where equally active in girdled and control fruits on the fourth day after girdling. All major carbohydrates (sorbitol, sucrose, glucose, fructose and starch) were reduced on the fourth day after girdling. SDH activity was the only enzyme activity proportional to L:F in both fruit developmental stages. Peach fruit incubation in sorbitol for 24 hours also resulted in SDH activities higher than those of fruits incubated in buffer and similar to those of freshly extracted samples. Overall, our data provide some evidence for regulation of sorbitol metabolism, but not sucrose metabolism, by photoassimilate availability in peach fruit. In particular, sorbitol translocated to the fruit may function as a signal for modulating SDH activity.

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Rootstock Influences Seasonal Dry Matter and Carbohydrate Content and Partitioning in Above-ground Components of `Flordaprince' Peach Trees

Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science ◽

10.21273/jashs.122.5.673 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 122 (5) ◽

pp. 673-679 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

T. Caruso ◽

P. Inglese ◽

M. Sidari ◽

F. Sottile

Keyword(s):

Leaf Area ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Prunus Persica ◽

Developmental Stages ◽

Starch Content ◽

Soluble Sugar ◽

Fruit Size ◽

Carbohydrate Content ◽

Seasonal Development ◽

Area Index

Seasonal development of leaf area, leaf area index (LAI), dry matter, and carbohydrate content were measured from harvest 1992 to harvest 1993 in above-ground components of `Flordaprince' peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] trees grafted on GF 677 (Prunus persica × Prunus amygdalus) and MrS 2/5 (Prunus cerasifera free pollinated) rootstocks, which widely differ in vigor. Whole trees were separated into fruit, leaves, shoots, 1-year-old wood and >1-year-old wood. Sampling dates were coincident with key fruit and tree developmental stages: dormancy, fruit set, pit hardening, and fruit harvest. Rootstock modified the vegetative vigor of the tree, the seasonal partitioning of dry matter, and starch content in above-ground components. Leaf area, LAI, and total above-ground dry matter were twice as high in the most vigorous combination (`Flordaprince'/GF 677), which gave the highest yield, but had the lowest harvest index. Rootstock vigor did not affect soluble sugar concentration in any of the canopy components. Starch content was greatest during dormancy and in the oldest wood of GF 677 trees. During fruit development, starch content rapidly decreased in 1-year-old wood and perennial components; at pit hardening it was four times greater in MrS 2/5 than in GF 677 trees. The vegetative-to-fruit dry mass ratio by pit hardening was 3:1 for MrS 2/5 and 9:1 for GF 677 trees. Competition with shoot growth apparently reduced fruit growth, particularly during Stage I and Stage II, as fruit size at harvest was significantly lower (17%) in GF 677 than in MrS 2/5 trees.

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Nonstructural Carbohydrates and Mesocarp Development as a Result of Blossom Thinning in Peach

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.30.4.770a ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 30 (4) ◽

pp. 770A-770

Author(s):

Janet S. Mrosek ◽

Stephen C. Myers

Keyword(s):

Cell Division ◽

Prunus Persica ◽

Histological Analysis ◽

Fruit Size ◽

Nonstructural Carbohydrates ◽

Full Bloom ◽

One Year ◽

Floral Bud ◽

The Relationship ◽

Control Samples

The relationship between cell division, nonstructural carbohydrates and fruit size was investigated using 5-year-old `Encore' peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch]. The trees, which were trained to two opposing scaffolds, were selected for uniformity based on tree size and floral bud density. One-year-old shoots ranging in size from 20 to 30 cm were tagged from throughout the canopy. At anthesis, one entire scaffold was thinned of 75% of its flowers, leaving 25% in the mid-section of each shoot. The opposing scaffold served as the control. Samples were taken at three intervals for histological analysis: Anthesis, 30 days, and 45 days after full bloom. Nonstructural carbohydrates were analyzed on samples taken at five intervals: Anthesis, 10, 20, 30, and 45 days after full bloom. Volumetric size increased 29% by 30 days after full bloom, and 64% by 45 days after full bloom. Final fruit size (volumetric) was increased 8% by harvest.

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Aminoethoxyvinylglycine Treatment of Peach Fruit Reduces Ethylene Production and Softening

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.37.7.1065 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 37 (7) ◽

pp. 1065-1068 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Robert D. Belding ◽

Gail R.W. Lokaj

Keyword(s):

Ethylene Production ◽

Prunus Persica ◽

Soluble Sugars ◽

Fruit Size ◽

Significant Negative Correlation ◽

Management Tool ◽

Fruit Softening ◽

Peach Fruit ◽

Flesh Firmness ◽

Potential Use

`Biscoe' and `Encore' peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] trees were treated in two years with AVG at 7, 14, or 21 days before first harvest (DBFH) or as a nontreated control (NTC). Fruit were harvested every 2 to 3 days based on observed initial yielding of fruit flesh and ground color. Fruit were further evaluated for maturity and quality based on the production of ethylene, ground color, diameter, flesh firmness, soluble sugars, and woolliness. Evaluations occurred 1 day after harvest and after 14 and 28 days in cold storage. AVG applications delayed early harvests of `Biscoe', but `Encore' harvests were not affected. Across all preharvest treatment timings, AVG reduced ethylene production by 64%. Ethylene production and fruit softening were most inhibited for fruit treated with AVG 7 DBFH. In this study, fruit treated with AVG demonstrated a significant negative correlation between fruit ethylene production and firmness. Average flesh firmness of fruit from AVG treatments were 11.8 Newtons greater than NTC fruit. Fruit treated 21 or 14 DBFH exhibited greener ground color than NTC fruit or fruit treated 7 DBFH. The NTC fruit had the highest ground color values, fruit treated 7 DBFH were intermediate, and fruit treated 21 or 14 DBFH had the lowest values for ground color. AVG has potential use as a management tool for controlling the timing of harvest and for allowing fruit to ripen more slowly and to hang longer on the tree, thus improving fruit size. In addition, AVG assists in maintaining the postharvest flesh firmness required to withstand handling during marketing. Chemical name used: aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG).

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