scholarly journals Risk factors of the fungal urinary tract infections

2021 ◽  
pp. 178-184
Author(s):  
N. V. Sturov ◽  
S. V. Popov ◽  
I. Yu. Shmelkov

The role of fungi as causative agents of infections is growing. In in-patients, especially at intensive care units, fungal infections might cause serious problems. Studies conducted over recent years shows an increase of fungi detection in urine in in-patients from 5,01 up to 10,63%. Most often, the appearance of fungi in the urine connected with contamination or colonization of the urinary tract. However, in immunocompromised patients, this could be the part of urinary tract infection and even of disseminated fungal process. Candida is the most common cause of fungal urinary tract infections. At the same time, the presence of Candida in urine (candiduria) not always comes with clinical signs of urethritis, cystitis and pyelonephritis. Detection of noCandida albicans agents in urine is increasing, new Candida species revealed are resistant to antifungal drugs so risk of complications is increasing. Recent researches reveal new mechanisms of how Candida interacts with the bacteria that cause urinary infections. The main mechanisms of Candida virulence factors are dimorphism, adhesion proteins — Als1-7,9 and Gls, invasion enzymes — phospholipase, Als3 and Ssa1, as well as enzymes that neutralize reactive oxygen species. The most significant risk factors of fungal urinary tract infection are the presence of a urinary catheter, diabetes mellitus, immunosuppression and previous antibiotic intake. The study of the formation process of the cellular and immune response to Candida makes it possible to identify the main links in the pathogenesis of urinary tract candidiasis, as well as the main role of immunosuppression in the development of the disease.

2014 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 364 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Bispo ◽  
Milene Fernandes ◽  
Cristina Toscano ◽  
Teresa Marques ◽  
Domingos Machado ◽  
...  

<strong>Introduction:</strong> Urinary tract infection is the most common infectious complication following renal transplantation and its frequency is insufficiently studied in Portugal. The aim of this study was to characterize the incidence of urinary tract infections and recurrent urinary tract infections in renal transplant recipients.<br /><strong>Material and Methods:</strong> This was a retrospective cohort observational study, obtained from clinical files of all patients who received a renal transplant at the Hospital of Santa Cruz, from January 2004 to December 2005, with a mean follow-up period of five years or until date of graft loss, death or loss of follow-up. After a descriptive analysis of the population, we used bivariate tests to identify risk factors for urinary tract infections.<br /><strong>Results:</strong> A total of 127 patients were included, with a 593 patients.year follow-up. We detected 53 patients (41.7%) presenting with at least one episode of urinary tract infection; 21 patients (16.5%) had recurrent urinary tract infection. Female gender was the only risk factor associated with the occurrence of urinary tract infections (p &lt; 0.001, OR = 7.08, RR = 2.95) and recurrent urinary tract infections (p &lt; 0.001, OR = 4.66, RR = 2.83). Escherichia coli (51.6%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (15.5%) and Enterobacter spp (9.9%) were the<br />most frequently identified pathogens. Patients did not reveal an increased mortality or allograft loss. However, urinary tract infections were the most important cause of hospital admissions.<br /><strong>Discussion:</strong> Female gender was the only risk factor for urinary tract infections in this population. Escherichia coli was the most frequent agent isolated.<br /><strong>Conclusion:</strong> Despite preventive measures, urinary tract infections remain an important cause of morbidity and hospital admissions.<br /><strong>Keywords:</strong> Urinary Tract Infections; Postoperative Complications; Risk Factors; Kidney Transplantation; Portugal.


2022 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 870
Author(s):  
Anna Kawalec ◽  
Danuta Zwolińska

The microbiome of the urinary tract plays a significant role in maintaining health through the impact on bladder homeostasis. Urobiome is of great importance in maintaining the urothelial integrity and preventing urinary tract infection (UTI), as well as promoting local immune function. Dysbiosis in this area has been linked to an increased risk of UTIs, nephrolithiasis, and dysfunction of the lower urinary tract. However, the number of studies in the pediatric population is limited, thus the characteristic of the urobiome in children, its role in a child’s health, and pediatric urologic diseases are not completely understood. This review aims to characterize the healthy urobiome in children, the role of dysbiosis in urinary tract infection, and to summarize the strategies to modification and reshape disease-prone microbiomes in pediatric patients with recurrent urinary tract infections.


2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 214-9
Author(s):  
Ertugrul Guclu ◽  
Fikret Halis ◽  
Elif Kose ◽  
Aziz Ogutlu ◽  
Oğuz Karabay

Background: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are one of the most seen infection among community. Objectives: In this cross-sectional study we aimed to investigate the risk factors of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria that caused community-acquired UTI (CA-UTI). Methods: Consecutive patients admitted to the Urology and Infectious Diseases policlinics with the diagnosis of CA-UTI were included in the study. A standard form including possible predisposing factors for MDR bacteria was applied. Results: In total, 240 patients (51.3% females) were enrolled in the study. The mean age of participants were 59.8 ± 18.3 years old. Escherichia coli (n =166; 69.2%)was the most frequently isolated bacteria and its incidence was higher in females than in males (p=0.01). In total, 129 (53.8%) of the identified pathogens were MDR bacteria. According to multivariate analysis, the use of antibiotics three or more times increased the risk of infection with MDR bacteria by 4.6 times, the history of urinary tract infection in the last 6 months by 2 times, being male and over 65 years old by 3 times. Conclusion: Doctors should consider prescribing broad-spectrum antibiotics in patients with severe UTIs with a history of UTI, advanced age, male gender, and multiple antibiotic usage, even if they have a CA-UTI. Keywords: Urinary tract infection; community acquired; multidrug-resistant; male; multiple antibiotic usage; advanced age.


Author(s):  
Плеханов ◽  
Aleksandr Plekhanov ◽  
Дамбаев ◽  
Arsalan Dambaev

Urinary tract infections are one of the most common inflammatory disorders of urinary tract that occurs in 40 % of all cases of nosocomial infections. This pathology more often occurs in women, 50 % of them have urinary tract infection at least once in a lifetime. Urinary tract infections are chronic, pluricausal and frequently recurrent diseases. During many decades E. coli was considered to be main pathogenetic flora plated from urine at the urinary tract. Statistically Proteus mirabilis is ranked number two in the degree of incidence. At the moment the researches pay closer attention to Candida pathogens. Urinary tract infections appear in consequence of ingress of microorganisms in urinoexcretory system by ascending, hematogenic and lymphogenic ways. Culture-based, microbiologic study of urine with pathogen isolation and estimation of the bacteriuria degree is the gold standard of diagnostics of urinary tract infections.


2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  

Introduction: Nosocomial urinary tract infection represents between 30 and 50% of all these nosocomial infections. It occupies the first place and constitutes the third entry point for bacteremia. The objective of our study was to identify the risk factors associated with nosocomial urinary tract infections in maternity wards of public hospitals in Lubumbashi. Method: We carried out an analytical cross-sectional study in which the population consisted of parturients who did not have a urinary tract infection on admission. The urine samples were taken and analyzed in the laboratory of the university clinics of Lubumbashi. A case of nosocomial urinary tract infection was defined according to the WHO definition. To collect this urine, the parturients did it themselves after a health education session. Two samples were taken, one at the entry and the other at the exit of the parturient from the maternity hospital. The univariate analysis used the prevalence ratio as an indicator of risk with a 95% confidence interval and the bivariate analysis included all risk factors that had a significance level p ˂ 0.05 by a regression model binary logistics. Results: Out of the total of 1240 parturients selected and who were distributed in seven maternities of public hospitals in the city of Lubumbashi. It was noted that women who gave birth at HGR Kampemba were up to ten times more likely to develop nosocomial urinary tract infection than those who did at HGR Kisanga. An association was observed between delivery with complications (p = 0.032), long length of stay (p <0.001), delivery with surgical intervention (p <0.001) and antibiotic therapy (p = 0.020). Conclusion: Nosocomial urinary tract infections were varied depending on the characteristics of health structures, characteristics of parturients and health care. It is necessary to improve the hospital hygiene of the personnel, the hospital environment and the materials as well as a good policy of use of the antibacterials.


2001 ◽  
Vol 69 (7) ◽  
pp. 4366-4372 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan Shankar ◽  
C. Virginia Lockatell ◽  
Arto S. Baghdayan ◽  
C. Drachenberg ◽  
Michael S. Gilmore ◽  
...  

ABSTRACT Enterococcus faecalis bacteria isolated from patients with bacteremia, endocarditis, and urinary tract infections more frequently express the surface protein Esp than do fecal isolates. To assess the role of Esp in colonization and persistence of E. faecalis in an animal model of ascending urinary tract infection, we compared an Esp+strain of E. faecalis to its isogenic Esp-deficient mutant. Groups of CBA/J mice were challenged transurethrally with 108 CFU of either the parent or mutant strain, and bacteria in the urine, bladder, and kidneys were enumerated 5 days postinfection. Significantly higher numbers of bacteria were recovered from the bladder and urine of mice challenged with the parent strain than from the bladder and urine of mice challenged with the mutant. Colonization of the kidney, however, was not significantly different between the parent and mutant strains. Histopathological evaluations of kidney and bladder tissue done at 5 days postinfection did not show marked histopathological changes consistent with inflammation, mucosal hyperplasia, or apoptosis, and there was no observable difference between the mice challenged with the parent and those challenged with the mutant. We conclude that, while Esp does not influence histopathological changes associated with acute urinary tract infections, it contributes to colonization and persistence of E. faecalis at this site.


2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 26-38
Author(s):  
Abdulghani Mohamed Alsamarai ◽  
Shler Ali Khorshed

Background: Urinary tract infection is common with health impact in women and characterised by failure to treatment and recurrent episodes. Aim: This study was conducted to determine the risk factors for the development of urinary tract infection in diabetic and pregnant women in comparison to student female. Materials and methods: A prospective cross-sectional study conducted during the period from 1st of June 2015 to the end of January 2016. The population included in the study are 563 women, of them 425 were outpatients, and 138 were inpatients. Their age range between 18 and 80 years, with a mean age of 33.59±15.29 years. Urine samples collected and cultured on blood agar and MacConkey agar by spread plate technique. Bacterial colonies with different morphology were selected, purified and identified according to their biochemical characteristics using conventional standard methods. Results: In diabetic women, there were no significant difference in mean age and BMI values between culture positive and culture negative groups. However, pus cell mean scale was significantly higher [P=0.000] in women with urinary tract infection [1.76±1.25] than in those with negative culture [0.69±1.00]. In pregnant women, BMI mean value was significantly [P=0.013] lower in pregnant women with UTI [26.14] as compared to those without infection [26.99]. Pus cell scale mean value was significantly [P=0.000] higher in pregnant women with UTI [1.55] than women with negative UTI [0.85]. While there was no significant difference in mean age between UTI positive and negative pregnant women. In female student, there was a significant difference between UTI infected and non-infected in mean age [P=0.041] and pus cell scale [P=0.000]. However, BMI was not significantly different between infected and non-infected female student. Other risk factors association are variables in the 3 groups when analysed using X2, while AUC and OR show different trends of association between risk factors and UTI. Conclusion: BMI, pus cell scale, child number, delivery method, operation history and hospital setting were significantly associated with culture positivity in the 3 studied groups as determined by AUC. While OR confirmed association with pus sale scale in the 3 groups.


Author(s):  
Rana M. Abdullah Al-Shwaikh ◽  
Abbas Falih Alornaaouti

       Current study obtained (75) isolate of Pseudomonas aeruginosa collected from different cases included : 28 isolates from otitis media, 23 isolates from burn infections, 10 isolates from wound infections, 8 isolates from urinary tract infections and 6 isolates from blood, during the period between 1/9/2014 to 1/11/2014        The result revealed that the tox A gene was present in 54 isolates (72%) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The gel electrophoresis showed that the molecular weight of tox A gene was 352 bp. The result shows 17 isolates (60.71%) from otitis media has tox A gene, 18 isolates (78.26%) from burn followed by 8 isolate (80%) from wound infection and 5 isolates (62.5%) from urinary tract infection , finally 6 isolates (100%) from blood have this gene.


2018 ◽  
pp. 100-108
Author(s):  
Dinh Khanh Le ◽  
Dinh Dam Le ◽  
Khoa Hung Nguyen ◽  
Xuan My Nguyen ◽  
Minh Nhat Vo ◽  
...  

Objectives: To investigate clinical characteristics, bacterial characteristics, drug resistance status in patients with urinary tract infections treated at Department of Urology, Hue University Hospital. Materials and Method: The study was conducted in 474 patients with urological disease treated at Department of Urology, Hue Universiry Hospital from July 2017 to April 2018. Urine culture was done in the patients with urine > 25 Leu/ul who have symptoms of urinary tract disease or infection symptoms. Patients with positive urine cultures were analyzed for clinical and bacterial characteristics. Results: 187/474 (39.5%) patients had symptoms associated with urinary tract infections. 85/474 (17.9%) patients were diagnosed with urinary tract infection. The positive urine culture rate was 45.5%. Symptoms of UTI were varied, and no prominent symptoms. E. coli accounts for the highest proportion (46.67%), followed by, Staphycoccus aureus (10.67%), Pseudomonas aeruginsa (8,0%), Streptococcus faecali and Proteus (2.67%). ESBL - producing E. coli was 69.23%, ESBL producing Enterobacter spp was 33.33%. Gram-negative bacteria are susceptible to meropenem, imipenem, amikacin while gram positive are vancomycin-sensitive. Conclusions: Clinical manifestations of urinary tract infections varied and its typical symptoms are unclear. E.coli is a common bacterium (46.67%). Isolated bacteria have a high rate of resistance to some common antibiotics especially the third generation cephalosporins and quinolones. Most bacteria are resistant to multiple antibiotics at the same time. Gram (+) bacteria are susceptible to vancomycin, and gram (-) bacteria are susceptible to cefoxitin, amikacin, and carbapenem. Key words: urinary tract infection


2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (8) ◽  
pp. 998-1001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taniece Eure ◽  
Lisa L. LaPlace ◽  
Richard Melchreit ◽  
Meghan Maloney ◽  
Ruth Lynfield ◽  
...  

We assessed the appropriateness of initiating antibiotics in 49 nursing home (NH) residents receiving antibiotics for urinary tract infection (UTI) using 3 published algorithms. Overall, 16 residents (32%) received prophylaxis, and among the 33 receiving treatment, the percentage of appropriate use ranged from 15% to 45%. Opportunities exist for improving UTI antibiotic prescribing in NH.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2017;38:998–1001


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