scholarly journals Probabilistic green infrastructure cost calculations using a phased life cycle algorithm integrated with uncertainties

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 1201-1214
Author(s):  
Ziwen Yu ◽  
Franco Montalto ◽  
Chris Behr
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Interest Rates ◽  
Green Infrastructure ◽  
Cost Estimation ◽  
Life Cycle Cost ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Rapid Assessment ◽  
Low Impact Development ◽  
Estimation Algorithm ◽  
Present Value

Abstract Green infrastructure (GI) is often considered a cost-effective approach to urban stormwater management. Though various models have been created to simulate the life cycle cost (LCC) and present value (PV) of GI investments, decision-support tools are still few. This paper introduces a probabilistic GI cost estimation algorithm built into the Low Impact Development Rapid Assessment (LIDRA) model. This algorithm tracks annual and cumulative costs associated with the construction, operation and maintenance (O&M), and ultimate replacement of GI systems. In addition, the algorithm accounts for uncertainties in cost drivers, such as a GI's useful life (until replacement), capital and annual O&M costs, inflation, and interest rates. Net present value (NPV) is used to normalize future money flows and cumulative costs of different GI investment scenarios into a comparable current year cost equivalent. Demonstrated at the block scale, the results of the LIDRA algorithm are compared to an MS Excel-based computation of average costs. Variations of uncertainties are then integrated and further explored using an alternative implementation rate. This algorithm is a way to evaluate GI costs considering physical, socioeconomic and life cycle dimensions.

Life Cycle Cost Analysis Case Study on Corrosion Remedial Measures for Concrete Structures

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jin How Ho ◽  
Azlan Abd. Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Cost Analysis ◽  
Life Cycle Cost ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Concrete Bridges ◽  
Analysis Tool ◽  
Life Cycle Cost Analysis ◽  
Remedial Measures ◽  
Present Value

Artikel ini membincangkan kajian ringkas berkaitan analisis kos kitaran hayat terhadap langkah-langkah pembaikan pengaratan bagi jambatan dan struktur marin konkrit yang terdedah kepada karbonasi atau serangan natrium klorida daripada air laut atau sumber-sumber lain. Perisian kos kitaran hayat, Bridge LCC 2.0 digunakan untuk menjalankan analisi kitaran hayat untuk tiga kes kajian melibatkan kaedah nilai bersih kini. Keputusan kajian menunjukkan analisis kos kitaran hayat berkeupayaan untuk membantu jurutera dan agensi pengangkutan dalam menilai keputusan penyelenggaraan yang efektif berkaitan dengan masalah pengaratan. Ia boleh digunakan sebagai alat analisis ekonomi kejuruteraan yang membantu mantaksir kos-kos perbezaan dan membuat pilihan terhadap langkah pembaikan pengaratan yang berkesan. Analisis kos kitaran hayat bagi langkah pembaikan dipengaruhi oleh banyak pemboleh ubah seperti kos permulaan, kos penyelenggaraan, tahun kekerapan, dan jangka masa analisis. Amalan terbaik untuk analisis kos kitaran hayat bukan sahaja mengambil kira perbelanjaan oleh agensi, tetapi perlu mempertimbangkan kos-kos oleh pengguna dan analisis sensitiviti di sepanjang jangka hayat sesuatu langkah pembaikan. Kata kunci: Analisis kos kitaran hayat, jambatan konkrit, pengaratan, langkah, pembaikan, pemulihan struktur, keberkesanan kos, kaedah nilai bersih kini (NPV) This paper discusses a short study on life cycle cost analysis (LCCA) on corrosion remedial measures for concrete bridges and marine structures, which are subjected to carbonation or ingress of sodium chloride from sea water and other sources. Life cycle costing software, Bridge LCC 2.0, was used to perform life cycle cost analyses on three case studies, based on net present value method. The analysis of the results showed that LCCA is capable of assisting engineers or transportation agencies to evaluate optimum maintenance decisions in corrosion–related problems. It can be used as an engineering economic analysis tool that helps in qualifying the differential costs and choosing the most cost–effective corrosion remedial measures. Life cycle costs for the remedial measures are influenced by many costing variables such as initial costs, periodic maintenance costs, frequency years and analysis period. The best practice of LCCA should not only consider agency expenditures but also user costs and sensitivity analysis throughout the service life of a remedial measure. Key words: Life cycle analysis, concrete bridges, corrosion, remedial measures, structural rehabilitation, cost-effective, net present value method (NPV)

scholarly journals IMPLEMENTASI LIFE CYCLE COST PADA GEDUNG BANK MANDIRI SYARIAH YOGYAKARTA

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-55
Author(s):  
Sola Fide Krisnanda
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Cost Analysis ◽  
Life Cycle Cost ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Life Cycle Cost Analysis ◽  
Present Value

Dalam pembangunan sebuah gedung, pemilik gedung pasti dihadapkan dengan berbagai alternatif dalam melakukan pemilihan suatu material, produk ataupun sistem gedung. Selain aspek teknis, biaya pun turut menjadi aspek penting yang perlu menjadi salah satu pertimbangan. Untuk mengetahui pilihan alternatif yang lebih hemat diperlukan metode penghitungan, salah satunya adalah dengan menggunakan metode  analisis life cycle cost (LCC). LCC menghitung keseluruhan biaya mulai dari biaya awal, biaya penggantian serta biaya operasional dan pemeliharaan. Metode yang dilakukan pada studi ini menggunakan life cycle cost analysis berdasarkan ISO 15686:5 dengan periode 25 tahun. Net present value juga diterapkan dalam perhitungan untuk mencari nilai saat ini dari total LCC. Hasil perhitungan pada bangunan Bank Mandiri Syariah Yogyakarta dirumuskan menjadi tiga kelompok estimasi biaya yaitu biaya awal, biaya operasional dan biaya pemeliharan dan penggantian dengan besar biaya masing-masing Rp 19,412,002,758 (47%), Rp 15,979,434,435 (39%) dan Rp 5,868,499,911 (14%). Total LCC 25 tahun sebesar Rp 41,259,937,014.

scholarly journals Kajian Teknis Dan Ekonomis Penerapan Sistem Hibrid BAPV-PLN Pada Gedung Politeknik Aceh

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 166
Author(s):  
Rachmad Ikhsan
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Life Cycle Cost ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Present Value ◽  
Banda Aceh

<p>Potensi radiasi matahari yang cukup besar (rata-rata 4,65 kWh/m<sup>2</sup>/hari) di wilayah Banda Aceh dapat dimanfaatkan untuk membangun sistem hibrid BAPV (<em>Building Applied Photovoltaic</em>)-PLN. Namun, penerapan sistem konversi energi surya menjadi energi listrik kurang berkembang di Aceh. Kondisi ini disebabkan oleh harga teknologi modul surya masih dianggap mahal bagi masyarakat. Studi ini juga melakukan kajian secara teknis dan ekonomis dari sistem BAPV yang diterapkan. Kajian teknis yang digunakan bertujuan menentukan apakah jumlah energi yang dihasilkan oleh sistem BAPV dapat memenuhi jumlah beban listrik pada Gedung Politeknik Aceh. Sementara kajian ekonomis bertujuan memperkirakan biaya investasi yang diperlukan untuk menerapkan sistem BAPV dan menentukan kapan sistem BAPV bernilai ekonomis. Metode yang digunakan pada kajian teknis yaitu perhitungan secara teori, sedangkan metode yang digunakan untuk kajian ekonomis adalah metode <em>Life Cycle Cost</em>.  Dari hasil kajian teknis, energi yang dihasilkan oleh sistem BAPV ini dapat memenuhi kebutuhan energi listrik tahunan dengan <em>surplus</em> energi sebesar 6.017 kWh/tahun. Dari hasil kajian ekonomis, sistem ini bernilai ekonomis karena memiliki nilai NPV (<em>Net Present Value</em>) sebesar Rp. 1.310.803.600 dan  nilai PP (<em>Payback Periode</em>) selama 14 Tahun. Berdasarkan kajian teknis dan ekonomis dapat disimpulkan penerapan sistem hibrid BAPV-PLN ini dapat dilaksanakan karena bernilai ekonomis.</p>

scholarly journals Benefit and Cost Periodized: Stretching Your Points

2021 ◽  
pp. 87-100
Author(s):  
Jo Erskine Hannay
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Life Cycle Cost ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Common Method ◽  
Present Value ◽  
Cost And Benefit ◽  
Good Case ◽  
Return Of Investment ◽  
Software Product

AbstractWhen you estimate the life cycle cost and benefit of your software product, your stakeholders should not only be assured that you will deliver value, but also be informed when that value is expected to manifest itself. Periodization is a common method for showing when a return of investment is expected, and one is often careful to express the present value of future cash (net present value) in such deliberations. This chapter shows how to carry out periodization using points. Periodized points then amount to plan templates that can be instantiated with monetary values according to most likely, bad-case, and good-case uncertainty assessments.

Cost Estimation of Product Life Cycle

2011 ◽  
Vol 421 ◽  
pp. 582-585
Author(s):  
Zi Qin Ma ◽  
Ting Ting Xu ◽  
Li Sun ◽  
Xiu Lun Wang ◽  
Jian Min Fan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Cost Estimation ◽  
Life Cycle Cost ◽  
Product Life Cycle ◽  
Present Value ◽  
Estimation Model ◽  
Product Life ◽  
Target Cost ◽  
Cost Estimation Model ◽  
The One

The cost estimation of the product life cycle was researched. On the one side, the life cycle cost present value for manufacturer was estimated, including mainly of target cost, service cost and fault compensation. And a life cycle cost estimation model for manufacturer, which combines target cost and proportion cost estimated, was proposed. On the other side, the life cycle cost present value for user was estimated, including mainly of purchase, installation, commissioning costs in beginning and labor, maintenance, depreciation, maintenance costs in operations. And another life cycle cost estimation model for user, which combines process cost and proportion cost estimated, was proposed.

scholarly journals Life Cycle Cost Estimation of Distribution Transformer Failure from Life Data Exploration

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 4025-4029
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Data Analysis ◽  
Cost Estimation ◽  
Life Cycle Cost ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Distribution Transformer ◽  
Life Data ◽  
Distribution Transformers ◽  
Estimation Of Distribution

Transformers are major equipment in a power system. Their reliability does not only affect the electric energy availability within a supplied area, but also the economical operation of a utility. Many power utilities in the world including Malaysia have distribution transformers that have been in operations for over 30 years. Aged distribution transformer will have higher risk of unexpected failure which will increase the operational cost. Nevertheless, the occurrence of transformer failure can be predicted based on historical events. In this research work, 2-Parameter Weibull distribution is used to model distribution transformer life data. Life data analysis is conducted based on the statistical model and failure prediction for distribution transformers is analysed. Since frequency of failures as a function of time from life data model varies with different manufacturers and affects the life cycle cost, both life data analysis and net present value concept could be combined to establish an enhanced methodology for life cycle cost estimation of distribution transformer failure. A case study was conducted on sample populations where distribution transformer with similar manufacturer and capacity were grouped together. Results for each transformer group were compared and examined. It was pointed by the results that appropriate modelling and analysis had allowed life cycle cost due to transformer failure to be estimated. Outcomes from the assessment would contribute to transformer life cycle management as one of the factors to consider in the decision making for asset replacement, maintenance and planning

Economic Optimization of Inlet Air Filtration for Gas Turbines

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dale Grace ◽  
Christopher A. Perullo ◽  
Jared Kee
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Cost Analysis ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Life Cycle Cost ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Life Cycle Cost Analysis ◽  
Present Value ◽  
Net Revenue ◽  
The Impact

Selecting the appropriate level of filtration for a gas turbine helps to minimize overall unit costs and maximize net revenue. When selecting a filter type and configuration, one must consider the initial costs, operational costs, and ongoing maintenance costs for both the filter and corresponding impacts on unit performance. Calculations are complex, and a fully functional framework is needed to properly account for all aspects of the life cycle and provide an opportunity to optimize filter selection and water wash scenarios for specific plant operating conditions. Decisions can generally be based on several different criteria. For instance, one may wish to minimize maintenance costs, maximize revenue, minimize fuel consumption, etc. For criteria that can be expressed in monetary terms, Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) is a means to simultaneously consider all criteria and reduce them to a single parameter for optimization using present value arithmetic. To be practically applied, the analysis must include all the significant inputs that would have an impact on the relative comparison between alternatives, while excluding minor inputs that would unduly add to complexity. This paper provides an integrated, quantitative, and transparent approach to life cycle cost analysis for gas turbine inlet filtration. Most prior art tends to focus either on how to perform the life cycle cost analysis (with simplified assumptions on the impact of filtration on performance), or on a specific technical aspect of filtration such as filter efficiency and performance, the impact of dust on compressor blading and fouling, or the impact of fouling on overall gas turbine performance. Many of these studies provide useful insight into specific aspects of gas turbine degradation due to fouling, but make simplifying assumptions that can lead to inaccuracies in application. By heavily leveraging prior work, this paper provides the reader with an overview of all aspects of the functionality required to perform such a life cycle analysis for gas turbine filtration. This work also serves as a technical summary of the underlying physics models that lead to the development of EPRI’s Air Filter Life-Cycle Optimizer (AFLCO) software. The software tool provides a method to account for the influence of gas turbine type, operating conditions, load profile, filtration choices, and wash type and frequency on overall life-cycle costs. The AFLCO tool is focused on guiding the user to make optimum filter selections and water wash scheduling, accounting for all the significant parameters that affect the economic outcome. Revenue and cost quantities are considered simultaneously to determine the net present value of gross revenue minus filtration and water wash costs over a multiple year analysis period. The user defines the scenarios and the software displays the net present value (NPV) and present value difference between the scenarios. The preferred configuration from an LCCA perspective is that which yields the highest present value for net revenue. The user can iterate on multiple scenarios to seek further increases in NPV. The paper provides relevant example case studies to illustrate how LCCA evaluations of inlet air filters and water wash frequency can be applied to optimize gas turbine economic performance. The intent of the paper is to provide the user with a summary of prior work that can be integrated to provide a more holistic, complete life cycle cost analysis and describes the framework used within the AFLCO software. The underlying technical analysis in this paper can be applied to any life cycle cost analysis.

scholarly journals Desain Operasional Prosedur Pemeliharaan dan Perawatan pada Gedung Summarecon Digital Center (SDC) Ditinjau Dari Keandalan Bangunan

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 27
Author(s):  
Iswanto . ◽  
Lidia Agustina ◽  
Taufik Hamzah ◽  
Antonius Siswanto
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Life Cycle Cost ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Present Value

Gedung Summarecon Digital Center (SDC) merupakan bangunan yang baru beroperasi dan belum tersediannyaacuan pemeliharaan dan perawatan gedung, untuk itu Penelitian ini mengkaji pemeliharaan dan perawatan yangditinjau dari keandalan bangunan. Dalam hal ini dilakukan dua langkah untuk menyelesaikan masalah tersebut.Pertama yaitu melakukan inspeksi lapangan untuk mengetahui kondisi bangunan secara visu al, pengukuranintensitas cahaya, pengukuran tingkat suhu, pengukuran kelembaban, keseragaman beton pada lantai betonbasement dan pengukuran retak eksisting. Kedua yaitu dengan analisis deskriptif untuk mengevaluasi komponenyang ditinjau dan dibandingakan dengan acuan, mengenai aspek keselamatan, aspek kesehatan dan aspekkenyamanan. Selain itu, untuk memenuhi keandalan bangunan telah dibuat desain operasional prosedurpemeliharaan dan perawatan bangunan dalam bentuk matriks serta membuat formulir untuk c eklisnya.Penelitian ini juga telah menghitung besarnya Life Cycle Cost secara sederhana selama kurun waktu 30 tahun,dalam penentuan LCC ini menggunakan metode Net Present Value yang mengahasilkan nilai LCC sebesar Rp.2.224.532.589.590.

scholarly journals Kajian Ekonomi Rencana PLTMH di Desa Panji

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 263
Author(s):  
Richard Antony Suatan ◽  
Ida Ayu Dwi Giriantari ◽  
I Wayan Sukerayasa
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Cash Flow ◽  
Life Cycle Cost ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Payback Period ◽  
Rate Of Return ◽  
Cost Ratio ◽  
Internal Rate Of Return ◽  
Present Value ◽  
Break Even Point

Pembangkit listrik tenaga mikrohidro (PLTMH) di Banjar Dinas Mekar Sari, telah dibangun oleh kelompok masyarakat secara swadaya pada tahun 1980. Dengan penggunaan teknologi yang tradisional mengakibatkan efisiensi PLTMH rendah, sehingga perlu dilakukan perencanaan ulang bagi PLTMH Banjar Dinas Mekar Sari agar dapat beroperasi lebih optimal. Salah satu faktor yang sangat penting dalam perencanaan yaitu faktor finansial/ekonomi. Faktor ini akan digunakan untuk menilai suatu perencanaan apakah layak dibangun atau tidak. Parameter yang digunakan dalam menentukan faktor ekonomi yaitu Net Present Value (NPV, Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Benefit to Cost Ratio (BCR), Life Cycle Cost (LCC), dan Break Even Point (BEP). Telah dilakukan analisis kelayakan ekonomi untuk perencanaan PLTMH Banjar Dinas Mekar Sari diperoleh, BCR sebesar 1,05 dan 0.79 serta nilai NPV sebesar Rp3.320.076.318 dan Rp2.520.526.334 bernilai positif, dan besarnya nilai IRR 13% dan 11% melebihi tingkat Expected Annual Rate of Return Indonesia yang sebesar 11,4%. Serta besarnya BEP unit yang harus dijual untuk mencapai titik cash flow bernilai Rp.0 sebesar 3.783.633.30 kWh, dan besarnya payback period pada proyek ini yaitu 5 tahun 3 bulan. Jadi dilihat dari parameter ekonomi yang ada maka perancangan PLTMH di Banjar Dinas Mekar Sari layak dari segi parameter ekonomi.

Reliability Analysis of Repairable Systems Subject to System Modifications

1998 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. H. Jiang ◽  
L. H. Shu ◽  
B. Benhabib
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Cost Estimation ◽  
Life Cycle Cost ◽  
Repairable Systems ◽  
Environmentally Conscious ◽  
Reliability Indices ◽  
Reliability Models ◽  
System Reconfiguration ◽  
Environmentally Conscious Design

Abstract This paper approaches environmentally conscious design by further developing a reliability model that facilitates design for reuse. Many reliability models are not suitable for describing systems that undergo repairs performed during remanufacture and maintenance because the models do not allow the possibility of system reconfiguration. In this paper, expressions of reliability indices of a model that allows system reconfiguration are developed to enable life-cycle cost estimation for repairable systems. These reliability indices of a population of repairable systems are proven theoretically to reach steady state. The expressions of these indices at steady state are obtained to gain insight into the model behavior, and to facilitate life-cycle cost estimation.

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