scholarly journals TWO PHASES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF HEDWIG CONRAD-MARTIUS’ ONTOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION ON HUMAN BEING AND LIVING THINGS

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 398-424
Author(s):  
SIMONA BERTOLINI ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Structure Change ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Human Knowledge ◽  
Living Things ◽  
Ontological Categories ◽  
Biological Ontology ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Theoretical Results

Interest in the ontological constitution of living beings (with particular reference to the human being) characterizes the whole development of Hedwig Conrad-Martius’ philosophy. Several works written by the philosopher over the years deal with both the phenomenological description and the ontological foundation of the difference between plants, animals, and humans. Specifically, the ontological structure of the human being is investigated as a layered structure which presupposes those of plants and animals while overcoming them in a more complex and spiritual unity, on which human freedom and human knowledge depend. Although this topic maintains a crucial role in Conrad-Martius’ thought, the way the philosopher addresses it and the theoretical results of her phenomenological-ontological inquiry about it do not remain unchanged. Indeed, the ontological structure at the basis of phenomenal differences as well as the metaphysical foundations of this structure change over the decades. This paper aims at distinguishing between two phases, characterized by different ontological categories, through which Conrad-Martius’ anthropology and biological ontology develop. In the first phase, at the beginning of the twenties (precisely in her work Metaphysical Dialogues), the essential differences between plants, animals, and humans are explained with reference to a vital origin preceding the constitution of reality; to describe it Conrad-Martius employs terms such as “abyss” and “under-earthly realm.” In the second phase, exemplified by some writings published in the forties and the fifties, the reference to such a dimension disappears and the eidetic variety within the living world, including human specificity, is exclusively traced back to the finalistic substantiation of essences in the natural beings.

scholarly journals Biphasic pattern in the effect of severe measles infection; the difference between additive and multiplicative scale

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nhat Thanh Hoang Le ◽  
Nhan Thi Ho ◽  
Bryan Grenfell ◽  
Stephen Baker ◽  
Ronald B. Geskus
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Hospital Admission ◽  
Measles Virus ◽  
Hospital Admissions ◽  
Admission Rate ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Additive Scale

Abstract Background Infection with measles virus (MeV) causes immunosuppression and increased susceptibility to other infectious diseases. Only few studies reported a duration of immunosuppression, with varying results. We investigated the effect of immunosuppression on the incidence of hospital admissions for infectious diseases in Vietnamese children. Methods We used retrospective data (2005 to 2015; N = 4419) from the two pediatric hospitals in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. We compared the age-specific incidence of hospital admission for infectious diseases before and after hospitalization for measles. We fitted a Poisson regression model that included gender, current age, and time since measles to obtain a multiplicative effect measure. Estimates were transformed to the additive scale. Results We observed two phases in the incidence of hospital admission after measles. The first phase started with a fourfold increased rate of admissions during the first month after measles, dropping to a level quite comparable to children of the same age before measles. In the second phase, lasting until at least 6 years after measles, the admission rate decreased further, with values up to 20 times lower than in children of the same age before measles. However, on the additive scale the effect size in the second phase was much smaller than in the first phase. Conclusion The first phase highlights the public health benefits of measles vaccination by preventing measles and immune amnesia. The beneficial second phase is interesting, but its strength strongly depends on the scale. It suggests a complicated interaction between MeV infection and the host immunity.

Accuracy assessment of surgical planning and three-dimensional-printed patient-specific guides for orthopaedic osteotomies

2017 ◽  
Vol 231 (6) ◽  
pp. 499-508 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gwen Sys ◽  
Hannelore Eykens ◽  
Gerlinde Lenaerts ◽  
Felix Shumelinsky ◽  
Cedric Robbrecht ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Accuracy Assessment ◽  
Average Distance ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Patient Specific ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Experimental Setup ◽  
Operative Planning ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Improved Accuracy

This study analyses the accuracy of three-dimensional pre-operative planning and patient-specific guides for orthopaedic osteotomies. To this end, patient-specific guides were compared to the classical freehand method in an experimental setup with saw bones in two phases. In the first phase, the effect of guide design and oscillating versus reciprocating saws was analysed. The difference between target and performed cuts was quantified by the average distance deviation and average angular deviations in the sagittal and coronal planes for the different osteotomies. The results indicated that for one model osteotomy, the use of guides resulted in a more accurate cut when compared to the freehand technique. Reciprocating saws and slot guides improved accuracy in all planes, while oscillating saws and open guides lead to larger deviations from the planned cut. In the second phase, the accuracy of transfer of the planning to the surgical field with slot guides and a reciprocating saw was assessed and compared to the classical planning and freehand cutting method. The pre-operative plan was transferred with high accuracy. Three-dimensional-printed patient-specific guides improve the accuracy of osteotomies and bony resections in an experimental setup compared to conventional freehand methods. The improved accuracy is related to (1) a detailed and qualitative pre-operative plan and (2) an accurate transfer of the planning to the operation room with patient-specific guides by an accurate guidance of the surgical tools to perform the desired cuts.

Visual Processing of Contour Patterns under Conditions of Inattentional Blindness

2012 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 287-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael A. Pitts ◽  
Antígona Martínez ◽  
Steven A. Hillyard
Keyword(s):  
Visual Processing ◽  
Visual Awareness ◽  
Inattentional Blindness ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Third Phase ◽  
Random Arrays ◽  
Visual Contour ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Task Irrelevant

An inattentional blindness paradigm was adapted to measure ERPs elicited by visual contour patterns that were or were not consciously perceived. In the first phase of the experiment, subjects performed an attentionally demanding task while task-irrelevant line segments formed square-shaped patterns or random configurations. After the square patterns had been presented 240 times, subjects' awareness of these patterns was assessed. More than half of all subjects, when queried, failed to notice the square patterns and were thus considered inattentionally blind during this first phase. In the second phase of the experiment, the task and stimuli were the same, but following this phase, all of the subjects reported having seen the patterns. ERPs recorded over the occipital pole differed in amplitude from 220 to 260 msec for the pattern stimuli compared with the random arrays regardless of whether subjects were aware of the patterns. At subsequent latencies (300–340 msec) however, ERPs over bilateral occipital-parietal areas differed between patterns and random arrays only when subjects were aware of the patterns. Finally, in a third phase of the experiment, subjects viewed the same stimuli, but the task was altered so that the patterns became task relevant. Here, the same two difference components were evident but were followed by a series of additional components that were absent in the first two phases of the experiment. We hypothesize that the ERP difference at 220–260 msec reflects neural activity associated with automatic contour integration whereas the difference at 300–340 msec reflects visual awareness, both of which are dissociable from task-related postperceptual processing.

Investigating the tectonic effects of openings as ‘built-things’: case of Çavuşoğlu house

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (1/2) ◽  
pp. 103-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milad Ghelichkhani
Keyword(s):  
Design Methodology ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Construction Technology ◽  
Phenomenological Method ◽  
Embodied Experience ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Key Indicators ◽  
Theoretical Results

Purpose This paper aims to trace the tectonic effects of openings as Heideggerian “built-things”. Design/methodology/approach This study has been organized in two phases. The first phase attempts to set up the theoretical framework through exploring the links between Heidegger’s notion of “built-thing” and contemporary tectonic discourses on dialectics between the values of matheme (construction, technology) and poetics (representation, meaning) to identify the key indicators in tectonic effects of openings. Accordingly, as the term “tectonic effects” is concerned with feelings and emotions that tectonics may evoke in people, the author searches for the indicators based on the poetic aspects of tectonic values and applies them within the phenomenological method implemented in the second phase of the research to explore the indicators in the designated case of the “Çavuşoğlu house”. Findings The results of this study indicate the significance of ontological nexus between tectonics as “poetic revealing” and the ability of the “built-thing” to generate tectonic effects within the embodied experience of dwellers. In fact, an opening can generate ontological tectonic effects in space only if it is brought about through a truthful build-dwell process which responds in a poetic way to the daily-life needs of the dwellers. The tangible examples of this fact are evident in the openings of the Çavuşoğlu house. Originality/value The theory of tectonics of openings as a separate “built-thing”, which is put forward in the present study, is a subject that has not been sufficiently studied so far and has the potential to be developed through further research. In light of this, the theoretical results of this study can contribute to tectonic thinking during the design process.

scholarly journals Solving a Real-Life Distributor’s Pallet Loading Problem

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 53
Author(s):  
Mauro Dell’Amico ◽  
Matteo Magnani
Keyword(s):  
Bin Packing ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Pallet Loading ◽  
Minimum Number ◽  
Loading Problem ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Selection Of

We consider the distributor’s pallet loading problem where a set of different boxes are packed on the smallest number of pallets by satisfying a given set of constraints. In particular, we refer to a real-life environment where each pallet is loaded with a set of layers made of boxes, and both a stability constraint and a compression constraint must be respected. The stability requirement imposes the following: (a) to load at level k+1 a layer with total area (i.e., the sum of the bottom faces’ area of the boxes present in the layer) not exceeding α times the area of the layer of level k (where α≥1), and (b) to limit with a given threshold the difference between the highest and the lowest box of a layer. The compression constraint defines the maximum weight that each layer k can sustain; hence, the total weight of the layers loaded over k must not exceed that value. Some stability and compression constraints are considered in other works, but to our knowledge, none are defined as faced in a real-life problem. We present a matheuristic approach which works in two phases. In the first, a number of layers are defined using classical 2D bin packing algorithms, applied to a smart selection of boxes. In the second phase, the layers are packed on the minimum number of pallets by means of a specialized MILP model solved with Gurobi. Computational experiments on real-life instances are used to assess the effectiveness of the algorithm.

scholarly journals A re-examination of responding on ratio and regulated-probability interval schedules

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Omar D. Pérez ◽  
Michael R.F. Aitken ◽  
Amy L. Milton ◽  
Anthony Dickinson
Keyword(s):  
Differential Reinforcement ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Probability Interval ◽  
Interval Group ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Group Post

AbstractThe higher response rates observed on ratio than on matched interval reward schedules has been attributed to the differential reinforcement of longer inter-response times (IRTs) on the interval contingency. Some data, however, seem to contradict this hypothesis, showing that the difference is still observed when the role of IRT reinforcement is neutralized by using a regulated-probability interval schedule (RPI). Given the mixed evidence for these predictions, we re-examined this hypothesis by training three groups of rats to lever press under ratio, interval and RPI schedules across two phases while matching reward rates within triads. At the end of the first phase, the master ratio and RPI groups responded at similar rates. In the second phase, an interval group yoked to the same master ratio group of the first phase responded at a lower rate than the RPI group. Post-hoc analysis showed comparable reward rates for master and yoked schedules. The experienced response-outcome rate correlations were likewise similar, and approached zero as training progressed. We discuss these results in terms of dual-system theories of instrumental conditioning.

scholarly journals Petrography of the Mesozoic Alkaline Rocks of the Taezhniy Massif (South Yakutia, Aldan-Stanovoy Shield, Leglier Ore Cluster)

2021 ◽  
Vol 906 (1) ◽  
pp. 012115
Author(s):  
Michil Ivanov ◽  
Aleksey Ivanov ◽  
Anatolii Zhuravlev
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Optical Studies ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Small Bodies ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Host Rocks ◽  
Late Stages ◽  
Syenite Porphyry

Abstract The article is concerned with the petrographie compositions of the Mesozoic alkaline igneous rocks of the Taezhniy massif and its small bodies (dikes). The Taezhniy massif is located in the central part of the Nimnyr block (Aldan-Stanovoy shield). According to our field observations, it was first determined that the Taezhniy massif has a two-phase structure, its rocks of contain syenite-porphyry and leucocratic syenites. The rocks of the massif intrude the Archean granites, and are themselves intruded by late dikes of bostonites and vogesites. Based on petrographic studies, we also identified two phases of intrusion in the Taezhniy massif – syenite-porphyry and leucocratic syenites. The difference of them is as follows: in the syenite-porphyry rocks, plagioclase predominates over K-feldspar, and the content of dark-colored minerals reaches 10%. The rocks of the second phase are characterized by the predominance of K-feldspar over plagioclase, with the content of dark-colored minerals up to 5%. The order of intrusion of the massif formations is determined by the presence of xenoliths of syenite-porphyry rocks in leucocratic syenites. The rocks of the bostonite dike cutting the massif are characterized by the absence of amphibole and an increased content of pyroxene. This is most likely due to the fact that, the rock contains xenoliths of the host rocks of biotite-pyroxene composition. The dikes also conyain xenoliths of the second phase rocks, which indicates a later age of this dike. The bostonite dike located in the immediate vicinity of the massif is almost identical to the dike found in the massif, except an amphibole in the composition of the rocks. The only dike of vogesites that intersects the body of the massif is characterized by the presence of two varieties of amphibole: common hornblende and a sufficient amount of barkevikite, which phenocrysts stand out clearly against the background of the total microcrystalline mass. Also, in the course of crystal-optical studies, it was noted that in the structure of the massif there is an increase in the leucocratic magmatism from the early phase to the late, but with a decrease in this indicator, taking into account the introduction of vogesite dikes at the late stages of magmatism development. Based on this, the conclusion is made about the antidromic development of the rocks of the Taezhniy massif. When comparing the evolution of magmatism of the Taezhniy massif with the Ryabinoviy massif, a possible gold-ore specialization of the studied object is suggested.

scholarly journals “TO BE OR NOT TO BE?”: DISCUSSIONS ABOUT SOUL IN SOVIET LITERATURE AND CRITICISM OF THE 1920–1930S

2020 ◽  
Vol 6(72) (1) ◽  
pp. 76-94
Author(s):  
Ye. Ye. Mashkova
Keyword(s):  
Political System ◽  
Socialist Realism ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
Soviet Literature ◽  
Ontological Categories ◽  
The Difference

The article is devoted to the problem of transformation of the key Russian concept “Soul” in the socialist realism literature and critique of post-revolutionary decades. It is found that for the supporters of new political system this concept is mainly related to religious ideas about divine in human being. Symptomatic for 1920s attempts to discredit this concept, to exclude it from the active vocabulary as ideologically alien anachronism are described. Complex “poputchik’s” (L. Leonov’s, M. Shaginyan’s), “internal emigrant’s” (A. Platonov’s) reflection on Bolshevik spiritual experiment is shown. Soviet River by L. Leonov, Gidrocentral by M. Shaginyan, The Street Organ by A. Platonov do indicate that Soul continues to be one of the main ontological categories for these writers. It is stated that by the mid-1930s the word Soul has not disappeared from literary language, although more often than not it has been used only in structure of idioms. The texts by F. Gladkov, I. Le, V. Ketlinskaya, B. Yasensky, G. Dalny, P. Nilin, A. Zorich, A. Carcev prove that traditional views on Soul have just not been eradicated by new ideology but have been distorted and adapted to it. The difference between categories “collectivism” and “sobornost” is demonstrated.

scholarly journals Predicting the durability of ship's machine parts and mechanisms on the criterion of material fatigue

2020 ◽  
pp. 127-133
Author(s):  
В.К. Румб
Keyword(s):  
Fatigue Cracks ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Fatigue Curve ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Critical Dimensions ◽  
Material Fatigue ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
The Moment

На основе теории о кристаллическом строении металлов рассмотрена физика усталостного разрушения. Показано, что зарождение и развитие усталостных трещин является случайным процессом, состоящим из двух фаз: первая – образование макроскопической (видимой) трещины; вторая – рост трещины до критических размеров, после которых наступает поломка детали. Приведены критерии работоспособности деталей по критерию усталости материала. Особое внимание уделено методическим положениям, позволяющим расчетным путем прогнозировать долговечность деталей для первой фазы усталости материала. Предлагаемая методика базируется на кривой усталости материала и корректированной гипотезе линейного суммирования повреждений. Отличительной особенностью методики является ее применимость для различных видов нагружения, в частности, показано как с ее помощью можно определять усталостную долговечность для режимного и блочного нагружений деталей. Отмечено, что для повышения точности прогнозирования долговечности необходимы дополнительные экспериментальные исследования прочности материала при циклическом нагружении, равном 1010 ÷ 1012циклов. В перспективе разработанная методика позволяет рассчитывать остаточную долговечность деталей как разность между расчетной долговечностью новой детали и ее наработкой до момента нового использования. Based on the theory about the crystalline structure of metals, the physics of fatigue destruction is considered. It is shown that the origin and development of fatigue cracks is a random process consisting of two phases: the first - the formation of a macroscopic (visible) crack; The second phase is the growth of the crack to critical dimensions, after which the part breaks. The criteria for the health of the parts are given on the criterion of material fatigue. Particular attention is paid to the methodical provisions, allowing the calculated way to predict the durability of parts for the first phase of material fatigue. The proposed technique is based on the material fatigue curve and the corrected hypothesis of linear summation of damage. A distinctive feature of the technique is its applicability for different types of loading, in particular, it shows how it can determine fatigue durability for the mode and block loading of parts. It is noted that additional experimental studies of the strength of the material in the cyclical load equal to 1010 ÷ 1012 cycles are needed to improve the accuracy of longevity prediction. In the long term, the developed technique allows to calculate the residual durability of parts as the difference between the calculated durability of the new part and its development until the moment of new use.

scholarly journals Empirical Study Regarding the Influence of Communication Upon the Purchasing Decision

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 430-437
Author(s):  
Dan Popescu ◽  
Alina Dinu ◽  
Cristina State ◽  
Cătălina Picu
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Study ◽  
The Other ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Price Difference ◽  
Purchasing Decision ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Purchasing Process

Abstract The aim of the present study is to emphasize the influence of communication upon the customer’s purchasing decision. This objective is translated through determining the change of products in the sales’ structure using communication by omission. The study is focused upon the purchasing selection between two similar products by the subjects included in the study. The difference between the two products lies in the customers’ care for the environment. Thus, one of the two products does not pollute, in the conditions in which the application with care and attention is applied (this being expressed through a price difference compared to the other, polluting, product). The study has two phases in order to compare the sales structure in the situations in which it is used the communication through omission (in the second phase of the study) with the sales structure when the communication through omission is not used. The hypothesis according to which the purchasing process takes place according to the care for the environment and not necessarily according to the direct utility allocated to some apparently similar products has been tested through econometric instruments.

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