Axioms of Morality

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-45
Author(s):  
Michael Clunn
Keyword(s):  
Human Life ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Moral Principles

Foundationalism states that philosophy must begin from basic building blocks and construct arguments based on these. The axioms of existence, consciousness, and identity are three primary axioms which cannot be denied without being self-defeating. These axioms are also common to all human life. This paper explores ways to construct moral principles and virtues from these foundational cornerstones.

scholarly journals Inevitable Third: Ethical and Political Aspects of Interactions with Artificial Agents

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (99) ◽  
pp. 90-107
Author(s):  
D.A. Tomiltseva ◽  
A.S. Zheleznov
Keyword(s):  
Human Life ◽  
Social Practices ◽  
The Political ◽  
Artificial Agents ◽  
Political Values ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Moral Principles ◽  
Human Interactions ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Philosophical Understanding

Artificial agents i.e., man-made technical devices and software that are capable of taking meaningful actions and making independent decisions, permeate almost all spheres of human life today. Being new political actants, they transform the nature of human interactions, which gives rise to the problem of ethical and political regulation of their activities. Therefore, the appearance of such agents triggers a global philosophical reflection that goes beyond technical or practical issues and makes researchers return to the fundamental problems of ethics. The article identifies three main aspects that call for philosophical understanding of the existence of artificial agents. First, artificial agents reveal the true contradiction between declared moral and political values and real social practices. Learning from the data on the assessments and conclusions that have already taken place, artificial agents make decisions that correspond to the prevailing behavioral patterns rather than moral principles of their creators or consumers. Second, the specificity of the creation and functioning of artificial agents brings the problem of responsibility for their actions to the forefront, which, in turn, requires a new approach to the political regulation of the activities of not only developers, customers and users, but also the agents themselves. Third, the current forms of the activity of artificial agents shift the traditional boundaries of the human and raise the question of redefining the humanitarian. Having carefully analyzed the selected aspects, the authors reveal their logic and outline the field for further discussion.

Mrzonki o pokoju. Wojna nemezis ludzkości

1970 ◽  
Vol 23 (301) ◽  
pp. 175-191
Author(s):  
Justyna Grażyna Otto
Keyword(s):  
Political Philosophy ◽  
Genetic Code ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Human Race ◽  
Political Sciences ◽  
The Federalist ◽  
History Of ◽  
Research Goal

The main thesis of the article is as follows: war shares a lasting and unbreakable bond with human life and state politics and, despite the Utopian dreams of never-ending peace, conflicts are the sine qua non building blocks of a country’s policy and the development of the human race. Why? Because a state is an imperfect, yet the most perfect among the civilisationally achievable means of organising the lives of people who, for various reasons, display war inclinations. This paper is a political sciences analysis of the problem from the perspective of history of political philosophy. To achieve the research goal, the author first analyses the Utopian visions of peace ruling over war and the designs of eternal peace, putting forward subtheses on the primate of peace over war and the human drive towards peace which was to be determined by 1). religion, 2). proper upbringing and education as well as the new organisation of a society and its reflection in the federalist project. These theses are debunked and proven to be wishful thinking as each human being and each state have violence in their genetic code.

Unique Ethical Issues in Chemistry

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey Kovac
Keyword(s):  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Environmental Pollutants ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Natural Sciences ◽  
The Other ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Chemical Systems ◽  
Fundamental Knowledge ◽  
The Right

What makes chemistry unique? And how does this uniqueness reflect on chemistry’s unique concerns with ethics? As Roald Hoffmann (1995) argues, it is because chemistry is in the “tense middle,” occupying a space between several pairs of extremes. Perhaps most important, chemistry has always inhabited a frontier between science and technology, the pure and the applied, the theoretical and the practical (Bensaude-Vincent and Simon 2008). Unlike the other natural sciences, chemistry traces its origins both to philosophy and the craft tradition. Chemists are discoverers of knowledge and creators of new substances. The objects of study in chemistry, molecules and the macroscopic systems made up of molecules, are intermediate between the very small, the elementary particles, and the very large, the cosmos. Chemical systems are the right size to affect humans directly, for better or worse. They are the building blocks of biological organisms, they are the substances we eat and drink, they are the drugs that have improved human health dramatically over the past century, they comprise the materials we use to construct the products we use daily, but they are also the environmental pollutants that can plague our world. Chemicals can also be used as weapons. Being in the middle means that chemists face a unique set of ethical issues that I try to explicate in this chapter. These issues derive, in part, from the nature of chemistry as a science, a science that does not fit the neat picture drawn in the first chapter of textbooks. They also derive from the fact that ethics is an inquiry into right human conduct: What is a good life? Chemistry has perhaps contributed more to the betterment of human life than any other science, but at the same time has also contributed significantly to the deterioration of the environment. As explained in Chapter 3, much of chemistry is conducted in Pasteur’s quadrant, where both the search for fundamental knowledge and considerations of use are important. Chemical synthesis is perhaps the central activity of chemistry.

What It Is to Reason about Ethics

2018 ◽  
pp. 182-184
Author(s):  
John McMillan
Keyword(s):  
Building Blocks ◽  
Moral Reason ◽  
Practical Advice ◽  
Moral Principles ◽  
Argumentative Strategies

Sidgwick claimed that if we want to understand the methods of ethics, we should study the methods by which people reach reasoned convictions about morality. This book has explained how speculative reasons and drawing distinctions are the building blocks of moral reason. Of course, moral principles, concepts and theories have some role to play but it should be much more limited than it currently is and is not the most useful thing to teach those new to bioethics. When bioethics draws upon these argumentative strategies and is empirically engaged, then bioethics can give us normative, practical advice about what we should do.

A ÉTICA EM LUC FERRY: UM HUMANISMO FUNDAMENTADO NOS VALORES CRISTÃOS

Sapere Aude ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (19) ◽  
pp. 294-309
Author(s):  
Douglas Willian Ferreira
Keyword(s):  
Human Life ◽  
Ethical Reflection ◽  
Moral Norms ◽  
Moral Principles ◽  
The Individual

Para Luc Ferry o final do século XX trouxe em seu bojo uma aparente crise do dever e com ela o fim dos fundamentos das normas morais no universo religioso ou mesmo nos ideais revolucionários. Com isso, a reflexão ética ganha novos contornos, o que vemos acontecer, por exemplo, no pensamento de Ferry que caracterizará a ética como o fundamento da vida humana, pois ela se encarrega da questão da salvação, ou seja, do sentido da vida do homem. Num humanismo em que as visões tradicionais do mundo e as concepções religiosas da ética caducaram, o homem moderno se vê diante da seguinte indagação: o que me é permitido esperar? Não podemos hesitar em retirar o Deus revelado como fundamento de nossa resposta. É através de uma secularização da ética que poderemos reconhecer os valores transcendentais que fundamentam os princípios morais pensados como algo puramente humano e que mesmo assim possui caráter absoluto e universal. Nesse sentido é a liberdade do homem associada à sua capacidade reflexiva que permitem ao indivíduo encontrar dentro de si valores que se apresentam como superiores à sua subjetividade. Assim, o homem descobre, através de sua consciência, que há valores que o transcendem e parecem valer para os demais.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Humanismo. Ética. Laicismo. Amor. Secularização. ABSTRACTFor Luc Ferry the twentieth century’s end has brought in its wake an apparent crisis of duty and with it the end of the foundations of moral norms in the religious universe or even in revolutionary ideals. In order to this, the ethical reflection earns new contours, what we see happening, for example, the Ferry’s thought responsible for characterize ethics as the foundation of human life, as it is in charge of the issue of salvation, that is, the meaning of human life . A humanism where traditional worldviews and religious conceptions of lapsed ethics, modern man is faced with the following question: What is allowed me to wait? We can’t hesitate to pull the God revealed as the foundation of our response. It is through a secularization of ethics that we recognize the transcendent values that underlie the moral principles thought of as purely human and It still has absolute and universal character. In this sense, the man’s freedom is associated with its reflective ability that allows the individual to find within itself values that present themselves as superior the life. In this way, man finds out from his awareness that there are values that transcend their subjectivity and appear to be true for others.KEYWORDS: Humanism. Ethics. Secularismo. Love. Secularizacion.

scholarly journals Rawlsian maximin rule operates as a common cognitive anchor in distributive justice and risky decisions

2016 ◽  
Vol 113 (42) ◽  
pp. 11817-11822 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatsuya Kameda ◽  
Keigo Inukai ◽  
Satomi Higuchi ◽  
Akitoshi Ogawa ◽  
Hackjin Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Distributive Justice ◽  
Perspective Taking ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Individual Choice ◽  
Risky Decision ◽  
Temporoparietal Junction ◽  
Moral Principles ◽  
Risky Decisions

Distributive justice concerns the moral principles by which we seek to allocate resources fairly among diverse members of a society. Although the concept of fair allocation is one of the fundamental building blocks for societies, there is no clear consensus on how to achieve “socially just” allocations. Here, we examine neurocognitive commonalities of distributive judgments and risky decisions. We explore the hypothesis that people’s allocation decisions for others are closely related to economic decisions for oneself at behavioral, cognitive, and neural levels, via a concern about the minimum, worst-off position. In a series of experiments using attention-monitoring and brain-imaging techniques, we investigated this “maximin” concern (maximizing the minimum possible payoff) via responses in two seemingly disparate tasks: third-party distribution of rewards for others, and choosing gambles for self. The experiments revealed three robust results: (i) participants’ distributive choices closely matched their risk preferences—“Rawlsians,” who maximized the worst-off position in distributions for others, avoided riskier gambles for themselves, whereas “utilitarians,” who favored the largest-total distributions, preferred riskier but more profitable gambles; (ii) across such individual choice preferences, however, participants generally showed the greatest spontaneous attention to information about the worst possible outcomes in both tasks; and (iii) this robust concern about the minimum outcomes was correlated with activation of the right temporoparietal junction (RTPJ), the region associated with perspective taking. The results provide convergent evidence that social distribution for others is psychologically linked to risky decision making for self, drawing on common cognitive–neural processes with spontaneous perspective taking of the worst-off position.

scholarly journals Akhlak Education According to Ibnu Miskawaih (Education ‎Epistemology Perspective)‎

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-40
Author(s):  
Wahid Arbani
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Research Methods ◽  
Moral Education ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Qualitative Research Methods ◽  
Islamic World ◽  
Moral Principles ◽  
Sources Of Knowledge ◽  
Dangerous Condition

The emergence of globalization and capitalism in our lives today has given rise to the emergence of hedonistic attitudes, consumerism, materialism and the emergence of permissive attitudes. This contemporary condition is clearly in a dangerous condition, so it is necessary to look for moral and moral principles to maintain the continuity of human life on this earth. One effort that can be done is to re-express the thoughts of classical Muslim leaders who have been able to exert influence in the development of the Islamic world and have even been able to bring glory to Islam. Ibn Miskawaih is one of the Muslim philosophers who in every major discussion of his writings always includes moral aspects, so it is interesting to study, how far the concept of moral education according to Ibn Miskawaih is able to parse various problems in the implementation of moral education in the present and future come. By using qualitative research methods through the documentation of the book Tahzib al-Aklaq Wa Tathir al-Arara, the conclusion is that the epistemology of moral education according to Ibn Miskawaih includes; sources of knowledge, benchmarks of truth and classification of knowledge, and methodologies for acquiring knowledge. The source of knowledge, according to Ibn Miskawaih, is epistemologically derived from the truth of revelation, although in his writings Ibn Miskawaih did not write the postulates of the Qur'an and al-Hadist directly.

scholarly journals KI AGENG SURYOMENTARAM’S PHILOSOPHICAL VIEWS AND ITS RELEVANCE FOR POSTMODERNITY

Teosofia ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 35
Author(s):  
Umi Daris Salamah
Keyword(s):  
Social Justice ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Moral Principle ◽  
Grand Narrative ◽  
Moral Principles ◽  
Absolute Concept

<em><span>Postmodern society has related to the terms of relativism, it is kind of the rejection of certain universal forms (grand narrative). In this case, the uncertainty of ethic is being one of the problems of humanity that exist in postmodern society. It implies that there is no true moral principle. The accuracy of all moral principles are relatively accommodated to the concerned or selected individual environment. The difficulty is how to marry such values to respect for diversity. Some agreements on the principles of social justice are desirable. Human has to position themselves between ‘absolutism’ and ‘anything goes’. Ki Ageng Suryomentaram, one of the Javanese Philosophers, formulated a set of philosophical views called to deal with human life. It is not an absolute concept to follow. Neither is it a form of totalitarianism reconstruction. Yet, it can be included as one of what so called by Lyotard as a small narrative. So in postmodernism view, the concept of Ki Ageng Suryomentaram, be it about harmony or manungsa tanpa tenger (human without signs), mawas diri (self-cautiousness), and mulur mungkret (state of being developed and shrunk) can be regarded as knowledge that qualifies to be publicized. It fits to some degree into a postmodern society for creating a harmonious life. </span></em>

scholarly journals Relevance of Moral Principles in Jaina Philosophy: In Present Situation

2021 ◽  
Vol 04 (06) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dr. Veena Rani ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Human Life ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Moral Principles ◽  
Ethical Knowledge ◽  
Human Value ◽  
The Common ◽  
Illegal Activities ◽  
Mind Set ◽  
The Mind

The Moral principles of Jaina Philosophy indicate that this philosophy represents the practical application of an ideal life. The systematic moral discipline laid down by Jaina Philosophy lights up one person from the common level and makes him enabled of knowing and practicing truth through a highly moral and spiritual course of conduct. Jainism is said to be based on the three basic principles known as ‘Ratnatraye’ or the three Gems ( right belief, right knowledge and right conduct). Jainism is a system that has taken up the path of non-violence for ages and is still applying this ideal to mankind’s practical life in the contemporary age. It lays emphasis on the practice of the principles of non-violence in every individual from which it is evident that its ultimate goal is the well – being of mankind and social improvement. In this paper, an attempt is made to analyse how the ethical principles of Jaina Philosophy is relevant to present time situation in maintaining peace and harmony in the society. There is no denying the fact India is a Lord of spiritualism. The Upnishada, the Gita, the Bhudhist Tripitakas and the Jaina Agams – all these regard spiritual realization as the highest object of human life. In these works, ethical utterances are intertwined with spiritual expressions. Ethical knowledge is the base of humanity. It is the root of human value. Today, when the mind set of people has been polluted of illegal activities, the question– what is morality is surprisingly found to be forgotten by the society. The human race has remarkably become crooked, engulfed in unlawful deeds like injustice, enmity, malice etc. Here comes the relevance of the discussion on ethical knowledge most befittingly during this time in the world. The endless treasure of vast knowledge that had once been designed by the ancient Indian monks, enlightened with the incessant worship of wisdom, is considered an invaluable asset in the field of world ethical knowledge through the ages. Through this paper a modest effort is being made to have an insight towards the ethical lessons prescribed in Jaina Philosophy.

The Morality and Utility of Organ Transplantation

Utilitas ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Audi
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Organ Transplantation ◽  
Human Life ◽  
The United States ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Common Procedure ◽  
Ethical Problems ◽  
Moral Principles ◽  
Organ Sales ◽  
Donor Recruitment

Organ transplantation is at once a technology that raises new ethical problems and a good testing ground for various moral principles. It has become a common procedure in some countries and, at least in the United States, promises to become even more so. It poses questions about costs and benefits as well as the very large question of whether we should try to renew human life indefinitely and, if so, at what cost. It raises the problem of whether organs are the property of their possessors – at least when the possessors are competent adults. It raises issues of organ sales, of what might be called donor recruitment, of informed consent, of reparations when transplant fails, of eligibility for transplant, and of competition for medical time and expertise between transplantation and other, less dramatic kinds of medical care. This essay touches on all of these topics, with the aim of identifying the broad dimensions of the ethical problems of organ transplantation and some of the moral principles that may help us solve them.

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