Economic effects of clinical pharmacy interventions: A literature review

Abstract Background Clinical pharmacy interventions (CPI) usually require prior medical authorization. Physicians approve 80% of CPI and reject 20%. If pharmacists show that physicians should authorize all 100% CPI, the profession will step closer to a fully independent prescriber status. This study used an artificial neural network (ANN) model to determine whether clinical pharmacy (CP) may improve outcomes associated with rejected CPI. Method This is a non-interventional, retrospective analysis of documented CPI in a 100-bed, acute-care private hospital in Amman, Jordan. Study consisted of 542 patients, 574 admissions, and 1694 CPI. Team collected demographic and clinical data using a standardized tool. Input consisted of 54 variables with some taking merely repetitive values for each CPI in each patient whereas others varying with every CPI. Therefore, CPI was consolidated to one rejected and/or one accepted per patient per admission. Groups of accepted and rejected CPI were compared in terms of matched and unmatched variables. ANN were, subsequently, trained and internally as well as cross validated for outcomes of interest. Outcomes were length of hospital and intensive care stay after the index CPI (LOSTA & LOSICUA, respectively), readmissions, mortality, and cost of hospitalization. Best models were finally used to compare the two scenarios of approving 80% versus 100% of CPI. Variable impacts (VI) automatically generated by the ANN were compared to evaluate the effect of rejecting CPI. Main outcome measure was Lengths of hospital stay after the index CPI (LOSTA). Results ANN configurations converged within 18 s and 300 trials. All models showed a significant reduction in LOSTA with 100% versus 80% accepted CPI of about 0.4 days (2.6 ± 3.4, median (range) of 2 (0–28) versus 3.0 ± 3.8, 2 (0–30), P-value = 0.022). Average savings with acceptance of those rejected CPI was 55 JD (~ 78 US dollars) and could help hire about 1.3 extra clinical pharmacist full-time equivalents. Conclusions Maximizing acceptance of CPI reduced the length of hospital stay in this model. Practicing Clinical Pharmacists may qualify for further privileges including promotion to a fully independent prescriber status.

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Bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccine and bladder cancer incidence: Scoping literature review and preliminary analysis

Archivio Italiano di Urologia e Andrologia ◽

10.4081/aiua.2021.1.1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 93 (1) ◽

pp. 1-8

Author(s):

Sabrina Trigo ◽

Kaitlin Gonzalez ◽

Livio Di Matteo ◽

Asmaa Ismail ◽

Hazem Elmansy ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bladder Cancer ◽

Data Analysis ◽

Literature Review ◽

Cancer Incidence ◽

Preliminary Data ◽

Economic Effects ◽

Bacillus Calmette Guerin ◽

Bcg Vaccination ◽

Scoping Literature Review ◽

The Impact

Background: The Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine has long been used for the prevention of tuberculosis (TB) around the world. BCG is also used as an immunotherapy agent for the treatment of non-muscle invasive urinary bladder cancer. This scoping literature review and preliminary data analysis aims to summarize the literature correlating infantile BCG vaccination with the incidence of future bladder cancer. Methods: Studies were identified by a formal literature search of MEDLINE and Cochrane Central Registrar of Controlled Trials following PRISMA guidelines. Preliminary data analysis was conducted on publicly accessible data summarizing the impact of gender, BCG vaccination, and socio-economic effects on crude and age-standardized rates of bladder cancer. Results: As part of our analysis, preliminary regression models demonstrated BCG vaccination status, gender, and socio-economic status to have statistically significant effects on crude and age-standardized rates of bladder cancer incidence. BCG vaccination was associated with a 35-37% lower age-standardized rate of bladder cancer incidence. Conclusions: There is very little literature examining the relationship between prior BCG vaccination and rates of bladder cancer incidence. Our limited data analysis indicates that a relationship does exist between infantile BCG vaccination and later bladder cancer development, although extensive future investigation is needed in this area.

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Clinical pharmacy services and solid organ transplantation: a literature review

Pharmacy World & Science ◽

10.1007/s11096-009-9351-7 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 32 (1) ◽

pp. 7-18 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

G. Stemer ◽

R. Lemmens-Gruber

Keyword(s):

Literature Review ◽

Organ Transplantation ◽

Clinical Pharmacy ◽

Solid Organ Transplantation ◽

Solid Organ ◽

Pharmacy Services ◽

Clinical Pharmacy Services

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Clinical pharmacy interventions in paediatric electronic prescriptions

Archives of Disease in Childhood ◽

10.1136/archdischild-2012-302817 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 98 (3) ◽

pp. 222-227 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

B. Maat ◽

Y. S. Au ◽

C. W. Bollen ◽

A. J. van Vught ◽

T. C. G. Egberts ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Clinical Pharmacy ◽

Electronic Prescriptions ◽

Pharmacy Interventions

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A Review of Clinical Pharmacy Interventions Prior to Implementation of a Personal Digital Assistant Intervention Program in a Community Hospital

Hospital Pharmacy ◽

10.1177/001857870303801115 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 38 (11) ◽

pp. 1047-1051 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Amy Friedman Wilson ◽

Pamela A. Foral ◽

Kelly K. Nystrom ◽

Susan M. Heineman ◽

Kurt A. Wargo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Clinical Pharmacy ◽

Intervention Program ◽

Community Hospital ◽

Personal Digital Assistant ◽

Pharmacy Interventions

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COVID-19 Vaccination: What Do We Expect for the Future? A Systematic Literature Review of Social Science Publications in the First Year of the Pandemic (2020–2021)

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13158259 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (15) ◽

pp. 8259

Author(s):

Lorenzo Pratici ◽

Phillip McMinn Singer

Keyword(s):

Literature Review ◽

Social Science ◽

Systematic Literature Review ◽

Academic Research ◽

Well Being ◽

Legal Aspects ◽

Economic Effects ◽

First Year ◽

Single Issue ◽

The Future

The Covid-19 pandemic has had wide-reaching societal and economic effects and a return to “normal” will take years to accomplish. In light of this situation, the most important advancement since COVID-19′s emergence has been the development of multiple, life-saving, vaccines. Academic research on vaccine has been extensive. It is estimated that in only one year it has been produced more published and indexed papers on this single issue than in the last twenty years on any other single issue, thus, necessitating some organization. This research consists of a systematic literature review of the social science publication on COVID-19 published in the first year of the pandemic (February 2020 to March 2021). This review is important because it occurs at a time when vaccines have begun their global distribution and the best efforts to address the pandemic is through vaccination programs. In this research, 53 papers published in relevant journals are analyzed out of the almost 30,000 articles retrieved from Scopus database. The analysis conducted relies on two different types: descriptive analysis (evolution at the time of citations; evolution over time of keywords; bibliographical mapping of countries, the top 10 most influential papers), and bibliometric analysis for content evaluation. A cluster analysis was performed for the latter. Clustering the research papers, based on the actual content of papers, found there to be five research areas: (1) economic aspects; (2) ethics and legal aspects; (3) health communication; (4) policies and crisis management, and (5) political issues. Yet, this article’s results paint a picture of literature that has not yet considered the full scope of COVID-19’s effect on the economic, political, and population level health and well-being. Nor has it considered these effects across the global community, suggesting new potential areas of research and giving a perspective of what we should expect for the future.

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PENGEMBANGAN BAHAN AJAR PENDIDIKAN LINGKUNGAN BERBASIS KEARIFAN LOKAL

Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Lingkungan dan Pembangunan ◽

10.21009/plpb.192.03 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 19 (02) ◽

pp. 27-38

Author(s):

Romi Kurniadi

Keyword(s):

High School ◽

Environmental Management ◽

Literature Review ◽

River Flow ◽

Maintenance Phase ◽

Economic Effects ◽

Teaching Materials ◽

Additional Material ◽

Economic Problems ◽

Utilization Control

This study aims to identify the concept and economic effects of local wisdom in environmental management. The results of the assessment will be developed as teaching materials on economic subjects. The method used is through the literature review related to the form of environmental management of Sungai Rangau watershed through local wisdom. The results of this study indicate that local wisdom-based environmental management has been conducted by Rantau Kopar communities living along the Rangau River flow in the planning, utilization, control and maintenance phase. Environmental management based on local wisdom is considered more economical compared to environmental exploitation which raises higher environmental normalization cost. Suistinable environmental maintenance will become the solution of scarcity problem, therefore the results of this study are appropriate to be applied as additional material in economic learning in high school in Basic Competence 3.1.2 on Analyzing economic problems and how to overcome them.

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