In Vitro and In Vivo Digestibility and Ad Libitum Intake of Mechanical Mixtures of Forages 1

1968 ◽  
Vol 60 (6) ◽  
pp. 610-612 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. G. Monson ◽  
J. T. Reid
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Mixtures ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Ad Libitum Intake

scholarly journals Effect of harvest method and ammoniation of baled corn residue on intake and digestibility in lambs

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashley C Conway ◽  
Tasha M King ◽  
Melissa L Jolly-Breithaupt ◽  
Jim C MacDonald ◽  
Terry J Klopfenstein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Corn Residue ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Wet Corn Gluten Feed ◽  
Ad Libitum Intake ◽  
Gluten Feed ◽  
Harvest Method

Abstract To determine the effect of harvest method and ammoniation on both in vivo and in vitro digestibility of corn residue, six corn residue treatments consisting of three different harvest methods either with or without anhydrous ammonia chemical treatment (5.5% of dry matter [DM]) were evaluated. The harvest methods included conventional rake-and-bale (CONV) and New Holland Cornrower with eight rows (8ROW) or two rows (2ROW) of corn stalks chopped into the windrow containing the tailings (leaf, husk, and upper stem) from eight rows of harvested corn (ammoniated bales of each harvest method resulted in treatments COVAM, 8RAM, and 2RAM). Nine crossbred wether lambs (49.2 ± 0.5 kg BW) were fed 64.2% corn residue, 29.8% wet corn gluten feed, 3.3% smooth-bromegrass hay, and 2.8% mineral mix (DM basis) in a 9 × 6 Latin rectangle metabolism study with a 3 × 2 factorial treatment to measure total tract disappearance. Six 21-d periods consisted of 14-d adaptation and 7-d total fecal collection, and lambs were fed ad libitum (110% of the previous day’s DM intake [DMI]) during days 1 to 12 and reduced to 95% of ad libitum intake for days 13 to 21. There was a harvest method by ammoniation interaction (P < 0.01) for ad libitum DMI (days 7 to 11). Ammoniation increased (P < 0.01) intake across all harvest methods, where 2RAM DMI was 4.1%, COVAM was 3.6%, and 8RAM was 3.1%, which were all different (P < 0.01) from each other, but all untreated residues were consumed at 2.6% of BW (P ≥ 0.92) regardless of harvest method. There were no interactions (P > 0.34) between harvest method and ammoniation for any total tract or in vitro digestibility estimate. Harvest method affected (P < 0.04) DM, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF) digestibility, where 2ROW was greater than both CONV and 8ROW, which did not differ. The organic matter (OM) digestibility (P = 0.12) and digestible energy (DE; P = 0.30) followed the same numerical trend. Both in vitro DM digestibility (IVDMD) and in vitro OM digestibility (IVOMD) of the residue were affected (P < 0.01) by harvest method, with 2ROW being greater (P < 0.01) than both CONV and 8ROW. For IVDMD, 8ROW was not (P = 0.77) different from CONV, but 8ROW IVOMD was lower (P = 0.03) than CONV. Ammoniation improved (P < 0.01) DM, OM, NDF, and ADF digestibility of all harvest methods, resulting in a 26% increase (P < 0.01) in DE due to ammoniation. Similar digestibility improvements were observed in vitro with ammoniation improving IVDMD and IVOMD by 23% and 20%, respectively. Both selective harvest methods and ammoniation can improve the feeding value of baled corn residue.

Sodium hydroxide treatment of barley straw; effect of volume and concentration of solution on digestibility and intake by sheep

1975 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 313-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. C. N. Jayasuriya ◽  
Emyr Owen
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Naoh Solution ◽  
Effect Of Treatment ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Subsequent Neutralization ◽  
Male Sheep ◽  
Sodium Hydroxide Treatment

SUMMARY1. Four experiments have been carried out to determine the effect of treatment of spring-sown barley straw (var. Deba Abed) with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution and subsequent neutralization with hydrochloric acid (HCl) on its digestibility and intake by sheep.2. In Experiment 1, chopped straw was mixed with 4·5 or 9·0 g NaOH in 200 or 800 ml water/100 g, straw, and after 24 hr neutralized with HCl and left for a further 24 hr before being offered to castrated male sheep (wethers) in a maintenance diet containing 35% concentrates. Organic-matter digestibility of straw significantly increased, by 8 and 11 percentage units respectively, after treatment with 200 ml solution containing 4·5 and 9·0 g NaOH. Volume of solution did not affect digestibility.3. In Experiment 2, straw treated as in Experiment 1 was given ad libitum. The highest intake was for straw treated with 200 ml solution containing 4·5 g NaOH/100 g straw, treatment with 9·0 g NaOH giving a significantly lower intake but higher than that of untreated straw.4. In Experiment 3, the in vitro digestibility of milled straw, treated as in Experiments 1 and 4, increased with increasing volumes of solution up to 120 ml/100 g straw, but the response to successive increments of NaOH declined progressively.5. In Experiment 4 chopped straw was mixed with 4·5, 6·75 or 9·0 g NaOH in 30, 60 or 120 ml water/100 g straw and offered as in Experiment 1. Treatments significantly increased straw digestibility, by 8 to 16 percentage units. Increasing the volume of water from 30 to 60 ml significantly improved digestibility, by 5 percentage units at the two lower levels of NaOH. The response to an increase in the level of NaOH was less, and inconsistent. In vitro and in vivo digestibilities were significantly correlated, but it is concluded that the in vitro technique used overestimates the digestibility of treated straw.

Formaldehyde as a silage additive. II. The chemical composition and nutritive value of lucerne hay, lucerne silage, and formaldehyde and formic acid-treated lucerne silages

1973 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 939 ◽  
Author(s):  
SC Valentine ◽  
DC Brown
Keyword(s):  
Formic Acid ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Similar Degree ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Wool Production ◽  
Wool Growth ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Ad Libitum Intake

Formaldehyde-treated silage, formic acid-treated silage, formaldehyde-formic acid-treated silage, untreated silage, and lucerne hay were made from a lucerne sward and offered to Merino wethers. The formaldehyde was applied at a rate of 0.9 % of the weight of the dry matter and formic acid at 0.5 % of the fresh weight of the lucerne. Formaldehyde-treated silage and formaldehyde-formic acid-treated silage had significantly lower concentrations of ammonia nitrogen and total and individual organic acids than untreated silage. Formic acid-treated silage had a similar degree of fermentation to untreated silage, but more acetic acid and less lactic acid were produced than in untreated silage. However, when formic acid was applied in combination with formaldehyde, the ensiling fermentation was inhibited more than when formaldehyde was applied alone. There was some apparent protection of protein by the formaldehyde treatment. Treatment with formic acid significantly increased the in vivo digestibility of both nitrogen and dry matter, but did not increase ad libitum intake or wool growth by sheep offered this silage. Compared to untreated silage, treatment with formaldehyde significantly reduced the in vivo digestibility of nitrogen, produced a non-significant increase in intake, and significantly increased wool growth. The treatment of lucerne with both formaldehyde and formic acid significantly increased in vivo digestibility of dry matter, ad libitum intake, and wool growth compared with untreated silage. The treatment of lucerne with a mixture of formaldehyde (0.9% of the dry matter) and formic acid (0.5% of the fresh weight) was a suitable method of controlling the ensiling fermentation in order to increase the ad libitum intake of lucerne silage by sheep and their subsequent wool production. However, the intake and wool production of sheep offered such silage was still significantly less than that of sheep offered lucerne hay.

Post-natal growth and development of Simmental calves derived from in vivo or in vitro embryos

1998 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 459 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. G. McEvoy ◽  
K. D. Sinclair ◽  
P. J. Broadbent ◽  
K. L. Goodhand ◽  
J. J. Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
The Other ◽  
Heart Weight ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Developmental Effects ◽  
Frozen Embryos ◽  
Liver And Kidney ◽  
Ad Libitum

Large fetuses arising from embryos produced in vitro have been shown to exhibit altered organ development in utero, but it is not known whether this persists post natally. Post-natal growth and development was examined in 18 Simmental bulls derived from in vivo frozen–thawed (n = 6), in vitro frozen– thawed (n = 6) or in vitro fresh (n = 6) embryos and reared together post weaning on an ad libitum diet until slaughter at approximately 13 months old. Calves weighing less than 60 kg at birth (n = 11) were classified as normal, and heavier calves (n = 7; all from in vitro embryos) as oversize. Lifetime growth rates and slaughter weights apparently were unaffected by embryo source or birthweight. Mean (± s.e.m.) post mortem liver and kidney weights were unaffected by embryo source, but hearts of bulls from in vitro frozen embryos were heavier than those of bulls from in vivo frozen embryos (2.7 ± 0.04 v. 2.3 ± 0.07 kg, P<0.025). Heart weight per kilogram body weight at slaughter for the 7 perinatally oversize males (4.01 ± 0.08 g) exceeded that of the other 5 bulls from in vitro embryos (3.60 ± 0.10 g kg −1 ; P<0.04) and the 6 in vivo males (3.56 ± 0.12 g kg −1 ; P<0.02). Overall, one-third of the variation in heart weight at slaughter (r 2 = 0.35; P = 0.01) was due to variation in birthweight. This is the first study to demonstrate birthweight-related developmental effects on post-natal organ weight following the transfer of embryos produced in vitro.

Prediction of in vivo dry matter, organic matter, and energy digestibilities of silage in in vitro digestion techniques

1971 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 787 ◽  
Author(s):  
GD Brown ◽  
JC Radcliffe
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Volatile Compounds ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
In Vitro Digestion ◽  
Digestion Time ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Ad Libitum Intake

Twenty experimental silages were made from seven pasture species at different stages of maturity. In vivo dry matter, organic matter, and energy digestibilities of the silages were determined at restricted and ad libitum intake levels on standardized pairs of Merino wethers. In vitro dry matter digestibility determinations were made on ground frozen silage and ground oven-dried silage with and without a correction for the loss of volatile compounds during drying. Corrected in vitro dry matter digestibilities of ground oven-dried silage for a 48 hr rumen liquor digestion time gave the most accurate prediction of in vivo dry matter (r = 0.88), organic matter (r = 0.86), and energy (r = 0.74) digestibilities for restricted intake levels. In vitro digestibilities of ground frozen silage more accurately predicted in vivo digestibilities than did in vitro digestibilities of ground oven-dried silage without the correction for volatile losses. In vivo dry matter and organic matter digestibilities were highly correlated (v = 0.97), but both were poorly correlated with in vivo energy digestibilities. In vitro digestion of ground oven-dried silage with a correction for the volatile compounds lost during drying is recommended as a suitable routine determination for predicting the in vivo digestibility of silage.

scholarly journals 160 Can growth performance, digesta characteristics, and oxidative status of swine fed diets high in insoluble fiber be improved? An investigation into the mode of action of xylanase

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 89-90
Author(s):  
Amy L Petry ◽  
Nichole F Huntley ◽  
Mike R Bedford ◽  
John F Patience
Keyword(s):  
Mode Of Action ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Analysis Data ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Total Antioxidant ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Ad Libitum Intake ◽  
Insoluble Fiber

Abstract Xylanase may improve the utilization of insoluble fiber by the pig, but its mode of action (MOA) is incompletely understood. The experimental objective was to investigate xylanase MOA in vivo in growing pigs fed a diet higher in insoluble fiber. Sixty gilts (n = 15 pigs/treatment; 25.43 ± 0.88 kg BW; L337 X Camborough, PIC, Hendersonville, TN) were blocked by weight, housed individually, and randomly assigned to one of four dietary treatments: a low-fiber control (LF; NDF=8.45%), a 30% corn bran higher-fiber control (HF; NDF=24.5%), HF + 100 mg xylanase/kg (HF+XY; Econase XT 25P; AB Vista, Marlborough, UK), and HF + 50 mg arabinoxylan-oligosaccharide/kg (HF+AX; 3–7 degrees of polymerization). Gilts were fed ad libitum for 36 d, followed by a 10-d period of being limit fed (80% of average ad libitum intake) and housed in metabolism crates for use in a related study. Pigs and feeders were weighed on d 0 and 36. On d 46, pigs were necropsied and ileal, cecal, and colonic digesta pH were measured; serum was collected for malondialdehyde (MDA) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) analysis. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED (SAS; 9.4) as a randomized complete block design with pig as the experimental unit, block and replicate as random effects, and treatment as a fixed effect. Insoluble fiber reduced ADG (858 vs. 698 g/d; LF vs. HF, P < 0.001) and GF (0.433 vs. 0.353; LF vs. HF, P < 0.001), but not ADFI (P > 0.05). Xylanase, but not arabinoxylan-oligosaccharide, when compared to HF, improved ADG (762 vs. 698 g/d; P < 0.05), GF (0.382 vs. 0.353; P < 0.05), and final BW (P < 0.05). Cecal and colonic pH did not differ (P > 0.05), but LF and HF+XY reduced ileal pH (P < 0.05). Xylanase supplementation increased serum TAC (P < 0.05), and tended to reduce MDA (P = 0.098). In conclusion, xylanase supplementation improved insoluble fiber utilization. The MOA could include mitigation of reactive oxygen species.

scholarly journals Studies on the response of cholesterol biogenesis in feeding in rats: evidence against the existence of diurnal rhythms

1976 ◽  
Vol 158 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Fears ◽  
B Morgan
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid Biosynthesis ◽  
Diurnal Rhythms ◽  
Cholesterol Feeding ◽  
Acid Biosynthesis ◽  
Accurate Representation ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Hepatic Cholesterogenesis ◽  
Stimulation Of

1. The biosynthesis of cholesterol was studied, by using various precursors, in rats subjected to several dietary regimes. 2. The use of 3H2O as a substrate to demonstrate differences in cholesterogenesis under various conditions was validated by using rats fed on cholesterol or cholestyramine. Cholesterol feeding resulted in decreased cholesterogenesis, whereas cholestyramine caused an increase. 3. With acetate as precursor, the biosynthesis of both digitonin-precipitable sterol and fatty acids was increased in vitro in response to a meal. 4. In rats fed ad libitum, hepatic cholesterogenesis was increased at midnight relative to mid-morning as measured by using acetate precursor in vitro. However, no such difference was found by using 3H2O in vivo. 5. The lipogenic response was measured in meal-fed rats by using 3H2O or octanoate in vivo. In contrast with findings with acetate in vitro, no postprandial stimulation of cholesterogenesis was seen with either 3H2O or octanoate as precursor, whereas fatty acid biosynthesis from either substrate was increased. 6. These findings are discussed with respect to current theories about the circadian rhythm of cholesterogenesis. Such theories are based on experiments using isolated enzyme measurements or non-physiological precursors such as acetate. 7. It is considered that results obtained with 3H2O give an accurate representation of cholesterogenesis under various conditions, and it is therefore suggested that hepatic cholesterogenesis in rats is not subjected to the same degree of diurnal rhythm as has previously been believed.

scholarly journals Cambios en la población de protozoarios ruminales por efecto de la inclusión de Canavalia ensiformis a la dieta de bovinos.

2001 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 166-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos A. Sandoval-Castro ◽  
Fernando Herrera y Gómez.
Keyword(s):  
Canavalia Ensiformis ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Modelo Lineal

Introducción. Canavalia ensiformis es una leguminosa que destaca por su contenido de nutrimentos. Sin embargo, posee numerosos compuestos tóxicos que pueden limitar su utilización. Se ha reportado efecto de estos compuestos in vitro sobre fauna ruminal, pero se desconoce su efecto tóxico in vivo. Objetivo. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue analizar los cambios en la población de protozoarios ruminales como respuesta al consumo de canavalia. Materiales y Métodos. Se emplearon cuatro bovinos con un peso de 264.5 Kg en un diseño doble conmutativo con arreglo factorial 2x2. Los animales fueron alimentados con pasto Taiwán ad libitum y canavalia o sorgo como suplemento (c. 27% de la dieta en base seca). Se colectó líquido ruminal después de tres semanas de adaptación a la dieta y se contaron las poblaciones de protozoarios ruminales. Los datos normalizados utilizando su log10 y fueron analizados mediante un modelo lineal general. Las medias fueron comparadas mediante la prueba de mínima diferencia significativa. Resultados. Se observó un incremento (p‹0.05) en los conteos de protozoarios flagelados en las dietas que contenían canavalia (106.345 vs 105.247), pero los holotricos y entodinomorfos disminuyeron (103.717 vs 104.364 y 104.407 vs 104.933 respectivamente p‹0.05). Las cuentas totales de protozoarios fueron mayores en dietas con canavalia si el total incluía flagelados (106.369 vs 105.575) y menores si los excluía (104.505 vs 105.093) (p‹0.05). Discusión. Los cambios en las diferentes poblaciones de protozoarios son una respuesta de adaptación al consumo de canavalia. Los diferentes grupos de protozoarios ruminales parecen tener diferente respuesta y/o capacidad de adaptación a los tóxicos de la canavalia.

Sensitivity of thyrotropin secretion to TSH-releasing hormone in food-restricted rats

1991 ◽  
Vol 124 (2) ◽  
pp. 194-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felipe Rodriguez ◽  
Mario Mellado ◽  
Eladio Montoya ◽  
Trinidad Jolin
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Binding Sites ◽  
Food Restriction ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Secretion Rate ◽  
Tsh Secretion ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Food Consumed

Abstract. The aim of the present study was to identify the mechanisms involved in the reduction of TSH secretion during prolonged food restriction. The basal TSH secretion rate, the TSH secreted in response to TRH, both in vivo and in vitro, and the TSH, nuclear T3, and plasma membrane TRH binding sites in the pituitary were determined in rats receiving 75% (FR75), 50% (FR50) and 25% (FR25) of the food consumed by the ad libitum fed rats (controls). The basal TSH secretion rate (μg·h−1g·(100 g)−1) in FR75, FR50 and FR25 groups were decreased by 19, 42 and 74% of control values, respectively, whereas the TSH secreted in response to TRH in vivo and in vitro was reduced by 21 and 13% in FR50, and 55 and 44% in FR25, respectively, of the corresponding control values. Food restriction increased the TRH binding sites from 229 in controls to 322, 479 and 521 (fmol/mg protein), in FR75, FR50 and FR25 groups, respectively, whereas the opposite was seen in nuclear T3(controls 862, FR75 841, FR50 342 FR25 233 fmol/mg DNA). Moreover, a decrease in the pituitary TSH concentration was observed in FR50 and FR25 rats. The data suggest that an alteration in the amount of TRH reaching the pituitary gland is probably the main responsible for the low plasma TSH values during food restriction. However, an inhibitory effect at the pituitary level cannot be ruled out.

Effect of sainfoin on in vitro digestion of fresh alfalfa and bloat in steers

1999 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. R. McMahon ◽  
W. Majak ◽  
T. A. McAllister ◽  
J. W. Hall ◽  
G. A. Jones ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polyethylene Glycol ◽  
Condensed Tannins ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
In Vitro Digestion ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Full Bloom ◽  
Onobrychis Viciifolia ◽  
Ad Libitum

The effects of sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia) on digestion of alfalfa (Medicago sativa) were investigated in vitro and in vivo. Fresh alfalfa and sainfoin were incubated in an artificial rumen (Rusitec) in ratios of 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75 and 0:100 (as-fed). Disappearances of dry matter and N from sainfoin were 77 and 65% of those from alfalfa, respectively. Protease and endoglucanase activities, NH3-N and methane production declined (P < 0.05) as sainfoin increased. Bacterial numbers and microbial outputs were unchanged (P > 0.05), but cells incorporated more 15NH3N as sainfoin in the diet increased. Chopped leaves (100:0, 95:5 and 90:10 alfalfa:sainfoin) were incubated for 48 h with diluted ruminal fluid containing 0 or 50 mg polyethylene glycol, which binds tannins. Gas and volatile fatty acid productions were similar (P > 0.05) across treatments, but including 10% sainfoin (without polyethylene glycol) reduced (P < 0.05) NH3 concentrations between 8 and 24 h. Sainfoin tannins reduced degradation of forage protein without affecting the digestibility of the nonprotein fraction. Alfalfa herbage was fed alone or with early- to full-bloom sainfoin herbage (at 10 or 20% of ad libitum alfalfa dry matter intake) or with sainfoin hay or pellets, to eight Jersey steers in crossover trials conducted over 4 yr. Including sainfoin in the diet reduced (P < 0.001) the incidence of bloat by 45 to 93% in 3 of 4 yr, irrespective of the form in which it was supplied. Co-feeding sainfoin can markedly reduce the incidence of bloat in ruminants consuming fresh alfalfa. Key words: Alfalfa, sainfoin, bloat, condensed tannins

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