How Aging Has Affected Total Consumption Expenditures in Finland?

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olli Tapani Ropponen
Keyword(s):  
Total Consumption ◽  
Consumption Expenditures

scholarly journals Consumption Inequality in Urban China

2020 ◽  
pp. 267-294
Author(s):  
Qingjie Xia ◽  
Shi Li ◽  
Lina Song
Keyword(s):  
Food Consumption ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Household Consumption ◽  
Urban China ◽  
Housing Consumption ◽  
Total Consumption ◽  
Consumption Expenditures ◽  
Material Resources ◽  
Food Share ◽  
Over Time

Compared to income or wealth, household consumption expenditures can reveal households’ real economic well-being derived from income and other material resources. This chapter uses the CHIP data from 1995, 2002, and 2013 to investigate the structure and inequality of consumption expenditures in urban China. Overall inequality in urban household consumption expenditures as measured by the Gini coefficient decreased slightly from 1995 to 2002 but then increased to 2013. The percentile ratio of p90/p10, however, increased continuously during these years. Basic food consumption inequality was much smaller than inequality of overall consumption, and as consumption grew over time, the food share of consumption fell steadily—from 34 percent in 1995 to 24 percent in 2013. Housing consumption inequality was much larger than overall consumption inequality but it decreased over time. Housing’s share of total consumption, however, rose markedly from 23 percent in 1995 to 38 percent in 2013.

BANK LENDING DURING THE COVID-19 CRISIS: EVIDENCE FROM SWITZERLAND

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (40) ◽  
pp. 55-64
Author(s):  
Yu. Strilchuk ◽  
K. Cherkashyna ◽  
I. Krasnova ◽  
S. Arzhevitin ◽  
T. Semenenko
Keyword(s):  
Financial Crisis ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Bank Lending ◽  
Mortgage Loan ◽  
Bank Loan ◽  
Management Tool ◽  
Total Consumption ◽  
Consumption Expenditures ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. This paper is devoted to the analysis of the influence of bank lending on the economy in Switzerland during COVID-19 pandemic. Analysis of the main economic indicators (GDP and its components, inflation, monetary supply) before and during corona-crisis proves that the impact of corona-crisis is stronger than that of the 2008—2009 financial crisis. A sharp decline of GDP, exports and imports is underlined. The components of GDP that were most stable over the last 12 years and did not decrease during the 2008—2009 financial crisis, namely «Households Consumption Expenditures» and «Total Consumption Expenditures», had a negative trend in 2020. It outlines the non-economic nature of the crisis. The pandemic period is characterized by growth of inflation and changes of the money supply structure, such as a reduction of deposits in transaction accounts by half. The most vulnerable economic entity was the population, whose solvency decreased significantly. It led to the consumption and transactions reduction. It is underlined that in such conditions bank lending can be used to boost consumption, consumer demand, stimulate economic growth. The authors’ analysis demonstrates that the amounts of credit lines and utilisation were higher in 2020 during ongoing pandemic compared to the previous year. Loans to individuals remain the most significant in banks credit portfolio, its share was 66 % at the end of 2020. At the same time corporate loans grow faster during the crisis, which indicates businesses have higher demand for credit and use it as a crisis management tool. Contrary to the existing opinion on the negative impact of bank lending on inflation, the article proves that the increase of bank lending as part of fiscal and monetary policy measures has a positive impact on economic recovery during and after the crisis. The analysed Swiss experience can be used in Ukrainian realities. Keywords: bank loan, mortgage loan, corporate loan, lending, Switzerland, COVID-19.  JEL Classification Е42, Е50, F29, G21 Formulas: 0; fig.: 7; tabl.: 2; bibl.: 17.

scholarly journals The Influence of Income on the Consumption Expenditures

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-18
Author(s):  
Elena Hošková ◽  
Martin Richter ◽  
Iveta Zentková
Keyword(s):  
Household Income ◽  
Durable Goods ◽  
Slovak Republic ◽  
Total Consumption ◽  
Household Expenditures ◽  
Consumption Expenditures ◽  
Income Change ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Income Elasticities ◽  
Data Source

AbstractThe contribution aims to identify the influence of income on Slovak household expenditures. Analyses are querying from the household income and expenditures data in the Slovak Republic during the period 2004–2018. The data source is the Statistical Office of The Slovak Republic. Descriptive statistics and regression analysis are used. The analysis of the goods and services expenditures reveals the major share of the expenditures is expended for the non-durable goods. The non-durable goods expenditures of the pensioners are 72% of their total consumption expenditures. Expenditures of employees, self-employees and other households for the non-durable goods present more than a half of their total expenditures. The share of services expenditures is also considerable. It is varying above 30% for all households kinds. The income influence on the household expenditures is analyzed using Engel’s expenditures functions which are used as the basis for the income elasticities of household expenditures. The analysis results are pointing to the fact that the less elastic on the income change is the reaction of the Slovak household expenditures on non-durable goods. A significant reaction on the income change is observed in household durable goods expenditures.

scholarly journals Analysis of the consumption of sports supplements in elite fencers according to sex and competitive level

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando Mata ◽  
Raúl Domínguez ◽  
Álvaro López-Samanes ◽  
Ángela Sánchez-Gómez ◽  
Pablo Jodra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin C ◽  
Whey Protein ◽  
Performance Improvement ◽  
Medical Doctors ◽  
Sports Performance ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Total Consumption ◽  
Main Motivation ◽  
Sports Supplements ◽  
Australian Institute

Abstract Background The aim of this study was to analyze the consumption of sports supplements (SS) in competitive level fencers and compare differences based on sex and competitive level (international and national). Methods A total of 49 fencers (18 men and 31 women) of national (n = 16) and international (n = 33) level completed a questionnaire with questions about SS consumption and the possible repercussions on health and / or sports performance. The results were analyzed based on the different categorizations established by the Australian Institute of Sport (AIS), as well as by sex and level of competence to which the participants belonged to. Results 46.9% of fencers have consumed SS with the main motivation being performance improvement (34.2%). Medical doctors were the individuals who were more likely to advise men to consume SS (50.0% vs 5.6%; OR = 3.29 [1.50–7.20]). Friends were most likely to advise women (38.9% vs 8.3%; OR = 1.75 [1.05–2.93]). The most consumed SS were sport drinks (44.9%), vitamin C (43.4%), sport bars (38.8%), and caffeine (28.6%). In regards to the SS categories, it was observed differences in the interaction level·sex in medical supplements (p = 0.017). In addition, there was a higher prevalence of whey protein consumption in women (25.8% vs 0%; p = 0.020) and iron consumption in men (33% vs 6.5%; p = 0.039). Conclusions The prevalence of SS use in fencers is within the values previously reported in athletes of the same competitive level. There were no differences by sex and competitive level in the total consumption of SS, nor in each of the groups of level of evidence, being sport drinks, bars and caffeine the most consumed SS.

scholarly journals National Antibiotic Consumption for Human Use in Sierra Leone (2017–2019): A Cross-Sectional Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 77
Author(s):  
Joseph Sam Kanu ◽  
Mohammed Khogali ◽  
Katrina Hann ◽  
Wenjing Tao ◽  
Shuwary Barlatt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sierra Leone ◽  
Antibiotic Consumption ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Defined Daily Dose ◽  
Oral Antibiotics ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Beta Lactam ◽  
Total Consumption ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Procaine Penicillin

Monitoring antibiotic consumption is crucial to tackling antimicrobial resistance. However, currently there is no system in Sierra Leone for recording and reporting on antibiotic consumption. We therefore conducted a cross-sectional study to assess national antibiotic consumption expressed as defined daily dose (DDD) per 1000 inhabitants per day using all registered and imported antibiotics (categorized under the subgroup J01 under the anatomical and therapeutic classification (ATC) system) as a proxy. Between 2017–2019, total cumulative consumption of antibiotics was 19 DDD per 1000 inhabitants per day. The vast majority consisted of oral antibiotics (98.4%), while parenteral antibiotics made up 1.6%. According to therapeutic/pharmacological subgroups (ATC level 3), beta-lactam/penicillins, quinolones, and other antibacterials (mainly oral metronidazole) comprised 65% of total consumption. According to WHO Access, Watch, and Reserve (AWaRe), 65% of antibiotics consumed were Access, 31% were Watch, and no Reserve antibiotics were reported. The top ten oral antibiotics represented 97% of total oral antibiotics consumed, with metronidazole (35%) and ciprofloxacin (15%) together constituting half of the total. Of parenteral antibiotics consumed, procaine penicillin (32%) and ceftriaxone (19%) together comprised half of the total. Policy recommendations at global and national levels have been made to improve monitoring of antibiotic consumption and antibiotic stewardship.

scholarly journals Cogeneration Supporting the Energy Transition in the Italian Ceramic Tile Industry

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 4006
Author(s):  
Lisa Branchini ◽  
Maria Chiara Bignozzi ◽  
Benedetta Ferrari ◽  
Barbara Mazzanti ◽  
Saverio Ottaviano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ceramic Tile ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Industrial Process ◽  
Energy Transition ◽  
Production Cycle ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Total Consumption ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Ceramic Tile Production

Ceramic tile production is an industrial process where energy efficiency management is crucial, given the high amount of energy (electrical and thermal) required by the production cycle. This study presents the preliminary results of a research project aimed at defining the benefits of using combined heat and power (CHP) systems in the ceramic sector. Data collected from ten CHP installations allowed us to outline the average characteristics of prime movers, and to quantify the contribution of CHP thermal energy supporting the dryer process. The electric size of the installed CHP units resulted in being between 3.4 MW and 4.9 MW, with an average value of 4 MW. Data revealed that when the goal is to maximize the generation of electricity for self-consumption, internal combustion engines are the preferred choice due to higher conversion efficiency. In contrast, gas turbines allowed us to minimize the consumption of natural gas input to the spray dryer. Indeed, the fraction of the dryer thermal demand (between 600–950 kcal/kgH2O), covered by CHP discharged heat, is strictly dependent on the type of prime mover installed: lower values, in the range of 30–45%, are characteristic of combustion engines, whereas the use of gas turbines can contribute up to 77% of the process’s total consumption.

scholarly journals Development of a novel method for the in-situ dechlorination of immovable iron elements: optimization of Cl− extraction yield through experimental design

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Veneranda ◽  
Nagore Prieto-Taboada ◽  
Jose Antonio Carrero ◽  
Ilaria Costantini ◽  
Aitor Larrañaga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Optimization Design ◽  
Degradation Process ◽  
Extraction Yield ◽  
Alkaline Solutions ◽  
Iron Core ◽  
Total Consumption ◽  
Iron Leaching ◽  
Novel Method

AbstractThe conservation of iron objects exposed to marine aerosol is threatened by the formation of akaganeite, a highly unstable Cl-bearing corrosion phase. As akaganeite formation is responsible of the exfoliation of the rust layer, chlorides trigger a cyclic alteration phenomenon that often ends with the total consumption of the iron core. To prevent this degradation process, movable iron elements (e.g. archaeometallurgical artefacts) are generally immersed in alkaline dechlorination baths. Aiming to transfer this successful method to the treatment of immovable iron objects, we propose the in-situ application of alkaline solutions through the use of highly absorbent wraps. As first step of this novel research line, the present work defines the best desalination solution to be used and optimizes its extraction yield. After literature review, a screening experimental design was performed to understand the single and synergic effects of common additives used for NaOH baths. Once the most effective variables were selected, an optimization design was carried out to determine the optimal conditions to be set during treatment. According to the experimental work here presented, the use of 0.7 M NaOH solutions applied at high temperatures (above 50 °C) is recommended. Indeed, these conditions enhance chloride extraction and iron leaching inhibition, while promoting corrosion stabilization.

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