scholarly journals African swine fever (ASF) in wild boar

2018 ◽  
Vol 74 (12) ◽  
pp. 6148-2018
Author(s):  
ZYGMUNT PEJSAK ◽  
MARIAN TRUSZCZYŃSKI ◽  
KAZIMIERZ TARASIUK
Keyword(s):  
Early Detection ◽  
Wild Boar ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
African Swine Fever ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Passive Surveillance ◽  
Surveillance Strategy ◽  
Feral Pigs ◽  
Scientific Opinion

This paper contains main points of the scientific opinion prepared by EFSA in 2018 on the request of the European Commission on the ASF epidemic in wild boar in Eastern – Central Europe, which started in 2014 and is existing and increasing until the present time. The first point is providing an estimate of the wild boar density in the European Union (EU). The next item is presenting the opinion on the latest epidemiological data to identify thresholds in wild boar density that do not allow sustaining the disease in different settings. The third question and answer concerns wild boar and feral pigs depopulation methods or population reduction methods. The fourth chapter is reviewing fencing methods demonstrating to temporarily protect crops from damage, caused by wild boar or feral swine. Currently there is no evidence , that large –scale fences have been effective for the containment of wild boar or feral pigs. The answer to the fifth question on surveillance strategy contains information on sample size, frequency of sampling and identification of possible risk groups for early detection of ASFV in naïve wild boar population. Passive surveillance is according to the opinion of EFSA the most effective and efficient method of surveillance for early detection of ASF in wild boar. For early detection through passive surveillance , the aim is to test as many “found dead” animals as possible. Based on current knowledge and experiences for an intervention to be successful, there is a need to detect an ASF incursion while it is spatially contained. The sixth topic of the EFSA scientific opinion requests to review successful methodologies used in the past, as for example the mentioned passive surveillance. It is recommended that this should be done in discussion among specialists from the UE countries. Good collaborations with hunters is recommended.

scholarly journals Development of a pandemic of African Swine Fever

2019 ◽  
Vol 75 (02) ◽  
pp. 6186-2019
Author(s):  
ZYGMUNT PEJSAK ◽  
MARIAN TRUSZCZYŃSKI ◽  
KAZIMIERZ TARASIUKL
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Wild Boar ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Swine Influenza ◽  
African Swine Fever ◽  
World Health ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Leading Position ◽  
Veterinary Epidemiology

In the introduction of this paper the increasingly accepted nomenclature of basic expressions used in veterinary epidemiology is presented. This is in accordance with the 2018 Edition of Wiley-Blackwell Veterinary Epidemiology, by Michael Thrusfield. Pandemia and not Panzootia is used for large scale outbreaks of infectious diseases also in relation to animals characterizing significantly increased morbidity and mortatlity over a wide geographic area, including countries, continents or even the whole globe and causing significant economic, social and even political disruption. It is underlined that the pandemics of infectious diseases of animals will continue to increase because of the growing transboundary trade and transportation of animals and animal products and increasing international contacts of humans. In the control of pandemics of humans, particularly, for example of influenza of the years 1918-1919, and also in 1968, but also pandemics of other ethiology occurring in humans the World Health Organisation (WHO) took the leading position. In case of avian and swine influenza as well as in pandemics occurring in animals, the leading position in prevention, control and eradication belongs to World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) supported by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations. The main part of this paper is devoted to the characterization of the pandemic of African Swine Fever (ASF) which started in 2007 in Georgia, transmitted from Africa. Countries, where ASF virus (ASFV) was confirmed by laboratory tests are mentioned in the text of this paper. They are located in Eurasia. Among them are countries, being members of the European Union (EU). The routs of spreading of the ASFV in wild boar and swine are given, the methods of ASF control in EU were presented. The main vector of the ASF spread in EU, is the wild boar and the humans. Future distribution of the pandemia spread of ASFV is difficult to predict. Veterinary services of many countries, practitioners and scientists are working intensively to understand epidemiology of ASF and to stop the spread of ASFV.

scholarly journals A Comparison of Perceptions of Estonian and Latvian Hunters With Regard to the Control of African Swine Fever

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nico Urner ◽  
Carola Sauter-Louis ◽  
Christoph Staubach ◽  
Franz Josef Conraths ◽  
Katja Schulz
Keyword(s):  
Wild Boar ◽  
Group Discussion ◽  
African Swine Fever ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Disease Spread ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Participatory Methods ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Passive Surveillance ◽  
Participatory Epidemiology

Since the first detected African swine fever (ASF) cases in Lithuanian wild boar in 2014, the virus has occurred in many other member states of the European Union (EU), most recently in Belgium in 2018 and in Germany in 2020. Passive surveillance and various control measures are implemented as part of the strategy to stop disease spread in the wild boar population. Within this framework, hunters perform important activities, such as the removal of carcasses, fencing or hunting. Therefore, the successful implementation of these measures largely depends on their acceptability by hunters. Methods of participatory epidemiology can be used to determine the acceptance of control measures. The use of participatory methods allows the involvement of key stakeholders in the design, the implementation and the analysis of control and surveillance activities. In the present study, two studies that had been conducted using participatory epidemiology with hunters in Estonia and Latvia were compared on the topics recruitment, participants, facilitators, focus group discussion (FGDs) and their contents. The aim was to evaluate similarities and differences in the two studies and to identify a broader spectrum of possibilities to increase the willingness of hunters supporting the fight against ASF. Evaluating all conducted FGDs in both countries showed primarily similarities in the perceptions and opinions of the hunters in Estonia and Latvia. One notable difference was that passive surveillance in Latvia was perceived mostly as topic of duty and ethics rather than an issue driven by incentives. Participatory methods have proven to be an effective tool in the evaluation of the acceptance of established ASF control systems. The results of this study point out further chances for improving the cooperation with hunters in the future. Nevertheless, the importance of gathering and analyzing the opinions of hunters in all ASF affected countries individually is highlighted.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Efficiency of Active and Passive Surveillance in the Detection of African Swine Fever in Wild Boar

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincenzo Gervasi ◽  
Andrea Marcon ◽  
Silvia Bellini ◽  
Vittorio Guberti
Keyword(s):  
Wild Boar ◽  
Active Surveillance ◽  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Virus Detection ◽  
African Swine Fever ◽  
First Year ◽  
Passive Surveillance ◽  
European Wild Boar ◽  
Absolute Probability ◽  
Host Parasite

African swine fever (ASF) is one of the most severe diseases of pigs and has a drastic impact on pig industry. Wild boar populations play the role of ASF genotype II virus epidemiological reservoir. Disease surveillance in wild boar is carried out either by testing all the wild boar found sick or dead for virus detection (passive surveillance) or by testing for virus (and antibodies) all hunted wild boar (active surveillance). When virus prevalence and wild boar density are low as it happens close to eradication, the question on which kind of surveillance is more efficient in detecting the virus is still open. We built a simulation model to mimic the evolution of the host-parasite interaction in the European wild boar and to assess the efficiency of different surveillance strategies. We constructed a deterministic SIR model, which estimated the probability to detect the virus during the 8 years following its introduction, using both passive and active surveillance. Overall, passive surveillance provided a much larger number of ASF detections than active surveillance during the first year. During subsequent years, both active and passive surveillance exhibited a decrease in their probability to detect ASF. Such decrease, though, was more pronounced for passive surveillance. Under the assumption of 50% of carcasses detection, active surveillance became the best detection method when the endemic disease prevalence was lower than 1.5%, when hunting rate was >60% and when population density was lower than 0.1 individuals/km2. In such a situation, though, the absolute probability to detect the disease was very low with both methods, and finding almost every carcass is the only way to ensure virus detection. The sensitivity analysis shows that carcass search effort is the sole parameter that increases proportionally the chance of ASF virus detection. Therefore, an effort should be made to promote active search of dead wild boar also in endemic areas, since reporting wild boar carcasses is crucial to understand the epidemiological situation in any of the different phases of ASF infection at any wild boar density.

scholarly journals R0 Estimation for the African Swine Fever Epidemics in Wild Boar of Czech Republic and Belgium

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Marcon ◽  
Annick Linden ◽  
Petr Satran ◽  
Vincenzo Gervasi ◽  
Alain Licoppe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Wild Boar ◽  
African Swine Fever ◽  
Reliable Data ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Passive Surveillance ◽  
Wild Populations ◽  
Wild Pigs ◽  
Eradication Strategy ◽  
Growth Method

African swine fever (ASF) is a contagious haemorrhagic fever that affects both domesticated and wild pigs. Since ASF reached Europe wild boar populations have been a reservoir for the virus. Collecting reliable data on infected individuals in wild populations is challenging, and this makes it difficult to deploy an effective eradication strategy. However, for diseases with high lethality rate, infected carcasses can be used as a proxy for the number of infected individuals at a certain time. Then R0 parameter can be used to estimate the time distribution of the number of newly infected individuals for the outbreak. We estimated R0 for two ASF outbreaks in wild boar, in Czech Republic and Belgium, using the exponential growth method. This allowed us to estimate both R0 and the doubling time (Td) for those infections. The results are R0 = 1.95, Td = 4.39 for Czech Republic and R0 = 1.65, Td = 6.43 for Belgium. We suggest that, if estimated as early as possible, R0 and Td can provide an expected course for the infection against which to compare the actual data collected in the field. This would help to assess if passive surveillance is properly implemented and hence to verify the efficacy of the applied control measures.

scholarly journals Identification of spatiotemporal patterns of African swine fever behavior in wild boar in the European Union

2016 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 132 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Iglesias Martin ◽  
A. Pickford ◽  
F. Montes ◽  
C. Jurado ◽  
M.J. Muñoz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Wild Boar ◽  
African Swine Fever ◽  
Spatiotemporal Patterns ◽  
The European Union

scholarly journals African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV) in Poland in 2019—Wild Boars: Searching Pattern

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 45
Author(s):  
Maciej Frant ◽  
Anna Gal ◽  
Łukasz Bocian ◽  
Anna Ziętek-Barszcz ◽  
Krzysztof Niemczuk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wild Boar ◽  
Logistic Regression Model ◽  
African Swine Fever Virus ◽  
African Swine Fever ◽  
Passive Surveillance ◽  
Domestic Pig ◽  
Wild Boars ◽  
Preventive Actions ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Epidemiological Situation

African swine fever (ASF) was introduced to Poland in 2014. Despite the implementation of preventive actions focused on the reduction of wild boar populations and the introduction of biosecurity rules in domestic pig farms, the disease has been continuously spreading to new areas. The aim of this paper was to analyze the dynamics of ASFV spread in wild boar populations in Poland and to summarize the 2019 epidemiological situation. Using a logistic regression model, it has been shown that there is a significant correlation between the month, ASF affected area and ASF prevalence among wild boars. According to EU definitions, Part II and Part III zones had a total of 3065 (65.2%) ASF-positive death wild boars. In addition, there were 36 post-accident (road-killed) wild boars (2.6%) and 612 hunted animals (1.5%) in this area. These results showed the importance of passive surveillance and its advantages overactive surveillance in ASF control and prevention. The data indicated a greater chance of a positive result in the winter months (January, February, March) than in reference September, where the ASF prevalence was the lowest. This observation confirms the preliminary theory about the seasonality of the disease in wild boar populations and its connection with winter.

scholarly journals African swine fever virus (ASFV) in Poland: Prevalence in a wild boar population (2017–2018)

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 143-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
MP Frant ◽  
M Lyjak ◽  
L Bocian ◽  
A Barszcz ◽  
K Niemczuk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wild Boar ◽  
Active Surveillance ◽  
African Swine Fever Virus ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
African Swine Fever ◽  
Disease Spread ◽  
Passive Surveillance ◽  
Wild Boar Population ◽  
Wild Boars ◽  
In The Wild

African swine fever (ASF) was first described in 1921 in Kenya. The latest epidemic of ASF started in 2007 in Georgia. The virus was introduced to Poland in 2014. Since the beginning of the epidemics, the National Veterinary Research Institute in Pulawy (NVRI) has been testing wild boar samples from restricted areas and other parts of Poland to conduct passive and active surveillance for ASFV in these groups of animals. The aim of this study was to summarise the last two years of the ASF epidemiological status in Poland and the attempt to find disease patterns in the wild boar population. The period between 2017 and 2018 brought a massive number of new ASF cases in Poland. The number of ASF-positive wild boars jumped from 91 in 2016 to 1 140 in 2017 (approximately a 12 × increase), and 2018 was even worse, with the disease affecting 4 083 animals (2 435 cases; one case could even be 10 animals or more if they are found in one place next to each other). The percentage of positive wild boars found dead (passive surveillance) in the restricted area increased in 2018 to 73.1% from 70.8% in 2017. The chance of obtaining positive results in this group was six times higher in December and 4.5 times higher in January than in August and September. The percentage of positive wild boars detected through active surveillance reached 1.5% in 2018. The data suggested that, not only in Poland, but also in other ASF-affected countries, during the epizootic stage of the disease spread the most important measure is an effective passive surveillance of dead wild boars especially, in the winter season rather than in the summer.

scholarly journals What Do Lithuanian Hunters Think of African Swine Fever and Its Control—Perceptions

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 525
Author(s):  
Evelina Stončiūtė ◽  
Katja Schulz ◽  
Alvydas Malakauskas ◽  
Franz J. Conraths ◽  
Marius Masiulis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wild Boar ◽  
Surveillance System ◽  
African Swine Fever ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Attitudes And Beliefs ◽  
Passive Surveillance ◽  
Wild Boar Population ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Governmental Institutions

After the introduction of African swine fever (ASF) into Lithuania in 2014, continuous spread of the disease resulted in infection of the wild boar populations in most parts of Lithuania. The virus has been moving closer to other Western European countries where pig density is high. An efficient surveillance system detecting ASF cases early in domestic and wild animals is necessary to manage this disease. To make surveillance appropriate and effective, it is critical to understand how key players perceive the implemented control measures. This study investigated the attitudes and beliefs of hunters in Lithuania regarding currently implemented or proposed measures for the control of ASF in the wild boar population. Study data were collected through questionnaires distributed via the internet and by hunting associations in Lithuania. In total, 621 fully completed questionnaires were received and analyzed. All measures interfering with extensive hunting, like ban of driven or individual hunting or ban of supplementary feeding were considered as unacceptable and as ineffective measures to control ASF in wild boar. However, selective hunting of female wild boar was generally considered as an unethical act and therefore rejected. Some measures that seem to have been successful in other countries, like involvement of additional forces, were rejected by Lithuanian hunters, thus implementation of these measures could be difficult. The study highlighted that there is a need for improving important relationships with other stakeholders, since many hunters expressed a lack of trust in governmental institutions and regarded cooperation with them as insufficient. Hunters emphasized that their motivation to support passive surveillance measures could be improved with financial compensation and reduction of workload. The present study provides insights into hunters’ perceptions, which may be used as a foundation for additional discussions with these important stakeholders and for adapting measures to improve their acceptance if appropriate.

scholarly journals Wild boar as the reservoir of pathogens, pathogenic for swine, other species of animals and for humans

2019 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 6167-2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
ZYGMUNT PEJSAK ◽  
MARIAN TRUSZCZYŃSKI ◽  
KAZIMIERZ TARASIUK
Keyword(s):  
Wild Boar ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
African Swine Fever ◽  
Classical Swine Fever ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Domestic Pigs ◽  
Free Ranging ◽  
Cooked Meat

This paper provides an overview of the current knowledge on wild boar as a reservoir of viruses, bacteria and parasites being pathogenic also to other species of animals, and for humans, but particularly to pigs belonging to the same species, Sus scrofa, as the wild boar. Since wild boar and domestic pigs belong to the same taxonomic species they are susceptible to the same pathogens and can infect each other. Therefore free – ranging wild boar are increasingly considered to be a threat to the pig industry and the international movement of pigs and swine products. Particularly African swine fever, classical swine fever, and foot and mouth disease are those OIE-listed diseases, discussed in the paper. Additionally, domestic pigs can be infected from wild boar by PPV, PCV2, TGE and ADV. The last mentioned microorganism is causing infection and disease also in other species of animals. The wild boar is participating, by carriership, of infecting several species of animals and human by Leptospira serotypes, Brucella suis, Yersinia enterocolitica, Salmonella spp., pathogenic serovars of Escherichia coli. The same relates to bovine tuberculosis, Japanase encephalitis virus and influenza A typ viruses. Finally trichinellosis transfer from wild boar to humans with not cooked meat containing larves of Trichinella spp. is mentioned. In general remarks it is noted that to prevent pathogen introduction from wild boar to domestic animals particularly to pigs, but also other species and to humans the surveillance of the wild boar behaviour in their living conditions and environment is recommended...

scholarly journals Passive surveillance of African Swine Fever (ASF) in wild boars as an effective tool for prevention, control and eradication of ASF: A new approach

2022 ◽  
Vol 77 (04) ◽  
pp. 65146-2022
Author(s):  
MIROSŁAW WELZ ◽  
BARTŁOMIEJ POPCZYK ◽  
KRZYSZTOF NIEMCZUK ◽  
ŁUKASZ BOCIAN ◽  
KRZYSZTOF JAŻDŻEWSKI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wild Boar ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
African Swine Fever ◽  
Infectious Agent ◽  
Epidemiological Surveillance ◽  
Passive Surveillance ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Wild Boars ◽  
Wild Fauna

The latest recommendations of the European Commission and the scientific opinions of the EFSA and other bodies define the passive surveillance of ASF in wild boars as a key means of epidemiological surveillance and a basic tool for the eradication of the ASF virus from the natural environment in the areas where this disease occurs, especially in the early stage of its development. The key to eradication is the management of the wild boar population and its reduction to a low and controlled number, so as to diminish the virus pressure in the environment and lessen the risk to pig farms. Wild boar hunting should take place in a planned manner that is adapted to the epizootic situation (as part of centrally managed hunting and sanitary culling). The most intensive hunting should take place in ASF-free areas, with the use of tailored methods and the latest technologies. Periodic hunting moratoria and restrictions on any activity in newly infected zones are necessary. This approach provides for phased eradication of the infectious agent by culling or capturing wild boars, as well as identifying and safely removing their carcasses and remains. When passive ASF surveillance in wild fauna is undertaken, data on the incidence of the disease in wild boars are obtained by the Veterinary Inspectorate without its active participation. The inspectorate is notified of any suspicion or occurrence of the disease, including discoveries of carcasses of animals of susceptible species. Then it acts according to an established plan including clinical examination of suspected or sick animals, anatomopathological examinations and sample collection for laboratory tests. The article describes the use of passive ASF surveillance in wild boars as a tool to prevent, control and combat ASF in Poland.

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