The Apparent Loss of Twist in Open-End Cotton/Polyester Blended Yarns.(Dept.T)

AbstractBased on impressionistic and acoustic data, Assamese is described as having a phonological tongue root harmony system, with blocking by certain phonological configurations and over-application in certain morphological contexts. This study explores physical properties of the patterns using ultrasonic imaging to determine whether the impressionistic descriptions match what speakers actually do. Principal components analysis (PCA) determines that most participants produce a contrast in tongue root position in the appropriate contexts, though there is less of an impact on tongue root with greater distance from the triggering vowel. Analysis uses the root mean squared distance (RMSD) calculation to determine whether both blocking and over-application take effect. The blocking results conform to the impressionistic descriptions. With over-application, [e] and [o] are expected; while some speakers clearly produce these vowels, others articulate a vowel that is indeterminant between the expected [e]/[o] and an unexpected [ɛ]/[ɔ]. No speaker consistently showed the expected tongue root position in all contexts, and some speakers appeared to have lost the contrast entirely, yet all are considered to be speakers of the same dialect of Assamese. Whether this (apparent) loss is a consequence of crude research methodologies or accurately reflects what is happening within the language community remains an open question.

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Structure-guided selection of puromycin N-acetyltransferase mutants with enhanced selection stringency for deriving mammalian cell lines expressing recombinant proteins

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-84551-9 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Alessandro T. Caputo ◽

Oliver M. Eder ◽

Hana Bereznakova ◽

Heleen Pothuis ◽

Albert Ardevol ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cell Lines ◽

Mammalian Cell ◽

Recombinant Proteins ◽

Cultured Cells ◽

Hek293 Cells ◽

Reaction Products ◽

Enzyme Form ◽

X Ray Crystallography ◽

Mammalian Cell Lines ◽

Apparent Loss

AbstractPuromycin and the Streptomyces alboniger-derived puromycin N-acetyltransferase (PAC) enzyme form a commonly used system for selecting stably transfected cultured cells. The crystal structure of PAC has been solved using X-ray crystallography, revealing it to be a member of the GCN5-related N-acetyltransferase (GNAT) family of acetyltransferases. Based on structures in complex with acetyl-CoA or the reaction products CoA and acetylated puromycin, four classes of mutations in and around the catalytic site were designed and tested for activity. Single-residue mutations were identified that displayed a range of enzymatic activities, from complete ablation to enhanced activity relative to wild-type (WT) PAC. Cell pools of stably transfected HEK293 cells derived using two PAC mutants with attenuated activity, Y30F and A142D, were found to secrete up to three-fold higher levels of a soluble, recombinant target protein than corresponding pools derived with the WT enzyme. A third mutant, Y171F, appeared to stabilise the intracellular turnover of PAC, resulting in an apparent loss of selection stringency. Our results indicate that the structure-guided manipulation of PAC function can be utilised to enhance selection stringency for the derivation of mammalian cell lines secreting elevated levels of recombinant proteins.

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The Xerulaceae (Basidiomycetes), a family with sarcodimitic tissues

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b87-214 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 65 (8) ◽

pp. 1551-1562 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

S. A. Redhead

Keyword(s):

New Combinations ◽

Apparent Loss ◽

The Family

The taxonomic value of the presence of sarcodimitic tissues and derived tissues in the agarics was investigated. Basidiomata of only 15 genera of 153 agaric and bolete genera surveyed had sarcodimitic tissues. The family, the Xerulaceae, is recognized for these 15 lamellate, sarcodimitic genera along with 1 genus exhibiting modified tissues and 2 closely allied genera apparently lacking sarcodimitic tissues. It is hypothesized that they evolved convergently and then in parallel with members of the Tricholomataceae. Taxonomic difficulties arising from the apparent loss of the sarcodimitic tissues in evolutionarily advanced taxa within the Xerulaceae, such as Mycena and Xerula, are discussed. Antibiotics with an (E)-β-methoxyacrylate moiety (strobilurins, oudemansin), which are potentially useful against cancer, with one possible exception are found only in a number of genera with sarcodimitic or derived tissues currently assigned to the Xerulaceae. Two new combinations are proposed: Cystolepiota pusillomyces (Peck) comb.nov. and Floccularia albolanaripes (Atk.) comb.nov.

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A Study of the Diverse Races of Entamoeba histolytica distinguishable from one another by the dimensions of their Cysts

Parasitology ◽

10.1017/s0031182000003917 ◽

1918 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 320-351 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

Clifford Dobell ◽

Margaret W. Jepps

Keyword(s):

Entamoeba Histolytica ◽

Saline Solution ◽

Practical Importance ◽

Physiological Saline ◽

E Coli ◽

True Value ◽

Apparent Loss ◽

Physiological Saline Solution ◽

Apparent Reduction ◽

Pure Lines

1. Entamoeba histolytica Schaudinn (vel E. dysenteriae Councilman and Lafleur), the human dysentery amoeba, is a collective species. It comprises a number of distinct races, strains, or pure lines, distinguishable from one another by the size of the cysts which they produce.2. How many such distinct races exist is still undetermined; but we have demonstrated the existence of at least five.3. There is no evidence that the different races differ in their geographical distribution, or in any character save size.4. These races remain constant in character within a given host; and the dimensions of the cysts are not determined by the action of the host upon the parasite, since two different races may coexist side by side in the same host.5. Different values for the dimensions of the cysts are obtained when these are measured in different media. Taking the measurements of living cysts suspended in physiological saline solution as representing the true value, we find that the dimensions of cysts in iodine solution are approximately the same; but that cysts which have been suitably fixed, stained, and mounted in balsam, have undergone an apparent reduction of approximately 10% from the true diameter.6. The most suitable fixative for E. histolytica cysts we have found to be a modification of Schaudinn's fluid. (Saturated aqueous solution of corrosive sublimate, two parts; absolute alcohol, one part; glacial acetic acid, 4–5%.) Cysts fixed in this fluid undergo no measurable shrinkage or swelling in the process.7. The apparent loss of size observed in cysts which have been fixed, stained, and mounted in balsam, is due chiefly to the invisibility of the cyst wall in the mounting medium.8. It follows from what has been said above (5 and 6) that to obtain an approximately true value for the dimensions of the living cysts from measurements made upon those suitably fixed, stained, and mounted in balsam, these measurements should be multiplied by the factor 9. We find no evidence of the existence of a sexual dimorphism in the cysts belonging to a single race, such as has been described by Mathis and Mercier.10. Since cysts of E. histolytica may be found with all diameters from about 5μ. to about 20μ—a range overlapping or covering the dimensions of the cysts of the two common harmless intestinal amoebae of man (E. coli and E. nana) and of other cysts and cyst-like bodies occurring in human faeces—it is of considerable practical importance to recognize and distinguish the diverse races of E. histolytica which differ from one another in the dimensions of the cysts which they produce.

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Methodological Considerations in the Assessment of Effectiveness of Homeopathic Care: A Critical Review of the EPI3 Study

Homeopathy ◽

10.1055/s-0041-1732335 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Yola Moride

Keyword(s):

Critical Review ◽

Patient Characteristics ◽

Upper Respiratory Tract ◽

Specific Patient ◽

Outcome Measurements ◽

Apparent Loss ◽

Therapeutic Opportunity ◽

Methodological Considerations ◽

Tract Infections ◽

And Control

Abstract Background EPI3 is an observational study of a representative sample of general practitioners (GPs) and patients in France, demonstrating that patient characteristics differ according to the prescribing preferences of their GPs for homeopathy. For selected conditions (musculoskeletal disorders, sleep disorders, anxiety/depression, upper respiratory tract infections), progression of symptoms and adverse events over follow-up in the homeopathy preference group did not significantly differ from other practice preferences, but there was a two-fold to four-fold lower usage of conventional medicines. The EPI3 study's validity was challenged due to absence of head-to-head comparison of medicines to conclude on a causal association between homeopathy and outcomes. Methods A critical review of the nine EPI3 publications was conducted, focusing on generalizability, selection bias, outcome measurements and confounding. Results The conceptual framework of EPI3 rests on a systemic construct, i.e., the homeopathic treatment concept assessed using the type of GP prescribing preference, taking into account the clinical, human and social aspects. The enrollment process enhanced the generalizability of findings. Validated instruments for outcome measurements were used for three conditions, and control of confounding was rigorous. Conclusion EPI3 was conducted according to best practices. Homeopathy prescribing preference met specific patient needs with less use of conventional medicines and without an apparent loss in therapeutic opportunity.

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Influence of pilocarpine on transport by salivary gland slices

American Journal of Physiology-Legacy Content ◽

10.1152/ajplegacy.1963.205.5.1058 ◽

1963 ◽

Vol 205 (5) ◽

pp. 1058-1062 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

L. H. Schneyer ◽

C. A. Schneyer

Keyword(s):

Salivary Gland ◽

Submaxillary Gland ◽

Nitrogen Atmosphere ◽

Total Water ◽

Early Effect ◽

Apparent Loss ◽

Inulin Space ◽

Total Tissue

Effects of pilocarpine on net movements of water and electrolytes in gland cells were investigated in vitro, using slices from submaxillary gland of rat. Slices were depleted of K, and loaded with Na, Cl, and water, by incubation in Krebs-Ringer phosphate with nitrogen atmosphere. After this, the slices were transferred to Krebs-Ringer phosphate with oxygen atmosphere. During this period with O2, pilocarpine caused apparent loss of water from cells, since tissue total water decreased and inulin space remained almost unchanged. Without pilocarpine during this time, water in cells increased. Electrolyte movements were also affected by pilocarpine. Specifically, there occurred reduction in net accumulation of K in total tissue and cells. Reduction in net extrusion of Na was suggested. Since, in vivo, an early effect of stimulation involves depletion of gland K, it appears that the current observations have relevance to normal secretion to the extent, at least, that in both circumstances stimulating agents reduce the ability of the cells to maintain stores of K.

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Conservative and nonconservative inhibitors of gastric acid secretion

AJP Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpgi.1987.253.3.g359 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 253 (3) ◽

pp. G359-G368 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

E. B. Ekblad ◽

V. Licko

Keyword(s):

Steady State ◽

Acid Secretion ◽

Initial Step ◽

No Net Loss ◽

Apparent Loss ◽

H2 Antagonist ◽

Flow Through ◽

Ph Stat ◽

High Concentrations ◽

Continuous Presence

Inhibitors of the initial step (H2-antagonist) and of the final step (thiocyanate, SCN-; and nitrite, NO2-) were used to study the dynamics of acid secretion in isolated frog gastric mucosa. Tissues were mounted in flow-through chambers, and the acid secretion rate (SR) was recorded on a pH-stat microprocessor. Continuous presence of H2-antagonist decreases the SR to a lower steady state, and on removal the SR returns to basal SR, causing a net loss of acid, the nonconservative effect. The amount of lost acid is a unique function of exposure, thus, independent of the patterns (pulses or steps) of inhibition. In contrast, continuous presence of SCN- or NO2- (below 3 mM) results in an undershoot in SR with a return to basal SR, whereas at higher concentrations there is no return. Removal of these inhibitors causes an overshoot in SR with return to basal SR. The rebound acid is equal to acid suppressed by NO2- and low concentration of SCN-, resulting in no net loss of acid, the conservative effect, whereas at high concentrations of SCN- there is an apparent loss of acid. In maximally secreting tissue the overshoot of SR is not observed. However, the acid is not lost, merely delayed. In resting tissue NO2- also merely delays the exit of the acid produced in response to forskolin. The rebound acid is proposed to reside in a sequestered "acid" pool that is stable for at least 120 min. Results with NO2- and SCN- suggest an effect on a saturable exit enzyme, possibly the K+-H+-ATPase.

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Characterization of TPM1 disrupted yeast cells indicates an involvement of tropomyosin in directed vesicular transport.

The Journal of Cell Biology ◽

10.1083/jcb.118.2.285 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 118 (2) ◽

pp. 285-299 ◽

Cited By ~ 93

Author(s):

H Liu ◽

A Bretscher

Keyword(s):

Cell Surface ◽

Secretory Pathway ◽

Synthetic Lethality ◽

Vesicular Transport ◽

Yeast Cells ◽

Carboxypeptidase Y ◽

Apparent Loss ◽

Abnormal Accumulation ◽

Late Step ◽

Actin Cables

Disruption of the yeast tropomyosin gene TPM1 results in the apparent loss of actin cables from the cytoskeleton (Liu, H., and A. Bretscher. 1989. Cell. 57:233-242). Here we show that TPM1 disrupted cells grow slowly, show heterogeneity in cell size, have delocalized deposition of chitin, and mate poorly because of defects in both shmooing and cell fusion. The transit time of alpha-factor induced a-agglutinin secretion to the cell surface is longer than in isogenic wild-type strains, and some of the protein is mislocalized. Many of the TPM1-deleted cells contain abundant vesicles, similar in morphology to late secretory vesicles, but without an abnormal accumulation of intermediates in the delivery of either carboxypeptidase Y to the vacuole or invertase to the cell surface. Combinations of the TPM1 disruption with sec13 or sec18 mutations, which affect early steps in the secretory pathway, block vesicle accumulation, while combinations with sec1, sec4 or sec6 mutations, which affect a late step in the secretory pathway, have no effect on the vesicle accumulation. The phenotype of the TPM1 disrupted cells is very similar to that of a conditional mutation in the MYO2 gene, which encodes a myosin-like protein (Johnston, G. C., J. A. Prendergast, and R. A. Singer. 1991. J. Cell Biol. 113:539-551). The myo2-66 conditional mutation shows synthetic lethality with the TPM1 disruption, indicating that the MYO2 and TPM1 gene products may be involved in the same, or parallel function. We conclude that tropomyosin, and by inference actin cables, may facilitate directed vesicular transport of components to the correct location on the cell surface.

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Managing Apparent Loss and Real Loss from the Nexus Perspective Using System Dynamics

Water ◽

10.3390/w14020231 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 14 (2) ◽

pp. 231

Author(s):

Seo Hyung Choi ◽

Bongwoo Shin ◽

Eunher Shin

Keyword(s):

System Dynamics ◽

Water Loss ◽

Management Strategies ◽

Water System ◽

Economic Feasibility ◽

Water Utilities ◽

Urban Water ◽

Water Losses ◽

Urban Water System ◽

Apparent Loss

When water utilities establish water loss control programs, they traditionally focus on apparent loss rather than real loss when considering economic feasibility in the water sector. There is an urgent need for new management approaches that can address complex relationships and ensure the sustainability of natural resources among different sectors. This study suggests a novel approach for water utilities to manage water losses from the water-energy (WE) Nexus perspective. The Nexus model uses system dynamics to simulate twelve scenarios with the differing status of water loss and energy intensities. This analysis identifies real loss as one of the main causes of resource waste and an essential factor from the Nexus perspective. It also demonstrates that the energy intensity of each process in the urban water system has a significant impact on resource use and transfer. The consumption and movement of resources can be quantified in each process involved in the urban water system to distinguish central and vulnerable processes. This study suggests that the Nexus approach can strongly contribute to quantifying the use and movement of resources between water and energy sectors and the strategic formulation of sustainable and systematic water loss management strategies from the Nexus perspective.

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ILEX PARAGUARIENSIS, EXERCISE AND CARDIOPROTECTION: A retrospective analysis

10.1101/452946 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Fábio Cahuê ◽

José Hamilton Matheus Nascimento ◽

Luciane Barcellos ◽

Veronica P. Salerno

Keyword(s):

Data Science ◽

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Cardiac Tissue ◽

Ex Vivo ◽

Ischemia Reperfusion ◽

Ilex Paraguariensis ◽

Ros Generation ◽

Yerba Mate ◽

Reductive Stress ◽

Apparent Loss

AbstractStudies on strategies to generate cardioprotective effects have been on the rise. Previous work by our group with an ex vivo model of ischemia/reperfusion has shown that both the short-term consumption of yerba mate and exercise can each induce protection of cardiac function independently. Surprising, the two strategies together do not, with an apparent loss of their respective cardioprotection activity. To improve our understanding of the mechanisms involved without reperforming the experiments, we have conducted a retrospective data science-analysis that have produced new insights. The analysis shows that yerba mate generated reductive stress. Alone, this stress increased redox damage in the heart that appears to have led to a protective conditioning. In combination with exercise, the effects of mate inhibited the intermittent ROS generation promoted by exercise alone, which diminished the adaptive response in the heart. These results suggest that an understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved with the yerba mate-promoted reductive stress in cardiac tissue could lead to improved strategies to induce cardioprotection.

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