scholarly journals Myasthenia Gravis: A Review

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annapurni Jayam Trouth ◽  
Alok Dabi ◽  
Noha Solieman ◽  
Mohankumar Kurukumbi ◽  
Janaki Kalyanam
Keyword(s):  
Myasthenia Gravis ◽  
Treatment Modalities ◽  
Initial Symptom ◽  
Significant Progress ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Us ◽  
Circulating Antibodies ◽  
New Treatment ◽  
Made In

Acquired myasthenia gravis is a relatively uncommon disorder, with prevalence rates that have increased to about 20 per 100,000 in the US population. This autoimmune disease is characterized by muscle weakness that fluctuates, worsening with exertion, and improving with rest. In about two-thirds of the patients, the involvement of extrinsic ocular muscle presents as the initial symptom, usually progressing to involve other bulbar muscles and limb musculature, resulting in generalized myasthenia gravis. Although the cause of the disorder is unknown, the role of circulating antibodies directed against the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in its pathogenesis is well established. As this disorder is highly treatable, prompt recognition is crucial. During the past decade, significant progress has been made in our understanding of the disease, leading to new treatment modalities and a significant reduction in morbidity and mortality.

scholarly journals Recent advances in understanding and managing dystonia

F1000Research ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 1124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Tisch
Keyword(s):  
Focused Ultrasound ◽  
Brain Network ◽  
Imaging Genetics ◽  
Treatment Modalities ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
New Treatment ◽  
Clinical Advances ◽  
Deep Brain ◽  
Made In

Within the field of movement disorders, the conceptual understanding of dystonia has continued to evolve. Clinical advances have included improvements in recognition of certain features of dystonia, such as tremor, and understanding of phenotypic spectrums in the genetic dystonias and dystonia terminology and classification. Progress has also been made in the understanding of underlying biological processes which characterize dystonia from discoveries using approaches such as neurophysiology, functional imaging, genetics, and animal models. Important advances include the role of the cerebellum in dystonia, the concept of dystonia as an aberrant brain network disorder, additional evidence supporting the concept of dystonia endophenotypes, and new insights into psychogenic dystonia. These discoveries have begun to shape treatment approaches as, in parallel, important new treatment modalities, including magnetic resonance imaging-guided focused ultrasound, have emerged and existing interventions such as deep brain stimulation have been further refined. In this review, these topics are explored and discussed.

scholarly journals Translational Research in Vitiligo

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erica L. Katz ◽  
John E. Harris
Keyword(s):  
Translational Research ◽  
Somatic Mosaicism ◽  
Significant Progress ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
The Past ◽  
White Spots ◽  
History Of ◽  
New Treatment ◽  
Collection Methods ◽  
Made In

Vitiligo is a disease of the skin characterized by the appearance of white spots. Significant progress has been made in understanding vitiligo pathogenesis over the past 30 years, but only through perseverance, collaboration, and open-minded discussion. Early hypotheses considered roles for innervation, microvascular anomalies, oxidative stress, defects in melanocyte adhesion, autoimmunity, somatic mosaicism, and genetics. Because theories about pathogenesis drive experimental design, focus, and even therapeutic approach, it is important to consider their impact on our current understanding about vitiligo. Animal models allow researchers to perform mechanistic studies, and the development of improved patient sample collection methods provides a platform for translational studies in vitiligo that can also be applied to understand other autoimmune diseases that are more difficult to study in human samples. Here we discuss the history of vitiligo translational research, recent advances, and their implications for new treatment approaches.

scholarly journals Od „Made in China” do „Created in China” – droga Chin do supremacji innowacyjnej

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 97--115
Author(s):  
Sylwia Pangsy-Kania
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The Past ◽  
Global Innovation ◽  
The Us ◽  
Made In China ◽  
Advanced Production ◽  
Made In

From “Made in China” to “Created in China” – China’s way to innovation supremacy China is not only a country of cheap production (“Made in China”). China is becoming more and more innovative, as evidenced by its growing position in the annual Global Innovation Index (GII) ranking. Over the past decade, China has become an emerging superpower while the economic position of the United States and the European Union has weakened. The purpose of this article is to answer the question of whether the US innovation supremacy becoming the past. The role of China is growing as a result of departing from “Made in China” and illegally obtained technological solutions in favor of innovation and technologically advanced production “Created in China.” Huawei is one of the most innovative companies in the world. The analysis is carried out in the context of the significance of the Thucydides trap in the technological war between the United States and China and the location of changes in the innovativeness of both countries in the aspect of the Kondratiev cycle. Additionally, China may come out stronger from the pandemic that has changed the whole world.

scholarly journals PRAWO RZYMSKIE W POLSCE PRZEDROZBIOROWEJ W ŚWIETLE AKTUALNYCH BADAŃ

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sławomir Godek
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Special Interest ◽  
Roman Law ◽  
Significant Progress ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Made In

ROMAN LAW IN PRE-PARTITION POLAND IN THE LIGHT OF PRESENT RESEARCH Summary The question of the importance of Roman law in pre-partition Poland has been taxing Polish legal historians for more than two centuries. The achievements to date in this field are significant; however, the issue has not been completely exhausted. In ongoing studies, a number of lines of inquiry have been undertaken that constitute a continuation of earlier investigations, but there are also completely new lines. The great controversy about the role of Roman law in Poland prior to 1795 (viz. the Third Partition) that was initiated by historians in the nineteenth century continues to be of unflagging interest. Research into the Romanisation of the Chronicles of Wincenty Kadłubek is being continued. The attention of researchers is still drawn to the issue of the teaching of Roman law in pre-partition Poland, especially in Kraków, Wilno, and Zamość. Quite significant progress has been made in research on the impact of Roman law on the codification of Poland prior to 1795. Areas of special interest include the Sigismundina, the Lithuanian Statutes and King Stanisław August’s Code. Research on the influence of Roman law on the work of writers who were lawyers in the pre-partition era is less intense than it was in the past. However, there has been a revival in the study of criminal law, as evidenced by the work on crimen laesae maiestatis.

scholarly journals The 2020 Portrait of American Caregivers

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 681-681
Author(s):  
Regina Shih
Keyword(s):  
Family Member ◽  
Family Caregivers ◽  
Care Recipient ◽  
Health Conditions ◽  
Complex Care ◽  
The Past ◽  
Care Recipients ◽  
The Us ◽  
National Alliance

Abstract The prevalence of caregiving for an adult or child with special needs has increased significantly in the past five years (from 18.2% to over 21.3%), driven by an increase in the prevalence of caring for a family member or friend aged 50 and older. At the same time, care recipients have greater health and functional needs that necessitate care from others in comparison to 2015. These new 2020 data from the Caregiving in the US Survey by the National Alliance for Caregiving suggests that not only are more American adults taking on the role of caregiver, but they are doing so for increasingly complex care situations. This paper addresses the prevalence of caregiving including the demographics of family caregivers, relationship between the caregiver and the care recipient, health conditions of the care recipient, and living situations of care recipients and their caregivers.

The Role of Histones and Heparin in Sepsis: A Review

2021 ◽  
pp. 088506662199232
Author(s):  
Xiaojuan Zhang ◽  
Xin Li
Keyword(s):  
Septic Shock ◽  
Multiple Organ ◽  
Clinical Settings ◽  
The Past ◽  
Life Saving ◽  
Extracellular Histones ◽  
Sepsis And Septic Shock ◽  
Development And Management ◽  
Made In

Septic shock with multiple organ failure is a devastating situation in clinical settings. Through the past decades, much progress has been made in the management of sepsis and its underlying pathogenesis, but a highly effective therapeutic has not been developed. Recently, macromolecules such as histones have been targeted in the treatment of sepsis. Histones primarily function as chromosomal organizers to pack DNA and regulate its transcription through epigenetic mechanisms. However, a growing body of research has shown that histone family members can also exert cellular toxicity once they relocate from the nucleus into the extracellular space. Heparin, a commonly used anti-coagulant, has been shown to possess life-saving capabilities for septic patients, but the potential interplay between heparin and extracellular histones has not been investigated. In this review, we summarize the pathogenic roles of extracellular histones and the therapeutic roles of heparin in the development and management of sepsis and septic shock.

scholarly journals The Pivotal Player: Components of NF-κB Pathway as Promising Biomarkers in Colorectal Cancer

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (14) ◽  
pp. 7429
Author(s):  
Matthew Martin ◽  
Mengyao Sun ◽  
Aishat Motolani ◽  
Tao Lu
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Biological Response ◽  
Significant Progress ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Successful Development ◽  
Diagnostic Screening ◽  
Proteomic Data ◽  
Large Groups ◽  
Made In

Over the last several decades, colorectal cancer (CRC) has been one of the most prevalent cancers. While significant progress has been made in both diagnostic screening and therapeutic approaches, a large knowledge gap still remains regarding the early identification and treatment of CRC. Specifically, identification of CRC biomarkers that can help with the creation of targeted therapies as well as increasing the ability for clinicians to predict the biological response of a patient to therapeutics, is of particular importance. This review provides an overview of CRC and its progression stages, as well as the basic types of CRC biomarkers. We then lay out the synopsis of signaling pathways related to CRC, and further highlight the pivotal and multifaceted role of nuclear factor (NF) κB signaling in CRC. Particularly, we bring forth knowledge regarding the tumor microenvironment (TME) in CRC, and its complex interaction with cancer cells. We also provide examples of NF-κB signaling-related CRC biomarkers, and ongoing efforts made at targeting NF-κB signaling in CRC treatment. We conclude and anticipate that with more emerging novel regulators of the NF-κB pathway being discovered, together with their in-depth characterization and the integration of large groups of genomic, transcriptomic and proteomic data, the day of successful development of more ideal NF-κB inhibitors is fast approaching.

A corpus-based investigation of techno-optimism and propositional certainty in the National Intelligence Council’s ‘Future Global Trends Reports’ (2010–2035)

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-57
Author(s):  
Jamie McKeown
Keyword(s):  
Global Trends ◽  
Future Role ◽  
Ideological Bias ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Global Peace ◽  
Discursive Representations

This article reports the findings from a study of discursive representations of the future role of technology in the work of the US National Intelligence Council (NIC). Specifically, it investigates the interplay of ‘techno-optimism’ (a form of ideological bias) and propositional certainty in the NIC’s ‘Future Global Trends Reports’. In doing so, it answers the following questions: To what extent was techno-optimism present in the discourse? What level of propositional certainty was expressed in the discourse? How did the discourse deal with the inherent uncertainty of the future? Overall, the discourse was pronouncedly techno-optimist in its stance towards the future role of technology: high-technological solutions were portrayed as solving a host of problems, despite the readily available presence of low-technology or no-technology solutions. In all, 75.1% of the representations were presented as future categorical certainties, meaning the future was predominantly presented as a known and closed inevitability. The discourse dealt with the inherent uncertainty of the subject matter, that is, the future, by projecting the past and present into the future. This was particularly the case in relation to the idea of technological military dominance as a guarantee of global peace, and the role of technology as an inevitable force free from societal censorship.

scholarly journals Calcium Signaling in Plant Programmed Cell Death

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 1089
Author(s):  
Huimin Ren ◽  
Xiaohong Zhao ◽  
Wenjie Li ◽  
Jamshaid Hussain ◽  
Guoning Qi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Programmed Cell Death ◽  
Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Significant Progress ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Stress Perception ◽  
The Past

Programmed cell death (PCD) is a process intended for the maintenance of cellular homeostasis by eliminating old, damaged, or unwanted cells. In plants, PCD takes place during developmental processes and in response to biotic and abiotic stresses. In contrast to the field of animal studies, PCD is not well understood in plants. Calcium (Ca2+) is a universal cell signaling entity and regulates numerous physiological activities across all the kingdoms of life. The cytosolic increase in Ca2+ is a prerequisite for the induction of PCD in plants. Although over the past years, we have witnessed significant progress in understanding the role of Ca2+ in the regulation of PCD, it is still unclear how the upstream stress perception leads to the Ca2+ elevation and how the signal is further propagated to result in the onset of PCD. In this review article, we discuss recent advancements in the field, and compare the role of Ca2+ signaling in PCD in biotic and abiotic stresses. Moreover, we discuss the upstream and downstream components of Ca2+ signaling and its crosstalk with other signaling pathways in PCD. The review is expected to provide new insights into the role of Ca2+ signaling in PCD and to identify gaps for future research efforts.

scholarly journals TCS Share Buyback

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-69
Author(s):  
Jyoti Ahluwalia ◽  
Mandeep Mahendru
Keyword(s):  
Employee Training ◽  
International Perspective ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Us ◽  
Tax Laws

This case discusses the share buyback announcement by Tata Consultancy Services (TCS) during February 2017 when its Chairman N Chandrasekaran was appointed as the Chairman of Tata Sons after Tata Sons had ousted its former Chairman, Cyrus Mistry. The case highlights the reasons why companies may opt for share buyback, what is the role of the tax laws of the country towards these decisions and whether such decisions are beneficial for the company, the investors or the promoters. The case considers impact of aspects such as employee training and investments in innovation on the buyback decisions and also brings an international perspective with regard to how buybacks have fared in the US during the past decade.

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