scholarly journals Infant colic: where is the line between norm and pathology, the role of disruption of the intestinal microbiome

2021 ◽  
pp. 246-254
Author(s):  
L. D. Panova
Keyword(s):  
Placebo Group ◽  
Treatment Success ◽  
Great Influence ◽  
Psychological Climate ◽  
Intestinal Microbiome ◽  
Clear Understanding ◽  
Enzymatic System ◽  
Infant Colic ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Symptom Complex

Infant colic is one of the most common functional disorders of the gastrointestinal tract in children of the first year of life, worsening the condition of both the child himself and the psychological climate in the family. Infant intestinal colic is a multifactorial symptom complex that requires differential diagnosis between norm and pathology. Until now, there is no clear understanding of the criteria for the need for dietary and drug correction of this condition. The article presents an analysis of the modern literature on the problem of intestinal colic in infants The pathogenesis of functional intestinal colic is determined by a combination of reasons, including the immaturity of the central nervous system, hypothalamic-pituitary system, regulation of the intestinal innervation and the enzymatic system, a certain dependence on psychosocial factors has also been identified, the intestinal microflora has a great influence. H. Kianifar et al. (2014) in the findings of a study noted that a multiprobiotic (seven strains of probiotics and fructooligosaccharides) significantly improved colic symptoms, in particular a reduction in crying time, (82.6%) compared with placebo (35.7%) on day 7 of intake (p < 0.005). On day 30, treatment success was 87% and 46% in the synbiotics and placebo groups, respectively (p < 0.01). The results of a domestic study by I.N. Zakharova et al. (2016) multiprobiotic, which showed that after the use of a multistrain probiotic, intestinal colic remained in 3 (10%) children of the main group and in all children in the placebo group. After taking the probiotic, 80% of children showed normalization of stool, and in the placebo group, stool disorders (loose, watery stools or no stool with the need to empty after an enema) were recorded in 87% of children. Cases from clinical practice with experience of using a multistrain probiotic for colic are shown.

scholarly journals Historical retrospective of the Neurophysiological Laboratory of the Faculty of Medicine in Novi Sad

2018 ◽  
Vol 146 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 694-699
Author(s):  
Nada Naumovic ◽  
Danijel Slavic ◽  
Dea Karaba-Jakovljevic ◽  
Maja Bogdan ◽  
Olga Ivetic
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Great Influence ◽  
Unit Recording ◽  
Scientific Curiosity ◽  
Clinical Investigations ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Stereotactic Method ◽  
Novi Sad ◽  
Behaviour Learning ◽  
Scientific Achievements

Over the course of several decades at the Faculty of Medicine in Novi Sad, fundamental studies in the field of neurosciences were of great importance and were continually kept up-to-date with global scientific achievements. These studies were applied by using the stereotactic method, single-unit recording, and electroencephalography. The Laboratory of Neurophysiology was established in 1965 and since 1978 microelectrode and microiontophoretic techniques important for the registration and analysis of the activity of individual neurons were fully developed. Under the great influence of Russian neurophysiological school (P.K. Anokhin, K.V. Sudakov), the emphasis was on the study of Anokhin?s theory of functional systems. Recently, epilepsy, brain ischemia and the influence of different medications, auxiliary medicinal products, and physical agents (electromagnetic radiation) on the central nervous system, behaviour, learning and investigated pathological conditions have been studied. Scientific collaboration with renowned institutions in the country and abroad has been established, numerous scientific projects have been carried out, expert international meetings have been organized, and numerous significant studies have been published. These results have often been the basis for further clinical investigations and the improvement of preventive or curative treatment of patients. Researchers from the Laboratory participated in the education of new generations of neurophysiologists, encouraging their scientific curiosity and love for fascinating mechanisms of the nervous system.

scholarly journals Hypnotic Effects of Lactobacillus fermentum PS150TM on Pentobarbital-Induced Sleep in Mice

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 2409 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Lin ◽  
Ching-Ting Shih ◽  
Chin-Lin Huang ◽  
Chien-Chen Wu ◽  
Ching-Ting Lin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Administration ◽  
Sleep Duration ◽  
Lactobacillus Fermentum ◽  
Intestinal Microbiome ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Gene Encoding ◽  
Bidirectional Communication ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Neurological Illnesses ◽  
Dose Dependent

The bidirectional communication between the gastrointestinal tract and the central nervous system appears to be functionally linked to the intestinal microbiome, namely the microbiome–gut–brain axis (MGBA). Probiotics with health benefits on psychiatric or neurological illnesses are generally called psychobiotics, and some of them may also be able to improve sleep by targeting the MGBA. This study aimed to investigate the effects of a psychobiotic strain, Lactobacillus fermentum PS150TM (PS150TM), on sleep improvement by using a pentobarbital-induced sleep mouse model. Compared with the vehicle control group, the oral administration of PS150TM, but not the other L. fermentum strains, significantly decreased the sleep latency and increased the sleep duration of mice, suggesting strain-specific sleep-improving effects of PS150TM. Moreover, the ingestion of diphenhydramine, an antihistamine used to treat insomnia, as a drug control group, only increased the sleep duration of mice. We also found that the sleep-improving effects of PS150TM are time- and dose-dependent. Furthermore, the oral administration of PS150TM could attenuate a caffeine-induced sleep disturbance in mice, and PS150TM appeared to increase the expression of the gene encoding the adenosine 1 receptor in the hypothalamus of mice, as assessed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Taken together, our results present a potential application of PS150TM as a dietary supplement for sleep improvement.

scholarly journals Clinical variants of limbic encephalitis

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 2050313X1984604 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haggai Schermann ◽  
Irina Victorovna Ponomareva ◽  
Vasily Gennadievich Maltsev ◽  
Konstantin Borisovich Yakushev ◽  
Mikhail Aizikovich Sherman
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Limbic Encephalitis ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Epileptic Seizures ◽  
Pulse Therapy ◽  
Differential Diagnostics ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Clinical Variants ◽  
Symptom Complex ◽  
Unclear Etiology

The clinical picture of immunomediator disorders of the central nervous system resulting from autoimmune or paraneoplastic processes is often represented by the limbic symptom complex or limbic encephalitis. The article gives a brief description of these conditions, allocated to a separate nosological group in 2007. The symptoms of limbic encephalitis include mental disorders and epileptic seizures of both convulsive and non-convulsive spectrum, up to epileptic status. Four clinical cases representative of different variants of limbic encephalitis are presented in this study, along with the discussion of epidemiology, differential diagnostics, and generally accepted patient management strategies. The diagnosis of limbic encephalitis was made on clinical grounds alone in three cases and on the presence of antibodies to N-Methyl-d-aspartic acid receptors in one case. A combination of glucocorticoid pulse therapy with prolonged use of valproic acid was successfully applied for the treatment of limbic encephalitis with non-convulsive epileptic status. Plasmapheresis was used for the treatment of limbic encephalitis with recurrent focal non-motor attacks with and without loss of consciousness, as well as for limbic encephalitis with focal motor attacks. Presented cases emphasize the need to increase the awareness of physicians of various specialties to autoimmune disorders of the nervous system. In addition, it highlights the necessity of complete diagnostic workup for a patient with impaired consciousness of unclear etiology.

Drugs—A Tool for Research in Psychiatry

1961 ◽  
Vol 107 (446) ◽  
pp. 31-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
John C. Saunders
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Effects ◽  
Psychiatric Diseases ◽  
Pharmacodynamic Effect ◽  
Mental Processes ◽  
Biochemical Effects ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Cellular Environment ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Symptom Complex

The history of medicine reveals man's search for drugs to ease his diseases and possibly cure them. Advances have been made pharmacologically in the treatment and prevention of many infectious diseases. While psychiatry has benefited from these discoveries in the treatment of certain infections of the central nervous system, in general, the treatment of psychiatric diseases remains largely empirical. The psychopharmacologic treatment of psychiatric diseases continues to be based on the presenting symptom-complex of the patient; this is because the aetiology is still unknown, for in reality our explanations do not explain. The phrenotropic drugs currently used in psychiatry are important for their pharmacodynamic effect since they change the cellular environment in which mental processes are maintained. Pharmacodynamic research in psychiatry has revealed possible neuroanatomical sites and many biochemical effects of these drugs. The specific correlation of these findings with clinical effects is lacking. When this is accomplished, it is probable that better drugs will be developed.

Magnesium for the prevention and treatment of acute mountain sickness

2004 ◽  
Vol 106 (3) ◽  
pp. 269-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lionel DUMONT ◽  
Christopher LYSAKOWSKI ◽  
Martin R. TRAMÈR ◽  
Jean-Daniel JUNOD ◽  
Chahé MARDIROSOFF ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Placebo Group ◽  
Treatment Success ◽  
Acute Mountain Sickness ◽  
Prevention Trial ◽  
Treatment Trial ◽  
Matching Placebo ◽  
Intravenous Magnesium ◽  
Mountain Sickness ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Oral Magnesium

Magnesium is a physiological N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist. The NMDA receptor may be involved in the pathogenesis of acute mountain sickness (AMS). In the present study, healthy subjects were randomized to receive either 400 mg of oral magnesium citrate (16 mmol) or matching placebo every 8 h for 5 days (prevention trial). Subjects then climbed to 4559 m in approx. 24 h and stayed there for 48 h. A Lake Louise Score <3 at any time was defined as the absence of AMS, whereas a score >6 (with ataxia, headache and nausea) was defined as a prevention failure. In a subsequent trial (treatment trial), subjects with a Lake Louise Score >6 (with ataxia, headache and/or nausea) were randomized to receive either 4 g of intravenous magnesium sulphate (16 mmol) or matching placebo. A decrease in the score >50% within 60 min was regarded as a treatment success. Dichotomous data were analysed using relative risk (RR) or odds ratio (OR), and continuous data using Student's t test or Wilcoxon's rank-sum test. In the prevention trial, data from 61 subjects (30 receiving magnesium and 31 placebo) were analysed. With oral magnesium, 20% of subjects had no AMS compared with 16.1% in the placebo group [RR (95% CI), 1.2 (0.4–3.6); where CI is confidence interval]. With magnesium, 40% were prevention failures compared with 35.5% in the placebo group [RR (95% CI), 1.13 (0.59–2.15)]. The mean time to failure and severity of AMS was similar between the two groups. With magnesium, 38.2% had loose stools compared with 11.8% in placebo group [RR (95% CI), 3.25 (1.18–8.97)]. In the treatment trial, 12 subjects received magnesium and 13 received the placebo. With intravenous magnesium, 25% were regarded as treatment successes compared with none in the placebo group [OR (95% CI), 9.71 (0.91–103.4)]. With magnesium, mean (±S.D.) scores decreased from 11.6±1.7 before treatment to 9.0±3.5 after treatment (P=0.009); scores remained unchanged in the placebo group. With magnesium, 75% of subjects experienced a transient flushing compared with 7.7% in the placebo group [RR (95% CI), 0.05 (0.01–0.25)]. In conclusion, oral magnesium does not prevent AMS. In subjects with established AMS, intravenous magnesium reduces the severity of symptoms to some extent, but this effect is of no clinical importance.

IL-17 controls central nervous system autoimmunity through the intestinal microbiome

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (56) ◽  
pp. eaaz6563 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tommy Regen ◽  
Sandrine Isaac ◽  
Ana Amorim ◽  
Nicolás Gonzalo Núñez ◽  
Judith Hauptmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Intestinal Microbiome ◽  
Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis ◽  
Interleukin 17A ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Effector Cytokines ◽  
Experimental Autoimmune

Interleukin-17A– (IL-17A) and IL-17F–producing CD4+ T helper cells (TH17 cells) are implicated in the development of chronic inflammatory diseases, such as multiple sclerosis and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). TH17 cells also orchestrate leukocyte invasion of the central nervous system (CNS) and subsequent tissue damage. However, the role of IL-17A and IL-17F as effector cytokines is still confused with the encephalitogenic function of the cells that produce these cytokines, namely, TH17 cells, fueling a long-standing debate in the neuroimmunology field. Here, we demonstrated that mice deficient for IL-17A/F lose their susceptibility to EAE, which correlated with an altered composition of their gut microbiota. However, loss of IL-17A/F in TH cells did not diminish their encephalitogenic capacity. Reconstitution of a wild-type–like intestinal microbiota or reintroduction of IL-17A specifically into the gut epithelium of IL-17A/F–deficient mice reestablished their susceptibility to EAE. Thus, our data demonstrated that IL-17A and IL-17F are not encephalitogenic mediators but rather modulators of intestinal homeostasis that indirectly alter CNS-directed autoimmunity.

scholarly journals Effects of Sevoflurane Inhalation Anesthesia on the Intestinal Microbiome in Mice

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ci Han ◽  
Zhaodi Zhang ◽  
Nana Guo ◽  
Xueting Li ◽  
Mengyuan Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Microbiome ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Inhalation Anesthesia ◽  
Microbiome Diversity ◽  
Changing Trend ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Specific Manifestation ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Experimental Group

In recent years, more and more attention has been paid to intestinal microbiome. Almost all operations will go through the anesthesia process, but it is not clear whether the intervention of anesthesia alone will affect the change in the intestinal microbiome. The purpose of this study was to verify the effect of sevoflurane inhalation anesthesia on the intestinal microbiome. The animal in the experimental group was used to provide sevoflurane inhalation anesthesia for 4 hours. The control group was not intervened. The feces of the experimental group and the control group were collected on the 1st, 3rd, 7th and 14th days after anesthesia. Sevoflurane inhalation anesthesia will cause changes in the intestinal microbiome of mice. It appears on the 1st day after anesthesia and is most obvious on the 7th day. The specific manifestation is that the abundance of microbiome and the diversity of the microbiome is reduced. At the same time, Untargeted metabonomics showed that compared with the control group, the experimental group had more increased metabolites related to the different microbiome, among which 5-methylthioadenosine was related to the central nervous system. Subsequently, the intestinal microbiome diversity of mice showed a trend of recovery on the 14th day. At the genus level, the fecal samples obtained on the 14th day after anesthesia exhibited significantly increased abundances of Bacteroides, Alloprevotella, and Akkermansia and significantly decreased abundances of Lactobacillus compared with the samples obtained on the 1st day after anesthesia. However, the abundance of differential bacteria did not recover with the changing trend of diversity. Therefore, we believe that sevoflurane inhalation anesthesia is associated with changes in the internal microbiome and metabolites, and this change may be completed through the brain-gut axis, while sevoflurane inhalation anesthesia may change the intestinal microbiome for as long as 14 days or longer.

scholarly journals Intestinal microbiome: role in functional gastrointestinal disorders and contemporary diagnostic options

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-26
Author(s):  
Marlena Górska ◽  
◽  
Ewa Toporowska-Kowalska ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Diagnostic Value ◽  
Intestinal Microbiome ◽  
Gastrointestinal Disorders ◽  
Mode Of Birth ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Irritable Bowel ◽  
Positive Effect

The most common problems that paediatricians and paediatric gastroenterologists encounter in their practice include functional gastrointestinal disorders. These are a group of chronic and/or recurrent conditions caused by any combination of gastrointestinal motility disturbances and visceral hypersensitivity with abnormal processing of stimuli in the central nervous system which manifest with abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting or disorders of defecation, among other problems. The symptoms cannot be assigned to any other clinical condition despite proper diagnostic investigation. The aetiology of functional gastrointestinal disorders is multifactorial. Recently, the role of the intestinal microbiota as an important environmental factor in the pathogenesis of such disorders has been investigated. In this article, the latest data regarding the composition of the microbiome (a collection of microbiota genes) of the human gastrointestinal tract are discussed and the methods used to determine it in detail are described. Currently, molecular biology techniques have the highest diagnostic value, which are based on genetic material sequencing. Due to their extraordinary efficacy, they are superseding classic microbiological tests. In addition, the publication presents factors which affect the composition of the gastrointestinal microbiome. These include, for example, mode of birth, method of infant feeding, diet at later stages of life, place of residence, physical activity and antibiotics intake. The research to date demonstrated that dysbiosis is one of the factors contributing to the pathogenesis of many diseases, including irritable bowel syndrome. Attempts at modifying the composition of the microbiome by, for example, the administration of probiotics, should therefore have a distinctly positive effect on patients with functional gastrointestinal disorders.

scholarly journals Alex Walter – “… den tyske embedsmand, der overhovedet har gjort Danmark de største tjenester under krigen”

2015 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 423
Author(s):  
Mogens Rostgaard Nissen
Keyword(s):  
Common Good ◽  
Great Influence ◽  
Trade Agreements ◽  
Clear Understanding ◽  
Nazi Party ◽  
Political Crises ◽  
Nazi Occupation ◽  
Food Planning ◽  
High Level ◽  
German Food

Mogens Rostgård Nissen: Alex Walter, — “… the German official who rendered the largest services of all to Denmark during the war.” Alex Walter was head of the German government committee, which during the occupation of Denmark negotiated trade agreements with the corresponding Danish government committee. That is why he had great influence on the economic side of occupation policy, which the German occupying power carried out in Denmark during the war. Walter had a broad knowledge of Danish economy and Danish conditions in general, because since 1932 he had negotiated trade agreements with top Danish officials. At the same time, he was well-known and respected in Denmark, and that was important for the agreements he assisted in concluding during the occupation. Under his leadership, the German occupying power followed a traditional trade policy, which was focused on practical issues and concrete results. It was a policy, which objectively was for the common good of Denmark and Germany. Walter was a very high-level official in the thoroughly Nazified Ministry of Nutrition and Agriculture. His immediate superior, Herbert Backe, was responsible for German food planning, and he had a decisive influence on the Nazi occupation policy for all of Europe, including the exploitation policy, which took place in Eastern and Southeastern Europe. But Denmark followed an entirely different economic track, which was characterized by negotiations and cooperation, and it was very much Walter, who became responsible for planning and implementing this economic policy. Among his negotiation partners in Denmark, Walter was perceived as a reasonable and sensible man, with whom one could negotiate and rely on. There was a clear understanding that Walter had intervened several times during political crises — among other things when the Danish government stood down in August 1943; during the general strike in the summer of 1944 and in connection with the deportation of the police in the autumn of 1944. But he also had a dark Nazi side to him, precisely because he was linked to Backe and the Ministry of Nutrition and Agriculture. After the war, he was interned due to the fact that as a senior official, he had been a member of the Nazi party and held the rank of SS Sturmbannführer. That is why he was only finally acquitted and stripped of his Nazi status in October 1948, a few months before he died.

Psychobiome Feeding Mind: Polyphenolics in Depression and Anxiety

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (24) ◽  
pp. 2108-2115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilaria Matarazzo ◽  
Elena Toniato ◽  
Iole Robuffo
Keyword(s):  
Endocrine System ◽  
Intestinal Microbiome ◽  
Clinical Effects ◽  
Depression And Anxiety ◽  
Bacterial Populations ◽  
Chemical Structures ◽  
Metabolic Signalling ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Anxious Behaviour

Recently gut bacterial populations seem to be involved in many functions and in the pathogenesis of several medical conditions. Traditionally the intestinal microbiome has been recognized to play an important role in metabolizing food compounds in simpler chemical structures for the absorption of different nutrients, and in maintenance control of gastrointestinal pathogens species. Bacterial populations are implicated in a complicated network of interactions within the immune system, epithelial cells local endocrine system, that affects the peripheral and the central nervous system, via blood circulation. Microbiome influencing the mind via immune, endocrine and metabolic signalling, is able to exert some clinical effects in different mental diseases. It releases endocrine substances through several pathways involved in the modulation of neuroinflammation and production of several neurotrasmitter precursors. It has recently been named psychobiome. It is known that phenolic compounds are able to influence microbiome proliferation and to exert several roles, especially regarding neuroinflammation in depressive and anxious behaviour. The clinical effects are reported in the literature. The aim of this study is to highlight the interaction between polyphenols and microbiota- gut-brain axis.

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