scholarly journals Eastern Filbert Blight Resistance in American and Interspecific Hybrid Hazelnuts

2020 ◽  
Vol 145 (3) ◽  
pp. 162-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald S. Revord ◽  
Sarah T. Lovell ◽  
John M. Capik ◽  
Shawn A. Mehlenbacher ◽  
Thomas J. Molnar
Keyword(s):  
Interspecific Hybrid ◽  
Interspecific Hybrids ◽  
Disease Spread ◽  
Native Range ◽  
Significant Progress ◽  
The Past ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Anisogramma Anomala ◽  
Eastern Filbert Blight ◽  
Made In

Eastern filbert blight (EFB), caused by the fungus Anisogramma anomala, is a primary limitation to european hazelnut (Corylus avellana) cultivation in eastern North America. American hazelnut (Corylus americana) is the endemic host of A. anomala and, despite its tiny, thick-shelled nuts, is a potentially valuable source of EFB resistance and climatic adaptation. Interspecific hybrids (Corylus americana × C. avellana) have been explored for nearly a century as a means to combine EFB resistance with wider adaptability and larger nuts. Although significant progress was made in the past, the genetic diversity of the starting material was limited and additional improvements are needed for expansion of hazelnut (Corylus sp.) production outside of Oregon, where 99% of the U.S. crop is currently produced. Our objective was to determine if C. americana can be a donor of EFB resistance. We crossed 29 diverse EFB-resistant C. americana accessions to EFB-susceptible C. avellana selections (31 total progenies) to produce 2031 F1 plants. In addition, new C. americana germplasm was procured from across the native range of the species. The new collection of 1335 plants from 122 seed lots represents 72 counties and 22 states. The interspecific hybrid progenies and a subset of the American collection (616 trees from 62 seed lots) were field planted and evaluated for EFB response following field inoculations and natural disease spread over seven growing seasons. EFB was rated on a scale of 0 (no EFB) to 5 (all stems containing cankers). Results showed that progeny means of the interspecific hybrids ranged from 0.96 to 4.72. Fourteen of the 31 progenies were composed of at least one-third EFB-free or highly tolerant offspring (i.e., ratings 0–2), transmitting a significant level of resistance/tolerance. Several corresponding C. americana accessions that imparted a greater degree of resistance to their hybrid offspring were also identified. In addition, results showed that 587 (95.3%) of the 616 C. americana plants evaluated remained completely free of EFB. These findings confirm reports that the species rarely expresses signs or symptoms of the disease and should be robustly studied and exploited in breeding.

scholarly journals 521 PB 483 RESISTANCE TO EASTERN FILBERT BLIGHT IN CORYLUS SPECIES AND INTERSPECIFIC HYBRIDS

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 506b-506
Author(s):  
Glare J. Coyne ◽  
Shawn A. Mehlenbacher
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Interspecific Hybrid ◽  
Interspecific Hybrids ◽  
Dominant Gene ◽  
Single Dominant Gene ◽  
Sources Of Resistance ◽  
Anisogramma Anomala ◽  
Eastern Filbert Blight ◽  
Serious Disease ◽  
Kernel Traits

Eastern filbert blight (EFB) (Anisogramma anomala) is a serious disease of the European hazelnut (Coryls avellana). A single dominant gene for immunity to EFB from C. avellana `Gasaway' is being combined with good nut and kernel traits using a modified backcross approach. Additional sources of resistance would be highly desirable. Clones and seedlings of six other species (C. columa, C. comuta, C. heterophylla, C. sieboldiana, C. amencana, and C. jaquemontii] and a few interspecific hybrid selections were screened in the greenhouse to identify new sources of resistance. C. jacquemontii seedlings and C. columa clones were highly susceptible. C. comuta, C. hetemphylla, and C. sieboldiana clones were resistant, as were 86% of the C. americana seedlings tested. Five C. americana × C. avellana hybrids from New York were resistant under field conditions. One of four C. comuta × C. avellana and two of three C. hetemphylla × C. avellana hybrids were resistant.

Supercarboranes: Achievements and perspectives

2012 ◽  
Vol 85 (4) ◽  
pp. 661-670 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jian Zhang ◽  
Zuowei Xie
Keyword(s):  
Reducing Agents ◽  
Future Perspectives ◽  
Significant Progress ◽  
Boron Clusters ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Future ◽  
Made In ◽  
Carborane Anions

This article highlights the achievements in the chemistry of supercarboranes (carboranes with more than 12 vertices) in the past decade and the future perspectives. The chemistry of boron clusters has been dominated by 12-vertex carboranes for several decades. Only in recent years has significant progress been made in the chemistry of supercarboranes. Such a breakthrough relies on the use of CAd (carbon-atoms-adjacent) 12-vertex nido-carborane anions as starting materials. A series of 13- and 14-vertex carboranes as well as their corresponding 14- and 15-vertex metallacarboranes have been prepared and structurally characterized. Reactions of supercarboranes with reducing agents, electrophiles, and nucleophiles are studied, which reveal a more diverse and richer reaction chemistry than their icosahedral cousins.

scholarly journals Emergent processes in cognitive-emotional interactions

2010 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 433-448 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Basal Forebrain ◽  
Significant Progress ◽  
Brain Organization ◽  
The Past ◽  
Mind And Brain ◽  
The Mind ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Anatomical Evidence ◽  
Made In

Emotion and cognition have been viewed as largely separate entities in the brain. Within this framework, significant progress has been made in understanding specific aspects of behavior. Research in the past two decades, however, has started to paint a different picture of brain organization, one in which network interactions are key to understanding complex behaviors. From both basic and clinical perspectives, the characterization of cognitive-emotional interactions constitutes a fundamental issue in the investigation of the mind and brain. This review will highlight the interactive and integrative potential that exists in the brain to bring together the cognitive and emotional domains. First, anatomical evidence will be provided, focusing on structures such as hypothalamus, basal forebrain, amygdala, cingulate cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, and insula. Data on functional interactions will then be discussed, followed by a discussion of a dual competition framework, which describes cognitive-emotional interactions in terms of perceptual and cognitive competition mechanisms.

scholarly journals Comparison of Two Methods to Evaluate Quantitative Resistance to Eastern Filbert Blight in European Hazelnut

2000 ◽  
Vol 125 (5) ◽  
pp. 603-608 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clarice J. Coyne ◽  
Shawn A. Mehlenbacher ◽  
Kenneth B. Johnson ◽  
John N. Pinkerton ◽  
David C. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Resistance ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Disease Spread ◽  
Screening Methods ◽  
Field Plot ◽  
Anisogramma Anomala ◽  
Eastern Filbert Blight ◽  
High Doses ◽  
Moderately Resistant ◽  
Tree Method

A rapid and reliable assay for screening European hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) genotypes for quantitative resistance to eastern filbert blight [Anisogramma anomala (Peck) E. Müller] was tested by comparing two methods using the same clones. In the first assay, disease spread was followed for five consecutive years (1992-96) in a field plot planted in 1990. Measured responses included disease incidence (the presence or absence of cankers) and total canker length, quantified as the length of perennially expanding cankers. The second assay consisted of annually exposing replicated sets of 2-year-old, potted trees to artificially high doses of pathogen inoculum and measuring incidence and canker lengths at the end of the next growing season. The potted trees were exposed to inoculum in 1990, 1992, 1993, and 1994. Compared to the field plot, disease incidence and total canker length were higher in all the potted-tree experiments. Nonetheless, disease responses of individual clones in the two screening methods were significantly correlated in some contrasts (rs = 0.97 between 1996 field and 1995 potted trees). However, for a few clones (`Camponica', `Tombul Ghiaghli', and `Tonda di Giffoni'), disease developed slowly in the field plot, but disease incidence on these clones averaged > 30% in most of the potted-tree studies. Disease responses also were significantly correlated among some of the potted-tree experiments (rs = 0.72 for the comparison of 1994 to 1995). Highly susceptible and highly resistant hazelnut clones were identified by both methods. However, the field plot method was superior to the potted-tree method for distinguishing among moderately resistant clones. `Bulgaria XI-8', `Gem', `Camponica', `Tombul Ghiaghli', and `Tonda di Giffoni' were identified as promising sources of quantitative resistance to eastern filbert blight.

scholarly journals Osteoarthritis, osteoarthrosis and osteoarthropathy: What is the difference?

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-32
Author(s):  
Danilo Jeremić ◽  
Boris Gluščević ◽  
Stanislav Rajković ◽  
Želimir Jovanović ◽  
Branislav Krivokapić
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Clinical Presentation ◽  
Joint Disease ◽  
Joint Diseases ◽  
Significant Progress ◽  
Inflammatory Joint Diseases ◽  
The Past ◽  
Inflammatory Arthropathy ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Made In

Osteoarthritis, osteoarthrosis, and osteoarthropathy are diseases that doctors encounter daily in their practice. The use of all three terms is customary, often without a clear justification as to why a particular term is used for a particular case. In the past several decades, doctors mainly differentiated among these diseases based on clinical presentation and radiography. In the past several years, however, significant progress has been made in the field of biochemical, immunological, and cytohistological research, which has provided explanations for the pathogenesis of these conditions, enabled defining differences amongst them and facilitated the use of appropriate terms for each one of these diseases. The term arthritis (osteoarthritis) should be used exclusively for primarily inflammatory joint diseases-rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile arthritis, reactive arthritis (Reiter's syndrome). If the etiology is infectious, this must also be emphasized-septic (purulent) arthritis, tuberculous arthritis. Arthrosis (osteoarthrosis) relates to changes in the joints occurring due to pathological processes within the joint itself, but which, in their basis, are not inflammatory. Arthropathy is a term for joint disease stemming from another diseased organ or system of organs.

New developments in the theory and interpretation of X-ray spectra based on fast parallel calculations

2002 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Rehr ◽  
A. L. Ankudinov
Keyword(s):  
Ab Initio ◽  
Structural Biology ◽  
Significant Progress ◽  
Edge Structure ◽  
New Developments ◽  
X Ray ◽  
The Past ◽  
Current State ◽  
X Ray Absorption ◽  
Made In

There has been dramatic progress over the past decade both in theory and inab initiocalculations of X-ray absorption fine structure. Significant progress has also been made in understanding X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES). This contribution briefly reviews the developments in this field leading up to the current state. One of the key advances has been the development of severalab initiocodes such asFEFF, which permit an interpretation of the spectra in terms of geometrical and electronic properties of a material. Despite this progress, XANES calculations have remained challenging both to compute and to interpret. However, recent advances based on parallel Lanczos multiple-scattering algorithms have led to speed increases of typically two orders of magnitude, making fast calculations practicable. Improvements in the interpretation of near-edge structure have also been made. It is suggested that these developments can be advantageous in structural biology,e.g.in post-genomics studies of metalloproteins.

scholarly journals Myasthenia Gravis: A Review

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annapurni Jayam Trouth ◽  
Alok Dabi ◽  
Noha Solieman ◽  
Mohankumar Kurukumbi ◽  
Janaki Kalyanam
Keyword(s):  
Myasthenia Gravis ◽  
Treatment Modalities ◽  
Initial Symptom ◽  
Significant Progress ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Us ◽  
Circulating Antibodies ◽  
New Treatment ◽  
Made In

Acquired myasthenia gravis is a relatively uncommon disorder, with prevalence rates that have increased to about 20 per 100,000 in the US population. This autoimmune disease is characterized by muscle weakness that fluctuates, worsening with exertion, and improving with rest. In about two-thirds of the patients, the involvement of extrinsic ocular muscle presents as the initial symptom, usually progressing to involve other bulbar muscles and limb musculature, resulting in generalized myasthenia gravis. Although the cause of the disorder is unknown, the role of circulating antibodies directed against the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in its pathogenesis is well established. As this disorder is highly treatable, prompt recognition is crucial. During the past decade, significant progress has been made in our understanding of the disease, leading to new treatment modalities and a significant reduction in morbidity and mortality.

Accountability in Health Care

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haldor Byrkeflot ◽  
Karsten Vrangbaek
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Public Sector ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Significant Progress ◽  
Research Strategies ◽  
Top Down ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Past ◽  
Dominant Direction ◽  
Made In

The debate on accountability within the public sector has been lively in the past decade. Significant progress has been made in developing conceptual frameworks and typologies for characterizing different features and functions of accountability. However, there is a lack of sector specific adjustment of such frameworks. In this chapter we present a framework for analyzing accountability within health care. The chapter makes use of the concept of “accountability regime” to signify the combination of different accountability forms, directions and functions at any given point in time. We show that reforms can introduce new forms of accountability, change existing accountability relations or change the relative importance of different accountability forms. They may also change the dominant direction and shift the balance between different functions of accountability. The chapter further suggests that developments in accountability regimes are best analyzed with a combination of top-down and bottom up perspectives and that there is a need to develop research strategies to support this aim.

scholarly journals Hazelnut Accessions Provide New Sources of Resistance to Eastern Filbert Blight

HortScience ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 466-469 ◽  
Author(s):  
Honglin Chen ◽  
Shawn A. Mehlenbacher ◽  
David C. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Interspecific Hybrids ◽  
Visual Inspection ◽  
Corylus Avellana ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Sources Of Resistance ◽  
Backcross Hybrid ◽  
Complete Resistance ◽  
Anisogramma Anomala ◽  
Eastern Filbert Blight

A diverse collection of 58 hazelnut accessions, including Corylus avellana L. and interspecific hybrids, were evaluated for their response to the eastern filbert blight pathogen Anisogramma anomala (Peck) E. Müller after greenhouse inoculation. Evaluations were made using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and visual inspection. Forty-five of these became infected, 12 remained free of infection, and one gave inconclusive results. The 12 accessions showing complete resistance were European hazelnuts ‘Culpla’ from Spain and CCOR 187 from Finland; C. americana × C. avellana hybrids ‘G081S’, CCOR 506, and Weschcke selections TP1, TP2 and TP3; C. colurna × C. avellana hybrids Chinese Trazels Gellatly #6 and #11; Turkish Trazel Gellatly #3 and backcross hybrid ‘Lisa’; and C. heterophylla var. sutchuensis × C. avellana hybrid ‘Estrella #1’. In a second test, exposure of potted trees under structures topped with diseased wood confirmed the complete resistance of ‘Santiam’, four pollinizers, and ‘Ratoli’. However, a few small cankers were observed on ‘Closca Molla’ from Spain and OSU 729.012, with resistance from C. californica (A.DC.) Rose, in contrast to the results of earlier greenhouse inoculations.

scholarly journals Bioinspired Photo-Crosslinkable Self-Assembling Peptide with pH-Switchable “On−Off” Luminescence.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raffaele Pugliese ◽  
Monica Montuori ◽  
Fabrizio Gelain
Keyword(s):  
Self Assembly ◽  
Cross Linking ◽  
Significant Progress ◽  
The Past ◽  
Self Assembling ◽  
Made In

Significant progress has been made in the peptides self-assembly over the past two decades, however the in situ cross-linking of self-assembling peptides yielding to better performing nanomaterials is still in...

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