scholarly journals Archaeological Evidence of Atypical Burials in the Middle Ages

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Monika Milosavljević
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Muscular Atrophy ◽  
Adequate Treatment ◽  
Erving Goffman ◽  
The Social ◽  
Women And Children ◽  
Old Evidence ◽  
Medieval Archaeology

The research into the Medieval necropolises in the territory of present-day Serbia has established a relatively standardized mode of interment of the bodies of men, women, and children. The deceased were laid supine oriented west to east, with their head to the west. This paper addresses the deviations from this practice recorded in the necropolises dated into the period from the 10th to the 15th centuries. The evidence is critically discussed on the individuals oriented contrary to the established standard, the ones buried in the foetal position, the deceased thrown into the burial pit or laid prone, facing downward. The aim of the paper is to raise the question who were these people, deprived of the prescriptive Christian funeral and the adequate treatment of their bodies in death. The research is based on the precept that there is a correlation between the persons laid in extraordinary positions in their graves, and the outcasts, stigmatized and marginalized individuals. The paper is based upon the theoretical basis that postulates the burial and the treatment of a dead body as the community’s encounter with a social loss and the additional unwanted outcome of death – the cadaver. Additionally, the modes of marginalization and the generation of the marginalized in a society through the deprivation of a decent burial are discussed from various perspectives, starting with the ideas of Robert E. Park, Erving Goffman and Elisa Perego. Regardless of the fact that the phenomenon of the atypically buried individuals has not been duly investigated in the Serbian Medieval archaeology, the analysis of the evidence shows that contexts corresponding to this type are registered at no less than 19 sites. In order to offer a more precise answer to the question which of these individuals have indeed been marginalized and why, it is essential to conduct physical-anthropological analyses, present in only two instances treated here. Considering the quality of the data at the disposal, the paper reaches the conclusion that the individuals laid contrary to the norm (with the exception of children), thrown into the burial pit, or laid prone facing downward, are indeed the marginalized ones. Particularly are indicative the situations where more than one parameter of stigmatization is present in one funerary context. The suggestion is put forward that the flexed individuals laid in foetal position are the ones who could not have been laid prone due to some illness, such as muscular atrophy of paralysis. The extraordinary treatment of some new-borns and children, buried under the stećci, raises the issue of the social position of children in this cultural context. In spite of the limitations of reinterpretation of old evidence, the potential is demonstrated of the research integrating various lines of evidence: archaeological, physical-anthropological, ethnographic, historiographic, and legal-historic.

scholarly journals Profile of infected pregnant women and children exposed to HIV at a specialized service in the South of Brazil

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 791-801
Author(s):  
Marília Alessandra Bick ◽  
Tamiris Ferreira ◽  
Clécia de Oliveira Sampaio ◽  
Stela Maris de Mello Padoin ◽  
Cristiane Cardoso de Paula
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Vertical Transmission ◽  
Prophylactic Measures ◽  
The Social ◽  
Specialized Service ◽  
Women And Children ◽  
South Of Brazil ◽  
Clinical Records

Abstract Objectives: to characterize the social and clinical profile of pregnant women infected with HIV, the factors associated to the prevention of vertical transmission, and to analyze the quality of the information available in the SINAN notification forms and clinical records of infected pregnant women and children exposed to HIV in a specialized service in the countryside of Rio Grande do Sul. Methods: retrospective documentary study conducted from medical records of 110 HIV mothers and their children born between June/2014 and March/2017. For the analysis, the absolute frequency and the data percentage were taken under consideration. Results: the characterization of infected women represents a Brazilian scenario among young adults, low schooling level and the occurrence of unpaid employment situation. Most mothers underwent treatment during pregnancy and had prenatal care with the intention of applying the prophylactic measures recommended by the national protocols. A greater occurrence of incompleteness of data in the factors of prevention of vertical transmission was identified. Conclusions: the compromise is identified regarding the quality of assistance addressed to the population, which is largely exposed to unfavorable social conditions. The occurrence of data incompleteness shows that there is still not a culture among health professionals that ensures that the information is adequately filled out and favors the exchange of the information among the services.

Elity pod presją negatywnych emocji

2021 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 3-25
Author(s):  
Ewa Nalewajko
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Context ◽  
Social Bonds ◽  
Public Debate ◽  
Social Emotions ◽  
Liberal Democracies ◽  
Quality Of Democracy ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Social

The aim of the article is to reflect on the phenomenon of populist resentment towards elites in contemporary liberal democracies. This form of resentment is claimed to lower the quality of democracy, both in regard to its procedures and social bonds, thus deepening the crisis of the system. One of the paper’s aims is to explore this phenomenon as a structure composed of negative social emotions. This part of the analysis is conceptual and theoretical in character. The article then considers the dynamics and mechanisms of the resentment against elites. In this part of the text, the phenomenon is viewed through the lens of the social and cultural context in which it is rooted, as well as from the perspective of individual experiences. Because instances of social resentment manifest themselves mainly in words, this is illustrated using examples from the public debate in Poland regarding elites. The paper concludes with two hypotheses formulated with respect to the multilevel and multidimensional character of this form of resentment.

scholarly journals Vinča Burials in the Research of Miloje M. Vasić

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksandar Palavestra ◽  
Monika Milosavljević
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Knowledge Production ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Archaeological Site ◽  
History Of Archaeology ◽  
Founding Fathers ◽  
Archaeological Practice ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
Medieval Archaeology

Miloje M. Vasić (1869–1956) is considered to be the founding father of Serbian archaeology. This paper directly challenges, as based on detailed archival research, the prevailing view that his excavation of the Vinča archaeological site is a model standard for Serbian archaeology. Instead, Vasić’s handling of the excavation was selective, non-systematic and destructive when viewed today from the perspective of modern practices. Vasić originally gained authority based on the discovery of Vinča, a prehistoric archaeological site that contains layers from the Neolithic to the middle ages. In his zeal to uncover “prehistory”, he deliberately ignored the other archaeological layers present. The most significant example of neglected archaeological remains is his excavations of Vinča’s medieval cemetery where he did not document observations systematically. This prioritization of the importance of one archaeological period over another was reflected in the further development of archaeology in Serbia, so that medieval archaeology was treated as marginal and second-rate compared to others. The aim of this paper, therefore, is to contextualize Vasić’s approach through the methods used in the history of archaeology. The key research question thereof is how Miloje M. Vasić failed to document the burials at the Vinča site, which is the consequent reason why there is little to no documented evidence of them. The theoretical and methodological basis of the analysis is based on the approach of Gavin Lucas who views the creation of the primary field documentation as testimony. Lucas notes that the debate concerning knowledge production had drifted from merely an epistemological issue to a phenomenon centered around archaeological practice. Here the key questions have come to concern the social and material setting of knowledge production and not the objective coherence of the argument. Burials that were noted in Vasić’s documentation are categorized into four groups: 1) unwanted or medieval burials; 2) incidental burials originating from prehistory; 3) an “ossuary” from Vinča containing nine skeletons and 4) imagined multiple cremations based on one found cremation. Therefore, even while documenting several “lateral” prehistoric graves, he entirely omitted any thorough documentation of the medieval cemetery, considering them of less import. If there is any lesson that may be learned from this journey through the history of archaeological practice, it is that archaeological documentation as a form of testimony should be done ethically, adequately and responsibly. It should not be done according to the practices of the “bad science” of its founding-fathers.

scholarly journals Academics’ Opinions Regarding the Quality of Scientific Publications and Their Quality Problems

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 128-137
Author(s):  
nidan oyman bozkurt
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Phenomenological Approach ◽  
Scientific Quality ◽  
Scientific Publications ◽  
Interview Method ◽  
Analysis Technique ◽  
The Social ◽  
Research Types

The contribution to science by the academics of a country and the science-policy owned by the same country is accepted as the most basic indicator of the development in that country. The most important concept to be addressed in the advancement and transformation of science is scientific quality. The purpose of this study is to determine the views of academics regarding the reasons for the quality problems, especially in the social sciences field, and to share the solution suggestions for these problems by the academics. The phenomenological approach, which is one of the qualitative research types, was adopted as the method of the study to examine the views and experiences of the academics in a more detailed manner. Content analysis technique was used in the analysis of the data collected by the interview method. The findings of the study were categorized into two main themes based on the views of the academics, as the reasons for the qualitative publication problem, and the suggestions addressed for this problem. The reasons for the problem of qualitative publication are presented in six categories: the content of the publications, journal, academician, current structure, cultural context and political pressures.

Introduction

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-30
Author(s):  
Ellen Swift ◽  
Jo Stoner ◽  
April Pudsey
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Context ◽  
Course Design ◽  
Social Archaeology ◽  
Quality Of Data ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
The Social ◽  
Broad Framework ◽  
The Life Course

This introductory chapter sets out the theme of the book and provides necessary background on theoretical approaches, methodology, quality of data, and the geographical and cultural context of Egypt in the period studied. After introducing the rationale for the book and the social archaeology perspective that it utilizes, the chapter gives an overview of relevant interpretative approaches for a social archaeology of everyday life, focusing on the life course, design perspectives, and object biography. Methodological issues are then explored, relating to the selection of data and its quality and range. This includes an account of research undertaken that significantly improves the accuracy of dating for objects and enhances knowledge of their site provenance and archaeological context. A detailed example is provided of the re-association of extant artefacts with grave context information from the site of Qau el-Kebir. In order to provide a broad framework for the subsequent data studies, the final section sets out relevant social and cultural background relating to Egypt in the period studied, together with a brief overview of the distinct regions that make up Egypt.

Fame and its Vagaries in the Middle Ages

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Sennis
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Social Group ◽  
Late Antiquity ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Cultural Perspective ◽  
Important Work ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Way

One of the many new avenues of research that Chris has opened up for us in the past decades is the study of fama in medieval contexts. In his important work on twelfth-century Tuscany, Chris considered fama as a form of superior hearsay, derived from gossip and talk, which could involve every member of the social group and to which some credibility could be given in court. This chapter attempts to develop this line of enquiry in a cultural perspective. I seek to show how the way in which the members of a social group bestow fame and celebrity (or their opposites) on some individuals can reveal a lot of the cultural context in which they operate; in other words, how the fame of certain individuals can, within their lifetime and after their death, alternate dramatically according to the way in which some members of future generations view the world in which they had lived. In this perspective, particularly revealing is the case of Theodoric, an individual who, in his lifetime, was famous almost in a modern sense, carving for himself a major role in the geopolitics of Late Antiquity. But Theodoric also become a paradigm, and the vagaries of his fame reveal a lot of the battle of memories and texts that took place in Italy, and more broadly in Europe, between the sixth and the ninth centuries.

Ovid: A Very Short Introduction

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Llewelyn Morgan
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Urban Landscape ◽  
Public Life ◽  
Short Introduction ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
Roman World ◽  
The Social ◽  
Subsequent Literature ◽  
The Middle Ages

Ovid: A Very Short Introduction discusses Ovid’s poetry, and the social and cultural context in which it was written. No poet of the Graeco-Roman world has had a deeper impact on subsequent literature and art than Ovid. But he was also a man of his time, and while the poetry he wrote still speaks to us today, it channels the cultural and political upheavals that Rome in his day was experiencing: its public life under Rome’s first emperor Augustus, changing sexual mores, religion, literary debt to Greece, and urban landscape. This VSI introduces Ovid’s poetry on love, heroic women, metamorphosis, Roman festivals, and his own exile by Augustus. It also explores his immense influence on later literature and art, an uninterrupted popularity through the Middle Ages and into modern times. Artists as diverse as Chaucer, Goethe, and Dali are all his heirs. But it focuses on his own poetry. Ovid was the wittiest, most inventive, and least deferential of Roman poets, his poetry a scintillating combination of high intellect and mischief.

The Social Origins and Provenance of the English Bishops during the Reign of Edward II

1959 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 51-79
Author(s):  
K. Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Social Background ◽  
Early Career ◽  
The Political ◽  
Social Origins ◽  
Political Activities ◽  
Edward Ii ◽  
The Social ◽  
Complete Study ◽  
History Of

During the last twenty or twenty-five years medieval historians have been much interested in the composition of the English episcopate. A number of studies of it have been published on periods ranging from the eleventh to the fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries. A further paper might well seem superfluous. My reason for offering one is that most previous writers have concentrated on analysing the professional circles from which the bishops were drawn, and suggesting the influences which their early careers as royal clerks, university masters and students, secular or regular clergy, may have had on their later work as bishops. They have shown comparatively little interest in their social background and provenance, except for those bishops who belonged to magnate families. Some years ago, when working on the political activities of Edward II's bishops, it seemed to me that social origins, family connexions and provenance might in a number of cases have had at least as much influence on a bishop's attitude to politics as his early career. I there fore collected information about the origins and provenance of these bishops. I now think that a rather more careful and complete study of this subject might throw further light not only on the political history of the reign, but on other problems connected with the character and work of the English episcopate. There is a general impression that in England in the later middle ages the bishops' ties with their dioceses were becoming less close, and that they were normally spending less time in diocesan work than their predecessors in the thirteenth century.

Epistemic and relational conflicts in sharing identical vs. complementary information during cooperative learning

2002 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 139-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Céline Darnon ◽  
Céline Buchs ◽  
Fabrizio Butera
Keyword(s):  
Cooperative Learning ◽  
Social Comparison ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Learning Task ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Complementary Information ◽  
Relational Conflict ◽  
The Social ◽  
The University

When interacting on a learning task, which is typical of several academic situations, individuals may experience two different motives: Understanding the problem, or showing their competences. When a conflict (confrontation of divergent propositions) emerges from this interaction, it can be solved either in an epistemic way (focused on the task) or in a relational way (focused on the social comparison of competences). The latter is believed to be detrimental for learning. Moreover, research on cooperative learning shows that when they share identical information, partners are led to compare to each other, and are less encouraged to cooperate than when they share complementary information. An epistemic vs. relational conflict vs. no conflict was provoked in dyads composed by a participant and a confederate, working either on identical or on complementary information (N = 122). Results showed that, if relational and epistemic conflicts both entailed more perceived interactions and divergence than the control group, only relational conflict entailed more perceived comparison activities and a less positive relationship than the control group. Epistemic conflict resulted in a more positive perceived relationship than the control group. As far as performance is concerned, relational conflict led to a worse learning than epistemic conflict, and - after a delay - than the control group. An interaction between the two variables on delayed performance showed that epistemic and relational conflicts were different only when working with complementary information. This study shows the importance of the quality of relationship when sharing information during cooperative learning, a crucial factor to be taken into account when planning educational settings at the university.

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