scholarly journals Effects of some organic acids and salts on microbial fermentation in the digestive tract of piglets estimated using an in vitro gas production technique

2008 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 311 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. PARTANEN ◽  
T. JALAVA
Keyword(s):  
Organic Acids ◽  
Formic Acid ◽  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Sodium Benzoate ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Potassium Sorbate ◽  
Microbial Fermentation ◽  
Calcium Formate

An in vitro gas production technique was used to screen different organic acids (formic, propionic, lactic, citric, and fumaric acid), organic salts (calcium formate, potassium sorbate, and sodium benzoate), and inorganic phosphoric acid for their ability to modulate microbial fermentation in the digestive tract of piglets. For the incubation, 40 ml of culture medium (53% buffer, 45% frozen ileal digesta, and 2% fresh faeces) was dispensed in vessels containing 5 ml of buffer, 0.5 g of feed, and 20 ìl of liquid or 20 mg of solid acidifiers. Gas production was measured every 15 min during the 24 h incubation at 39°C, and a Gompertz bacterial growth model was applied to the gas production data. Formic acid was the only acid that reduced the maximum rate of gas production (ìm) compared to that in the control treatment (P < 0.05). The ìm was slower in vessels with formic acid than in those with calcium formate, citric acid, and potassium sorbate (P < 0.05) Calcium formate increased the ìm compared to the control treatment (P < 0.05). The maximum volume of gas produced and the lag time did not differ between different acidifiers (P > 0.05). When investigating formic-acid-based mixtures that contained 1–5% of potassium sorbate and/or sodium benzoate, the estimated parameters for the Gompertz growth model did not differ from those for treatments with plain formic acid (P > 0.05). However, concentrations of total volatile fatty acids, acetic acid, propionic acid, and n-butyric acid were reduced by all the mixtures (P < 0.05), but not by plain formic acid (P > 0.05). In conclusion, organic acids and salts were found to differ in their ability to modulate microbial fermentation in the digestive tract of piglets. Mixing formic acid with potassium sorbate or sodium benzoate changed fermentation patterns, and the possibility to use them to enhance the antimicrobial effect of formic acid should be investigated further in vivo.;

An organic acid blend can modulate swine intestinal fermentation and reduce microbial proteolysis

2002 ◽  
Vol 82 (4) ◽  
pp. 527-532 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Piva ◽  
G. Casadei ◽  
G. Biagi
Keyword(s):  
Organic Acids ◽  
Organic Acid ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Bacterial Fermentation ◽  
Fiber Diet ◽  
Beet Pulp

The increased use of slow-release organic acids in swine nutrition has prompted more research to assess their possible role in modulating the intestinal microflora as an alternative to antibiotics. Three diets for growing pigs containing 0 (L-NDF), 100 (M-NDF), and 200 g kg-1 (H-NDF) dried sugar beet pulp (SBP) were pre-digested to simulate ileal digestion, and used as substrate in an in vitro cecal fermentation study. The inoculum was collected from pigs immediately after slaughter. Diets tested were L-NDF, M-NDF, and H-NDF with or without the addition of an organic acid blend providing phosphoric, citric, fumaric, and malic acid at 1.53, 0.78, 2.59, and 1.12 mmol L-1, respectively. Cecal microbial growth was monitored using the cumulative gas production technique. Fermentation fluid was analyzed for ammonia and volatile fatty acids concentrations. The maximum rate of gas production was higher when H-NDF rather than L-NDF or M-NDF (+ 18%; P < 0.05) was fed; such a high rate of growth (+ 14%; P < 0.05) was also achieved when the acid blend was added to L-NDF. After 24 h, the acid blend reduced ammonia, isoacids, and acetic acid concentrations in fermentation fluid regardless of the type of diet (P < 0.05). Organic acids stimulated bacterial fermentation when added to a low-fiber diet and were able to reduce ammonia in all diets tested. Key words: Swine, cecum, fiber, organic acids, ammonia, volatile fatty acid

The effect of micronization of full-fat canola seed on digestion in the rumen and total tract of dairy cows

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 431-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Wang ◽  
T. A. McAllister ◽  
D. R. Zobell ◽  
M. D. Pickard ◽  
L. M. Rode ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Canola Seed ◽  
In Vitro Gas Production ◽  
Internal Structures ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
Ruminal Protein Degradability ◽  
Protein Degradability

The effect of micronization of full-fat canola seed on dry matter disappearance (DMD) and total nitrogen disappearance (TND) in the rumen and intestine were investigated. Full-fat canola seed was left untreated (C) or micronized for 1.5 min (M), and left whole (CW, MW) or ground to pass through a 1.25-mm sieve (CG, MG). In vitro gas production from CW and MW were determined at 0, 1, 2, 3, 8, 12, 20, 24, 32, 48, 52, 68 and 72 h. For subsequent studies, CW was hand-cracked (CH) for comparison against MW. In situ DMD and TND from CH, MW, CG and MG were determined after 0, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, 48 and 96 h of ruminal incubation. The mobile nylon bag technique was used to estimate intestinal digestion (DM and N disappearance) of samples incubated in the rumen for 16 h and in acid-pepsin for 1 h. Scanning electron microscopy revealed the pattern and extent of seed coat rupture from hand-cracking and from micronization to be similar, but micronization-mediated changes to the internal structures were evident in ground samples. Micronization increased (P < 0.05) in vitro gas production from whole canola seed (CW vs. MW), but relative to CH, DMD and TND from MW were lower (P < 0.001) in situ and in the whole digestive tract (P < 0.001). Estimated intestinal DMD and TND did not differ (P > 0.05) between CH and MW. Ruminal DMD and TND from ground seed were reduced (P < 0.05) by micronization (CG vs. MG) in the rumen, but intestinal DMD and TND were increased (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively), thus in the whole digestive tract, these values did not differ (P > 0.05) between treatments. Micronization reduced potential ruminal protein degradability (P < 0.05) and effective ruminal protein degradability (P < 0.01) of full-fat canola, and in combination with grinding, increased the proportion of protein digestion in the intestine. Key words: Micronization, full-fat canola seed, digestibility, rumen, dairy cow, in situ

Evaluation of different salts for the control of lettuce varnish spot: when phytotoxicity rules

2018 ◽  
Vol 98 (3) ◽  
pp. 753-761 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maxime Delisle-Houde ◽  
Vicky Toussaint ◽  
Hicham Affia ◽  
Russell J. Tweddell
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Sodium Carbonate ◽  
Sodium Benzoate ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
In Vitro Assays ◽  
Potassium Sorbate ◽  
Sodium Metabisulfite ◽  
Pseudomonas Cichorii ◽  
Foliar Symptoms

Five generally recognised as safe (GRAS) salts with antimicrobial activity were investigated for their potential use as bactericides for the control of lettuce varnish spot [Pseudomonas cichorii (Swingle) Stapp]. The phytotoxicity of salts was first assessed using greenhouse and in vitro assays. Greenhouse assays revealed that salts showed different levels of phytotoxicity. Potassium sorbate, sodium benzoate, and sodium carbonate at higher concentrations caused a noticeable decrease of growth along with foliar phytotoxicity symptoms while sodium metabisulfite and sodium bicarbonate caused exclusively foliar symptoms. Based on the phytotoxic doses 5% determined in vitro, salts can be ranked in ascending order of phytotoxicity as follows: sodium bicarbonate, potassium sorbate, sodium carbonate, sodium benzoate, and sodium metabisulfite. When applied at concentrations causing mild to moderate foliar symptoms of phytotoxicity and no noticeable effect on growth, salts did not significantly affect (p ≤ 0.01) survival of P. cichorii on lettuce leaf tissue and did not significantly reduce (p ≤ 0.01) varnish spot severity. Although sodium metabisulfite was applied at concentrations higher than the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration, it did not affect P. cichorii survival on leaf tissue.

scholarly journals In vitro Methane Mitigation Potential of Foliage of Fodder Trees Mixed at Two Levels with a Tropical Grass

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Stephanie Valencia Salazar ◽  
Guillermo Jiménez-Ferrer ◽  
Isabel Cristina Molina-Botero ◽  
Juan Carlos Ku-Vera ◽  
Ngonidzashe Chirinda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Tropical Tree ◽  
Pennisetum Purpureum ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Co2 Production ◽  
Mitigation Potential ◽  
Tropical Tree Species ◽  
Tropical Grass

Enteric methane (CH4) emitted by ruminant species is known as one of the main greenhouse gases produced by the agricultural sector. The objective of this study was to evaluate the chemical composition, in vitro gas production, dry matter degradation (DMD), digestibility, CO2 production and CH4 mitigation potential of five tropical tree species with novel forage potential including: Spondias mombin, Acacia pennatula, Parmentiera aculeata, Brosimum alicastrum and Bursera simaruba mixed at two levels of inclusion (15 and 30%) with a tropical grass (Pennisetum purpureum). Crude protein content was similar across treatments (135 g kg-1 DM), while P. purpureum was characterized by a high content of acid detergent fiber (335.9 g kg-1 DM) and B. simaruba by a high concentration of condensed tannins (20 g kg-1 DM). Likewise, A. pennatula and P. aculeata were characterized by a high content of cyanogenic glycosides and alkaloids respectively. Treatments SM30-PP70 (30% S. mombin + 70% P. purpureum) and BA30-PP70 (30% B. alicastrum + 70% P. purpureum) resulted in superior digestibility than P. purpureum, while in the AP30-PP70 (30% A. pennatula + 70% P. purpureum) was lower than the control treatment (P&le;0.05). At 24 and 48 h, treatments that contained P. aculeata and B. alicastrum produced higher CH4 ml g-1 DOM than P. purpureum (P&le;0.05). The inclusion of B. simaruba at 30% reduced CH4 at 25% compared to P. purpureum. Tropical tree species can improve the nutritional quality of ruminant rations and reduce CH4 emissions to consequently contribute to the development of sustainable ruminant production systems that generate diverse ecosystem services.

scholarly journals Roughage to Concentrate Ratio and Saccharomyces cerevisiae Inclusion Could Modulate Feed Digestion and In Vitro Ruminal Fermentation

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 151
Author(s):  
Kampanat Phesatcha ◽  
Burarat Phesatcha ◽  
Metha Wanapat ◽  
Anusorn Cherdthong
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
High Ratio ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Ch4 Production ◽  
Feed Digestibility ◽  
Live Yeast

The objective of this research was to investigate the effect of the roughage-to-concentrate (R:C) ratio and the addition of live yeast (LY) on ruminal fermentation characteristics and methane (CH4) production. The experimental design was randomly allocated according to a completely randomized design in a 4 × 4 factorial arrangement. The first factor was four rations of R:C at 80:20, 60:40, 40:60, and 20:80, and the second factor was an additional four doses of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (live yeast; LY) at 0, 2.0 × 106, 4.0 × 106, and 6.0 × 106 colony-forming unit (cfu), respectively. For the in vitro method, during the incubation, the gas production was noted at 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 18, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h. The rumen solution mixture was collected at 0, 4, 8, 12, and 24 h of incubating after inoculation. Cumulative gas production at 96 h was highest in the R:C ratio, at 20:80, while the addition of LY improves the kinetics and accumulation of gas (p > 0.05). Maximum in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) and in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) at 24 h after incubation were achieved at the R:C ratio 20:80 and the addition of LY at 6 × 106 cfu, which were greater than the control by 13.7% and 12.4%, respectively. Ruminal pH at 8 h after incubation decreased with an increased proportion of concentrates in the diet, whereas it was lowest when the R:C ratio was at 20:80. Increasing the proportion of a concentrate diet increased total volatile fatty acid (TVFA) and propionic acid (C3), whereas the acetic acid (C2) and C2-to-C3 ratios decreased (p < 0.05). TVFA and C3 increased with the addition of LY at 6 × 106 cfu, which was greater than the control by 11.5% and 17.2%, respectively. No interaction effect was observed between the R:C ratio and LY on the CH4 concentration. The calculated ruminal CH4 production decreased with the increasing proportion of concentrates in the diet, particularly the R:C ratio at 20:80. The CH4 production for LY addition at 6 × 106 cfu was lower than the control treatment by 17.2%. Moreover, the greatest populations of bacteria, protozoa, and fungi at 8 h after incubation were found with the addition of LY at 6 × 106 cfu, which were higher than the control by 19.0%, 20.7%, and 40.4%, respectively. In conclusion, a high ratio of roughage and the concentrate and addition of LY at 6.0 × 106 cfu of the total dietary substrate could improve rumen fermentation, improve feed digestibility, and reduce the CH4 production.

Effect of frequency of ovine ruminal sampling on microbial activity and substrate fermentation

1999 ◽  
Vol 1999 ◽  
pp. 154-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Nagadi ◽  
M. Herrero ◽  
N.S Jessop
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Activity ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Production Data ◽  
Microbial Fermentation ◽  
Production Technique ◽  
Reliable Measure ◽  
Fermentation System ◽  
Uncontrolled Variation

Food eaten by a ruminant firstly undergoes microbial fermentation within the rumen. Nutritionally important characteristics of the food are the rate and extent of fermentation of its carbohydrate fraction, which can both be estimated using the in vitro gas production technique. The single greatest source of uncontrolled variation in any in vitro rumen fermentation system is the rumen fluid; curves produced from gas production data were influenced significantly by the variation in microbial activity between days (Menke and Steingass, 1988; Beuvink et al, 1992). A more reliable measure of rumen fluid activity is needed. The objective of this study was to determine whether the frequency of sampling of rumen fluid affected the microbial activity and subsequent fermentation.

scholarly journals Effects of Different Laying Hen Species on Odour Emissions

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 2172
Author(s):  
Dongdong Lu ◽  
Jiandui Mi ◽  
Yinbao Wu ◽  
Juanboo Liang ◽  
Xindi Liao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Organic Materials ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Laying Hen ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Production Performance ◽  
The Other ◽  
Microbial Fermentation ◽  
Gene Number

Odour is one of the main environmental concerns in the laying hen industry and may also influence animal health and production performance. Previous studies showed that odours from the laying hen body are primarily produced from the microbial fermentation (breakdown) of organic materials in the caecum, and different laying hen species may have different odour production potentials. This study was conducted to evaluate the emissions of two primary odorous gases, ammonia (NH3) and hydrogen sulphide (H2S), from six different laying hen species (Hyline, Lohmann, Nongda, Jingfen, Xinghua and Zhusi). An in vitro fermentation technique was adopted in this study, which has been reported to be an appropriate method for simulating gas production from the microbial fermentation of organic materials in the caecum. The results of this study show that Jingfen produced the greatest volume of gas after 12 h of fermentation (p < 0.05). Hyline had the highest, while Lohmann had the lowest, total NH3 emissions (p < 0.05). The total H2S emissions of Zhusi and Hyline were higher than those of Lohmann, Jingfen and Xinghua (p < 0.05), while Xinghua exhibited the lowest total H2S emissions (p < 0.05). Of the six laying hen species, Xinghua was identified as the best species because it produced the lowest total amount of NH3 + H2S (39.94 µg). The results for the biochemical indicators showed that the concentration of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) from Zhusi was higher than that for the other five species, while the pH in Zhusi was lower (p < 0.01), and the concentrations of ammonium nitrogen (NH4+), uric acid and urea in Xinghua were lower than those in the other species (p < 0.01). Hyline had the highest change in SO42− concentration during the fermentation processes (p < 0.05). In addition, the results of the correlation analysis suggested that NH3 emission is positively related to urease activities but is not significantly related to the ureC gene number. Furthermore, H2S emission was observed to be significantly related to the reduction of SO42− but showed no connection with the aprA gene number. Overall, our findings provide a reference for future feeding programmes attempting to reduce odour pollution in the laying hen industry.

EFECTO DE DIFERENTES MATERIALES VEGETALES DE TITHONIA DIVERSIFOLIA (HEMSL.) GRAY EN LA POBLACIÓN DE METANÓGENOS Y PROTOZOOS DEL RUMEN

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 01-10
Author(s):  
Juana Luz Galindo Blanco ◽  
Oreste La O León ◽  
Tomas Ruiz Vázquez ◽  
Alfredo González Vásquez ◽  
Washington Narvaez Campana
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Tithonia Diversifolia ◽  
Plant Materials ◽  
In Vitro Technique ◽  
Cynodon Nlemfuensis

Tithonia diversifolia es una planta con alto potencial para la alimentación  animal. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar el efecto de diferentes materiales vegetales (mv) en la población de metanógenos y protozoos del rumen,  se empleó la técnica in vitro de producción de gases. Los tratamientos consistieron en los siguientes materiales vegetales de T. diversifolia: mv-3, mv-5, mv- 6, mv-10, mv- 13, mv-17, mv-23, mv-24 y mv-25. Éstos se compararon con un tratamiento control de pasto estrella (Cynodon nlemfuensis). Los muestreos se realizaron a las 3 horas posteriores a la incubación y se replicó 4 veces.  El diseño experimental fue completamente aleatorizado. Los valores de proteína cruda (PC)  oscilaron desde18, 26 en el mv- 3 hasta 26,40 para el caso del mv- 26. Las poblaciones de metanógenos fueron 27,7; 23,5; 21,3; 16,2; 20,0; 19,4; 12,4; 22,5 y 20,2. 1010 UFC/mL para pasto estrella y los mv de T. diversifolia 3, 5, 6, 10, 13, 17, 23, 24 y 25, respectivamente. Las poblaciones de protozoos en el tratamiento control fueron de 48. 105células/mLy 14; 11; 10; 7; 10; 9; 4; 10 y 9, para los mv -3, mv-5, mv-6, mv-10, mv-13, mv-17, mv-23, mv-24 y mv-25, respectivamente. Se destacan como los más promisorios para reducir los metanógenos y protozoos del rumen, los mv- 23 y mv -10. Se concluye que los materiales vegetales de T. diversifolia ejercen efecto depresivo en las poblaciones de metanógenos y protozoos y se  destacan los mv -23 y mv-10 como los más promisorios para estos propósitosPalabras clave: rumen, metanogénesis, titonia ABSTRACTTithonia diversifolia is a plant with high potential for animal feed. The objective of the present work was to evaluate the effect of different plant materials (vm) in the population of methanogens and rumen protozoa, the in vitro technique of gas production was used. The treatments consisted of the following plant materials of T. diversifolia: mv-3, mv-5, mv-6, mv-10, mv-13, mv-17, mv-23, mv-24 and mv-25. These were compared with a control treatment of star grass (Cynodon nlemfuensis). Samples were taken at 3 hours after incubation and replicated 4 times. The experimental design was completely randomized. Crude protein (CP) values ranged from 18.26 in mv-3 to 26.40 in the case of mv-26. The methanogen populations were 27.7; 23.5; 21.3; 16.2; 20.0; 19.4; 12.4; 22.5 and 20.2. 1010 CFU / mL for star grass and the mv of T. diversifolia 3, 5, 6, 10, 13, 17, 23, 24 and 25, respectively. The protozoa populations in the control treatment were 48. 105 cells / mL and 14; 11; 10; 7; 10; 9; 4; 10 and 9, for mv -3, mv-5, mv-6, mv-10, mv-13, mv-17, mv-23, mv-24 and mv-25, respectively. They stand out as the most promising to reduce the methanogens and protozoa of the rumen, the mv-23 and mv -10. It is concluded that the plant materials of T. diversifolia exert a depressive effect on the populations of methanogens and protozoa and the mv -23 and mv-10 stand out as the most promising for these purposes.Keywords: rumen, methanogenesis, titonia

scholarly journals The nutritive value of five pasture species occurring in the summer grazing ranges of the Pyrenees

2003 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 461-469 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Marinas ◽  
R. García-González ◽  
M. Fondevila
Keyword(s):  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Sampling Period ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Microbial Fermentation ◽  
N Content ◽  
Nardus Stricta

AbstractFive species of alpine pasture plants from the Pyrenees representing 3 botanical groups: grasses (Festuca eskia, Nardus stricta), forbs (Anthyllis vulneraria, Galium verum) and shrubs (Echinospartum horridum), were collected monthly from June to September and analysed for nitrogen (N) content, cell wall composition, in vitro enzymatic digestibility (DMDe) and volume of gas produced by microbial fermentation. Among the dicotyledenous varieties, A. vulneraria and G. verum showed the highest nutritive value whilst that of E. horridum was low due to high lignin content. Grasses showed moderate nutritive values in June rapidly decreasing thereafter. Nitrogen content and organic matter digestibility (OMDg) of A. vulneraria remained relatively constant through the sampling period whereas it abruptly decreased for remaining species from July. Gas production significantly differed among species during the first 48 h of microbial fermentation but not at later stages of fermentation. Collection date did not affect gas production before 24 h of incubation but significant differences were found thereafter with samples from June and July being more degraded than from August and September. Principal component analysis associated OMDg positively with N content and gas production and negatively with fibre content. Lignin proportion did not significantly correlate with gas production or with OMDg, suggesting that the degree of lignification is not the only factor affecting microbial fermentation but other factors such as lignin tissue locations may be involved. A. vulneraria has been revealed as very good forage with a high potential in extensive animal production systems. Both OMDg and DMDe methods seem more accurate than chemical analyses for evaluating forages at different stages of maturity.

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