Redistributive Policy and Endogenous TFP Disparity Across Countries with a Special Focus on the Us, Japan and Australia

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Debasis Bandyopadhyay ◽  
Ian Paul King ◽  
Xueli Tang
2019 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 581-605 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine A. Moos

This paper estimates the net social wage—the difference between labor benefits and labor taxation—from 1959 to 2012 in the United States using two different methodologies. During this period the average NSW1/GDP and NSW2/GDP ratio are 1.3 and −3.8 percent, respectively. This paper finds a deviation in the net social wage data starting in 2002, suggesting greater redistribution to US workers in the early twenty-first century than in the twentieth century. This paper argues that the increase in the US net social wage in the early twenty-first century is being caused by a combination of cyclical, structural, and secular factors. US redistributive policy should be understood as stabilizing and subsidizing the social reproduction of labor. JEL Classification: H5, E62, B5


2019 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-38
Author(s):  
Róbert G. Zimányi ◽  
Gábor Géczi

AbstractThe tennis Grand Slam tournaments play a key role among the major sport events. Sport has also got a social interest to strive for justice. Is the main draw always fair? Is the competition format system right? Overall: can we achieve a just final result? When answering these questions, we need to focus on the telos of the sport event. Present study shows the relating theories of justice and examines them in connection with the US Open: from the evolutionist conception, through Aristotle’s excellence-based justice theory, to egalitarianism, meritocracy, equity and it also analyses some issues around positive discrimination. The study examines the justice theories of the US Open 2017 Men’s Singles Tournament’s with special focus on the draw, the competition format system and the final result. An important point: we can only talk about justice if it is consistent with the telos of the event – this is an exclusion criterion. In addition to the systematic processing of justice theories, the research is based on the International Tennis Federation’s (ITF) official documents and on the case study: the official competition regulation and final result of the US Open 2017 Tournament. As an outcome of the research, we can conclude that several theories of justice appear in accordance with the telos of the US Open 2017 Tournament. Each element, namely the draw, the competition format system and the final result can be fair, however, they all depend on the applied theory of justice. Which theories should be applied in certain cases and why? The research also confirms that certain theories of justice do not match the telos of the US Open Grand Slam Tournament. These theories cannot be applied in certain cases. For future search areas we can examine other justice theories, or other related tennis event’s justice.


2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 91-108
Author(s):  
Ivana Ljubičić

The subject of this paper are innovations, which play a crucial role in the development of entrepreneurship in the modern world. Sometimes it is enough for a company to make some important or even incremental innovation and to gain a market and competitive advantage. But sometimes, as in the case of the Finnish mobile phone manufacturer - Nokia, it is enough not to respond quickly enough before the emergence of a disruptive innovation and to lose 92% of the market as a result. Companies that have an environmental change rate faster than the rate of change of the company itself, i.e., those that implement innovations more slowly than the environment changes, are first doomed to lag behind others, and then also to become marginalized and eventually to disappear and be completely shut down. The importance of this paper is the innovation factor which remains paramount to the advancement of entrepreneurship, and whether it will be executed and driven in one way or another, by a government incentive or by the booming private sector, is irrelevant after all. China does this by direct government investment in innovation and innovative technologies, while in the US and to a lesser extent in Israel, it is happening in the free market. The countries of Scandinavia, Switzerland, Japan, South Korea and Singapore, as well as the "start-up nation", Israel, have a direct proportion of their GDP per capita and innovation index. This all tells us how important it is to support innovation. The induction, deduction, analysis, synthesis and, above all, desk research methods have been used for producing this paper.


2021 ◽  
Vol 102 (2) ◽  
pp. 17-27
Author(s):  
Ivan Timofeev ◽  
◽  

For a long time, the US has been a global leader in terms of use of unilateral sanctions. However, the EU is getting increasingly active as sanctions’ initiator. Currently, the EU runs at least 26 regimes of sanctions to address relations with foreign states or tackle functional problems like human rights, nonproliferation, cyber security or counterterrorism. Russia is one of the targets. The EU sanctions policy raises a number of research questions. How active is the EU policy in comparison with other initiators? What are the peculiarities of the EU institutional process of sanctions implementation? What are the key targets and what is the distribution of EU decisions and actions among those targets? To address these questions the article provides analysis of Sanctions Events Database (SED), designed by Russian International Affairs Council. The research implies empirical analysis of EU sanctions policy everyday events in 2020. It also covers sanctions and enforcement actions of separate EU members as well as alignment with the EU sanctions of the third countries. The article attempts to fill in the gap in the literature between quantitative analysis of multiple sanctions cases on the one hand and in-depth analysis of particular cases on the other. It makes a special focus on EU sanctions related to Russia.


Author(s):  
D. Rasshyvalov ◽  
M. Rushkovskyi

This article analyzes the preconditions and genesis of the concept of risk appetite from the first works on rational decision problem in the conditions of risk and uncertainty, researched by John von Neumann and Oscar Morgenstern in the mid of 20th century within the description of the utility function, to the modern use of Risk Appetite Statement as an innovative risk management tool of the multinational enterprises (MNE). A special focus is placed on the practical use and benefits of the Risk Appetite Statement within the process of internationalization and MNE development of the both financial and non-financial sectors of economy of the US, European Union and Ukraine. The paper argues that the Risk Appetite Statement tool not only sets limits on risks, but also provides other important advantages for MNE in forming a business development strategy and implementing key projects. Practical application of the Risk Appetite Statement in the largest state-owned enterprise of Ukraine NJSC "Naftogaz of Ukraine" is considered in detail.


Author(s):  
Martin von Hoyningen-Huene ◽  
Walter Wedig ◽  
Julie Jeanpert ◽  
André Edel

In this study, the status quo of university engineering education in the US, Germany, and France is presented. The different ways of training mechanical and aeronautical engineers are compared. Based on this, the strengths and weaknesses of their “products”, the outcoming engineers at Bachelor’s and Master’s level, are analyzed in respect to the needs in industry. After a presentation of new tendencies and concepts in engineering education in the three countries under concern, the authors outline their vision of an engineer’s training. Some of these proposals are currently under realization in the Department of Mechanical Engineering of the University of Karlsruhe and at the Grande Ecole ENSAM in Paris that jointly have pursued this broad study.


AI Matters ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 3-4
Author(s):  
Iolanda Leite ◽  
Anuj Karpatne

Welcome to the last issue of this year's AI Matters Newsletter! We start with a report on upcoming SIGAI Events and Conference reports by Louise Dennis, our conference coordination officer. In our regular Education column, Todd Neller introduces the next AAAI/EAAI-2022 mentored undergraduate research challenge: AI-Assisted Game Design (AIAGD). We then bring you our regular Policy column, where Larry Medsker covers ongoing discussions on AI policy, this time with a special focus on Europe and the US. Finally, we close with two article contributions. The first article is by our former co-editor in chief Amy McGovern, about a newly established NSF-funded AI Institute for Research on Trustworthy AI in Weather, Climate, and Coastal Oceanography that she now directs. The second paper discusses the very timely topic of ways that AI can aid students in post-secondary education.


Pharmaceutics ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alina Uifălean ◽  
Maria Ilieş ◽  
Raul Nicoară ◽  
Lucia Rus ◽  
Simona Hegheş ◽  
...  

With the development of anti-human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) monoclonal antibodies, trastuzumab-based therapy has become the standard of care among patients with early or advanced HER2-positive breast cancer. However, real-world data have shown that up to a half of patients do not receive trastuzumab or any other HER2-targeted agent, mainly due to high treatments costs. The prospect of a more enlarged access to trastuzumab treatment lies in the use of biosimilars, as the European and the US patent of the reference products has or will soon expire. Biosimilars are biologics highly similar in terms of quality characteristics, biological activity, safety and efficacy to already approved biologics. The biosimilarity of any European Union (EU)-approved biosimilar is guaranteed based on the comprehensive comparability exercise which includes comparative analytical, non-clinical and clinical studies. In the matter of biosimilars’ interchangeability and substitution, the European Medicines Agency (EMA) and US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) have adopted different positions, triggering various discussions on the potential immunogenicity and efficacy in individual patients. As more biosimilars are gaining approval, the present review aims to offer concise information for oncologists and pharmacists about the production, approval, interchangeability, and substitution policies of biosimilars used in breast cancer therapy, with a special focus on trastuzumab.


2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 575-607 ◽  
Author(s):  
RODRIGO POLANCO LAZO ◽  
PIERRE SAUVÉ

AbstractThis article explores the concept of ‘regulatory convergence’ in the context of the evolving literature on legal convergence and divergence. Such a concept has emerged as an overarching horizontal discipline in the latest generation of preferential trade agreements and aims to reduce unnecessary regulatory incompatibilities between countries in order to facilitate cross-border trade and investment.Differing approaches to regulatory convergence found in recently concluded PTAs, or are currently under negotiation, are examined, with a special focus on the ‘regulatory cooperation’ approach embedded in CETA, the path of ‘regulatory improvement’ taken by members of the Pacific Alliance, and the ‘regulatory coherence’ track included in the TPP. We also refer to the TTIP negotiations conducted between the EU and the US.The article offers a broad understanding of the different ways in which regulatory convergence is implemented across PTAs, and the legal complexities resulting from the ambiguity of the concept. It further describes the scope and effects of the different mechanisms used to achieve regulatory convergence, on both substantive and procedural matters.


Author(s):  
Francisco Fiol Martínez ◽  
Jesús García Rocasolano

Throughout the world, IST Programs are usually required by the Regulatory Body that holds authority over the site. IST programs have several sources. Typically, these include IST Codes and Standards, Plant Technical Specifications, Final Safety Analysis Report and, should the plant have developed it, the Probability Risk Assessment. Rulemaking clarifications, modifications and requirements play a key role connecting all applicable documentation. In Spain, the Spanish Regulatory Body, CSN (Consejo de Seguridad Nuclear) requires all NPPs to develop and implement an IST Program according to the Codes and Standards of the country of design origin. As a result, all Spanish NPPs that have been designed in the US follow a 10CFR50.55a and ASME OM IST-based approach. In order to be able to operate, Spanish NPPs must have an official document called “MISI”, which stands for Manual of In-Service Inspection. The scope of this manual is wide: at the very least MISIs include in their scope ASME OM, ASME Section XI and Appendix J requirements. In this presentation, we explain how we intertwine NRC Regulations with our Regulatory Body’s Regulations, and applicable Codes and Standards specially focusing on ASME OM ISTA requirements. Paper published with permission.


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