scholarly journals KI AGENG SURYOMENTARAM’S PHILOSOPHICAL VIEWS AND ITS RELEVANCE FOR POSTMODERNITY

Teosofia ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 35
Author(s):  
Umi Daris Salamah
Keyword(s):  
Social Justice ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Moral Principle ◽  
Grand Narrative ◽  
Moral Principles ◽  
Absolute Concept

<em><span>Postmodern society has related to the terms of relativism, it is kind of the rejection of certain universal forms (grand narrative). In this case, the uncertainty of ethic is being one of the problems of humanity that exist in postmodern society. It implies that there is no true moral principle. The accuracy of all moral principles are relatively accommodated to the concerned or selected individual environment. The difficulty is how to marry such values to respect for diversity. Some agreements on the principles of social justice are desirable. Human has to position themselves between ‘absolutism’ and ‘anything goes’. Ki Ageng Suryomentaram, one of the Javanese Philosophers, formulated a set of philosophical views called to deal with human life. It is not an absolute concept to follow. Neither is it a form of totalitarianism reconstruction. Yet, it can be included as one of what so called by Lyotard as a small narrative. So in postmodernism view, the concept of Ki Ageng Suryomentaram, be it about harmony or manungsa tanpa tenger (human without signs), mawas diri (self-cautiousness), and mulur mungkret (state of being developed and shrunk) can be regarded as knowledge that qualifies to be publicized. It fits to some degree into a postmodern society for creating a harmonious life. </span></em>

scholarly journals PRINSIP MORAL TERTINGGI

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 110-132
Author(s):  
M. Ilham Ilham
Keyword(s):  
Legal Philosophy ◽  
Moral Principle ◽  
Grand Narrative ◽  
Religious Texts ◽  
Moral Principles ◽  
Religious Issues ◽  
Library Research ◽  
Important Position

This article aims to construct al-Buti> maslahat in contemporary ijtihad discourse as a grand narrative and the highest moral principle. The Methodology of this article is a library research which adopts descriptive analytical reading from various literatures with historical approaches include socio-cultural religious and philosophical approaches which include Islamic legal theories and Islamic legal philosophy. The dialectic of the text and benefit is a continuation of the classic debate between reason and revelation. The debate around the pattern of relations between the two colors the Muslim thought has passed to this day and has never been linear. Indeed form the highest moral principles of Islamic teachings, maslahah occupies an important position in the processes of ijtihad, especially in the latest development of socio-religious issues. Benefit considerations are impossible to deny because their existence as the ultimate goal of the Sabbath has a strong theological justification. Maslahah is the ultimate meaning of Islamic teachings that should be considered in understanding religious texts. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk mengungkap konstruksi nalar maslahat al-But}i>  dalam wacana ijtihad kontemporer sebagai narasi agung dan prinsip moral tertinggi. Secara metodologis, artikel ini merupakan riset kepustakaan (library research) yang mengadopsi metode deskriptif analatis melalui pembacaan terhadap berbagai literatur dengan pendekatan pendekatan historis yang mencakup socio-cultural religious dan pendekatan filosofis yang meliputi teori hukum Islam (Islamic legal theories) dan filsafat hukum Islam (Islamic legal philosophy). Dialektika teks dan kemaslahatan  merupakan kelanjutan perdebatan klasik antara nalar dan wahyu. Perdebatan seputar pola relasi antara keduanya mewarnai perjalanan pemikiran umat Islam sampai hari ini dan tidak pernah berjalan linier. Sejatinya, sebagai prinsip moral tertinggi ajaran Islam, kemaslahatan menempati posisi penting dalam proses-proses ijtihad, terlebih dalam perkembangan mutakhir isu sosial keagamaan. Pertimbangan kemaslahatan tidak mungkin dinafikan karena eksistensinya sebagai sebagai tujuan puncak pensyariatan memiliki justifikasi teologis yang kuat. Kemaslahatan merupakan makna puncak ajaran Islam yang semestinya dipertimbangkan dalam memahami teks-teks agama.

Axioms of Morality

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-45
Author(s):  
Michael Clunn
Keyword(s):  
Human Life ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Moral Principles

Foundationalism states that philosophy must begin from basic building blocks and construct arguments based on these. The axioms of existence, consciousness, and identity are three primary axioms which cannot be denied without being self-defeating. These axioms are also common to all human life. This paper explores ways to construct moral principles and virtues from these foundational cornerstones.

Normative Principles are Synthetic A Priori

Episteme ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 367-383
Author(s):  
Paul Boghossian
Keyword(s):  
A Priori ◽  
Moral Judgments ◽  
Moral Principle ◽  
Moral Principles ◽  
Justified Belief ◽  
Normative Concepts ◽  
Open Question Argument ◽  
Moral Domains ◽  
And Mathematics ◽  
Open Question

AbstractI argue for the claim that there are instances of a priori justified belief – in particular, justified belief in moral principles – that are not analytic, i.e., that cannot be explained solely by the understanding we have of their propositions. §1–2 provides the background necessary for understanding this claim: in particular, it distinguishes between two ways a proposition can be analytic, Basis and Constitutive, and provides the general form of a moral principle. §§3–5 consider whether Hume's Law, properly interpreted, can be established by Moore's Open Question Argument, and concludes that it cannot: while Moore's argument – appropriately modified – is effective against the idea that moral judgments are either (i) reductively analyzable or (ii) Constitutive-analytic, a different argument is needed to show that they are not (iii) Basis-analytic. Such an argument is supplied in §6. §§7–8 conclude by considering how these considerations bear on recent discussions of “alternative normative concepts”, on the epistemology of intuitions, and on the differences between disagreement in moral domains and in other a priori domains such as logic and mathematics.

scholarly journals Inevitable Third: Ethical and Political Aspects of Interactions with Artificial Agents

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (99) ◽  
pp. 90-107
Author(s):  
D.A. Tomiltseva ◽  
A.S. Zheleznov
Keyword(s):  
Human Life ◽  
Social Practices ◽  
The Political ◽  
Artificial Agents ◽  
Political Values ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Moral Principles ◽  
Human Interactions ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Philosophical Understanding

Artificial agents i.e., man-made technical devices and software that are capable of taking meaningful actions and making independent decisions, permeate almost all spheres of human life today. Being new political actants, they transform the nature of human interactions, which gives rise to the problem of ethical and political regulation of their activities. Therefore, the appearance of such agents triggers a global philosophical reflection that goes beyond technical or practical issues and makes researchers return to the fundamental problems of ethics. The article identifies three main aspects that call for philosophical understanding of the existence of artificial agents. First, artificial agents reveal the true contradiction between declared moral and political values and real social practices. Learning from the data on the assessments and conclusions that have already taken place, artificial agents make decisions that correspond to the prevailing behavioral patterns rather than moral principles of their creators or consumers. Second, the specificity of the creation and functioning of artificial agents brings the problem of responsibility for their actions to the forefront, which, in turn, requires a new approach to the political regulation of the activities of not only developers, customers and users, but also the agents themselves. Third, the current forms of the activity of artificial agents shift the traditional boundaries of the human and raise the question of redefining the humanitarian. Having carefully analyzed the selected aspects, the authors reveal their logic and outline the field for further discussion.

scholarly journals PERAN LEMBAGA ZAKAT DALAM PENGENTASAN KEMISKINAN DI INDONESIA

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 339-364
Author(s):  
Syaakir Sofyan
Keyword(s):  
Social Justice ◽  
Social Responsibility ◽  
Human Development ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Economic Problems ◽  
The People

Zakat is part of Islamic teachings that cover various aspects of human life. The main economic problems related to poverty are the biggest problems in a country's economy. Zakat is able to solve this problem by optimizing all potential in collecting zakat funds. Zakat is believed to be able to contribute greatly in promoting social justice, human development, and alleviating poverty. Therefore, zakat should be managed professionally and productively so that the role and contribution in prospering the community can be achieved. In addition, awareness of Muslims is also needed in efforts to develop the welfare of the people and is also a social responsibility in the welfare of the people who are still in the poverty line.

scholarly journals Preface by Editor-in-Chief

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (10) ◽  
pp. 5
Author(s):  
Ingrida Baranauskiene
Keyword(s):  
Social Justice ◽  
Social Welfare ◽  
Disability Studies ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Interdisciplinary Approach ◽  
Fair Value ◽  
The State ◽  
Scientific Concept ◽  
Social Challenges ◽  
Starting Point

<p>Dear authors, members of the editorial board, and readers of the scientific interdisciplinary journal <em>Social Welfare: Interdisciplinary Approach</em>. We present to you one more issue of the journal. As in previous issues, in the present issue, an interdisciplinary approach to social welfare in a national and intercultural context is important to us. In this issue, we present to your attention the works of scientists from three countries in one way or another related to social welfare, the concept of which is constructed and presented in three chapters: <em>Social Challenges</em>, <em>The Development of Professional Competences</em> and <em>Disability Studies</em>. Going deeper into the presented scientific works, it can be seen that in many of them we can name social justice as the main idea. This scientific concept and the starting point of the formation of the concept of life has reached us from ancient times. All of us know Plato, Socrates’ disciple, and his ontological concept of justice related to a virtue of the soul. Justice for Plato is one of the major virtues that encompasses both state governance and human life in general. It can be argued that he saw the benefits of justice in the life of the state and the individual, including the idea that justice unites society (Plato, 2000<a title="" href="#_ftn1">[1]</a>). Aristotle gives justice the meaning of redistribution and sharing. On the other hand, although Aristotle’s justice is restricted to Greek citizens, in any case, the idea of sharing, redistributing, offsetting was spread thanks to Aristotle (Aristotle, 1990<a title="" href="#_ftn2">[2]</a>). Thomas Aquinas not only linked the Christian tradition to the teaching of Aristotle, but also further developed the idea of justice and emphasized the importance of transposing the idea into law (Aquinas, 2015<a title="" href="#_ftn3">[3]</a>). Immanuel Kant developed a moral theory which, in the context of our days, is, in my view, an important duty as the strongest pillar of morality (Kant, 1987<a title="" href="#_ftn4">[4]</a>). Without going into polemic about how much Immanuel Kant’s philosophy influenced John Rawls’ theory of social justice, I will quote the principles of justice defined by him: “a) each person is to have an equal right to the most extensive scheme of equal basic liberties compatible with a similar scheme of liberties for others; and in this scheme the equal political liberties, and only those liberties, are to be guaranteed their fair value. b) Social and economic inequalities are to be arranged so that they are both: (a) to the greatest benefit of the least advantaged, consistent with the just savings principle, and (b) attached to offices and positions open to all under conditions of fair equality of opportunity” (Rawls, 2002, p. 61<a title="" href="#_ftn5">[5]</a>). It can be said that Rawls’ idea that we will not achieve social welfare in the state until justice, including social justice, is ensured, has laid the foundations for a modern understanding of social justice. The dialectic of the concept of justice is also reflected in the works of our authors as the emphasis on justice as a value (Arūnas Acus, Liutauras Kraniauskas; Ilona Dobrovolskytė), the disclosure of the meaning of sharing (Jurgita Lenkauskaitė; Olga Kuprieieva, Tetiana Traverse, Liudmyla Serdiuk, Olena Chykhantsova, Oleksandr Shamych), the construct of the concept of law (Daiva Malinauskienė, Aistė Igorytė; Ingrida Baranauskienė, Alla Kovalenko, Inna Leonova), the understanding of a theory of civic morality, a duty that is a pillar of morality (Svitlana Kravchuk; Elena Kuftyak; Asta Volbikienė, Remigijus Bubnys; Simas Garbenis, Renata Geležinienė, Greta Šiaučiulytė). And it does not matter at all whether this is analyzed in the context of social challenges, disability studies or professional competences. It can be stated that the idea of social justice is the driving force behind the scientific works of this journal.</p><p>Wishing everyone to stay healthy, both physically and spiritually, I place social justice as a fundamental value in these turbulent times of a global pandemic. But life does not stand still, so we look forward to your new research works. There will be no us without you.</p><div><br clear="all" /><hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /></div>

scholarly journals L’economia islamica: alternativa apparente o reale?

2017 ◽  
Vol 97 (2) ◽  
pp. 270-290
Author(s):  
Valentino Cattelan
Keyword(s):  
Social Justice ◽  
Property Rights ◽  
Financial Market ◽  
Risk Sharing ◽  
Financial System ◽  
Real Economy ◽  
Scientific Paradigm ◽  
Moral Principles ◽  
The Future ◽  
Economic Thinking

Abstract This article deals with the nature of Islamic economics as a scientific paradigm which claims to be alternative to conventional economic thinking. To critically evaluate this claim, the work investigates the peculiar religious and moral principles that shape the idea of social justice in Islam. Subsequently, it outlines how Islamic economics derives from these principles a specific conceptualization of property rights and commercial relations that embraces parameters of (1) primacy of real economy; (2) transactional equilibrium; (3) and profit- and risk-sharing. By endorsing the conceptual autonomy of Islamic economics from conventional capitalism, the article also refers to the current emergence of the Islamic financial market at a global stage, and the possible implications for a plural financial system in the future.

Two-Tier Moral Codes

1989 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 112-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Holly M. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Moral Status ◽  
The Other ◽  
Moral Principle ◽  
Moral Code ◽  
Moral Principles ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Individual Actions ◽  
The One ◽  
In Virtue Of

A moral code consists of principles that assign moral status to individual actions – principles that evaluate acts as right or wrong, prohibited or obligatory, permissible or supererogatory. Many theorists have held that such principles must serve two distinct functions. On the one hand, they serve a theoretical function, insofar as they specify the characteristics in virtue of which acts possess their moral status. On the other hand, they serve a practical function, insofar as they provide an action-guide: a standard by reference to which a person can choose which acts to perform and which not. Although the theoretical and practical functions of moral principles are closely linked, it is not at all obvious that what enables a principle to fill one of these roles automatically equips it to fill the other. In this paper I shall briefly examine some of the reasons why a moral principle might fail to fill its practical role, i.e., be incapable of guiding decisions. I shall then sketch three common responses to this kind of failure, and examine in some detail the adequacy of one of the most popular of these responses.

scholarly journals INSTABILITY OF HUMAN SOCIETIES AS A RESULT OF CONFORMITY

2005 ◽  
Vol 16 (10) ◽  
pp. 1577-1585
Author(s):  
A. L. EFROS ◽  
P. DÉSESQUELLES
Keyword(s):  
Critical Level ◽  
Moral Principle ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Human Diversity ◽  
First Order ◽  
Moral Principles ◽  
First Order Phase Transition ◽  
Normal Human ◽  
Political Turmoil ◽  
First Order Phase

We introduce a new model that mimics the strong and sudden effects induced by conformity in tightly interacting human societies. Such effects range from mere crowd phenomena to dramatic political turmoil. The model is a modified version of the Ising Hamiltonian. We have studied the properties of this Hamiltonian using both a Metropolis simulation and analytical derivations. Our study shows that increasing the value of the conformity parameter, results in a first order phase transition. As a result a majority of people begin to honestly support the idea that may contradict the moral principles of a normal human beings though each individual would support the moral principle without tight interaction with the society. Thus, above some critical level of conformity our society destabilizes with respect to ideas that might be doubtful. Our model includes, in a simplified way, human diversity with respect to loyalty to the moral principles.

A ÉTICA EM LUC FERRY: UM HUMANISMO FUNDAMENTADO NOS VALORES CRISTÃOS

Sapere Aude ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (19) ◽  
pp. 294-309
Author(s):  
Douglas Willian Ferreira
Keyword(s):  
Human Life ◽  
Ethical Reflection ◽  
Moral Norms ◽  
Moral Principles ◽  
The Individual

Para Luc Ferry o final do século XX trouxe em seu bojo uma aparente crise do dever e com ela o fim dos fundamentos das normas morais no universo religioso ou mesmo nos ideais revolucionários. Com isso, a reflexão ética ganha novos contornos, o que vemos acontecer, por exemplo, no pensamento de Ferry que caracterizará a ética como o fundamento da vida humana, pois ela se encarrega da questão da salvação, ou seja, do sentido da vida do homem. Num humanismo em que as visões tradicionais do mundo e as concepções religiosas da ética caducaram, o homem moderno se vê diante da seguinte indagação: o que me é permitido esperar? Não podemos hesitar em retirar o Deus revelado como fundamento de nossa resposta. É através de uma secularização da ética que poderemos reconhecer os valores transcendentais que fundamentam os princípios morais pensados como algo puramente humano e que mesmo assim possui caráter absoluto e universal. Nesse sentido é a liberdade do homem associada à sua capacidade reflexiva que permitem ao indivíduo encontrar dentro de si valores que se apresentam como superiores à sua subjetividade. Assim, o homem descobre, através de sua consciência, que há valores que o transcendem e parecem valer para os demais.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Humanismo. Ética. Laicismo. Amor. Secularização. ABSTRACTFor Luc Ferry the twentieth century’s end has brought in its wake an apparent crisis of duty and with it the end of the foundations of moral norms in the religious universe or even in revolutionary ideals. In order to this, the ethical reflection earns new contours, what we see happening, for example, the Ferry’s thought responsible for characterize ethics as the foundation of human life, as it is in charge of the issue of salvation, that is, the meaning of human life . A humanism where traditional worldviews and religious conceptions of lapsed ethics, modern man is faced with the following question: What is allowed me to wait? We can’t hesitate to pull the God revealed as the foundation of our response. It is through a secularization of ethics that we recognize the transcendent values that underlie the moral principles thought of as purely human and It still has absolute and universal character. In this sense, the man’s freedom is associated with its reflective ability that allows the individual to find within itself values that present themselves as superior the life. In this way, man finds out from his awareness that there are values that transcend their subjectivity and appear to be true for others.KEYWORDS: Humanism. Ethics. Secularismo. Love. Secularizacion.

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