scholarly journals Benefit and Cost Periodized: Stretching Your Points

2021 ◽  
pp. 87-100
Author(s):  
Jo Erskine Hannay
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Life Cycle Cost ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Common Method ◽  
Present Value ◽  
Cost And Benefit ◽  
Good Case ◽  
Return Of Investment ◽  
Software Product

AbstractWhen you estimate the life cycle cost and benefit of your software product, your stakeholders should not only be assured that you will deliver value, but also be informed when that value is expected to manifest itself. Periodization is a common method for showing when a return of investment is expected, and one is often careful to express the present value of future cash (net present value) in such deliberations. This chapter shows how to carry out periodization using points. Periodized points then amount to plan templates that can be instantiated with monetary values according to most likely, bad-case, and good-case uncertainty assessments.

Life Cycle Cost Analysis Case Study on Corrosion Remedial Measures for Concrete Structures

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jin How Ho ◽  
Azlan Abd. Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Cost Analysis ◽  
Life Cycle Cost ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Concrete Bridges ◽  
Analysis Tool ◽  
Life Cycle Cost Analysis ◽  
Remedial Measures ◽  
Present Value

Artikel ini membincangkan kajian ringkas berkaitan analisis kos kitaran hayat terhadap langkah-langkah pembaikan pengaratan bagi jambatan dan struktur marin konkrit yang terdedah kepada karbonasi atau serangan natrium klorida daripada air laut atau sumber-sumber lain. Perisian kos kitaran hayat, Bridge LCC 2.0 digunakan untuk menjalankan analisi kitaran hayat untuk tiga kes kajian melibatkan kaedah nilai bersih kini. Keputusan kajian menunjukkan analisis kos kitaran hayat berkeupayaan untuk membantu jurutera dan agensi pengangkutan dalam menilai keputusan penyelenggaraan yang efektif berkaitan dengan masalah pengaratan. Ia boleh digunakan sebagai alat analisis ekonomi kejuruteraan yang membantu mantaksir kos-kos perbezaan dan membuat pilihan terhadap langkah pembaikan pengaratan yang berkesan. Analisis kos kitaran hayat bagi langkah pembaikan dipengaruhi oleh banyak pemboleh ubah seperti kos permulaan, kos penyelenggaraan, tahun kekerapan, dan jangka masa analisis. Amalan terbaik untuk analisis kos kitaran hayat bukan sahaja mengambil kira perbelanjaan oleh agensi, tetapi perlu mempertimbangkan kos-kos oleh pengguna dan analisis sensitiviti di sepanjang jangka hayat sesuatu langkah pembaikan. Kata kunci: Analisis kos kitaran hayat, jambatan konkrit, pengaratan, langkah, pembaikan, pemulihan struktur, keberkesanan kos, kaedah nilai bersih kini (NPV) This paper discusses a short study on life cycle cost analysis (LCCA) on corrosion remedial measures for concrete bridges and marine structures, which are subjected to carbonation or ingress of sodium chloride from sea water and other sources. Life cycle costing software, Bridge LCC 2.0, was used to perform life cycle cost analyses on three case studies, based on net present value method. The analysis of the results showed that LCCA is capable of assisting engineers or transportation agencies to evaluate optimum maintenance decisions in corrosion–related problems. It can be used as an engineering economic analysis tool that helps in qualifying the differential costs and choosing the most cost–effective corrosion remedial measures. Life cycle costs for the remedial measures are influenced by many costing variables such as initial costs, periodic maintenance costs, frequency years and analysis period. The best practice of LCCA should not only consider agency expenditures but also user costs and sensitivity analysis throughout the service life of a remedial measure. Key words: Life cycle analysis, concrete bridges, corrosion, remedial measures, structural rehabilitation, cost-effective, net present value method (NPV)

scholarly journals IMPLEMENTASI LIFE CYCLE COST PADA GEDUNG BANK MANDIRI SYARIAH YOGYAKARTA

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-55
Author(s):  
Sola Fide Krisnanda
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Cost Analysis ◽  
Life Cycle Cost ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Life Cycle Cost Analysis ◽  
Present Value

Dalam pembangunan sebuah gedung, pemilik gedung pasti dihadapkan dengan berbagai alternatif dalam melakukan pemilihan suatu material, produk ataupun sistem gedung. Selain aspek teknis, biaya pun turut menjadi aspek penting yang perlu menjadi salah satu pertimbangan. Untuk mengetahui pilihan alternatif yang lebih hemat diperlukan metode penghitungan, salah satunya adalah dengan menggunakan metode  analisis life cycle cost (LCC). LCC menghitung keseluruhan biaya mulai dari biaya awal, biaya penggantian serta biaya operasional dan pemeliharaan. Metode yang dilakukan pada studi ini menggunakan life cycle cost analysis berdasarkan ISO 15686:5 dengan periode 25 tahun. Net present value juga diterapkan dalam perhitungan untuk mencari nilai saat ini dari total LCC. Hasil perhitungan pada bangunan Bank Mandiri Syariah Yogyakarta dirumuskan menjadi tiga kelompok estimasi biaya yaitu biaya awal, biaya operasional dan biaya pemeliharan dan penggantian dengan besar biaya masing-masing Rp 19,412,002,758 (47%), Rp 15,979,434,435 (39%) dan Rp 5,868,499,911 (14%). Total LCC 25 tahun sebesar Rp 41,259,937,014.

scholarly journals Kajian Teknis Dan Ekonomis Penerapan Sistem Hibrid BAPV-PLN Pada Gedung Politeknik Aceh

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 166
Author(s):  
Rachmad Ikhsan
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Life Cycle Cost ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Present Value ◽  
Banda Aceh

<p>Potensi radiasi matahari yang cukup besar (rata-rata 4,65 kWh/m<sup>2</sup>/hari) di wilayah Banda Aceh dapat dimanfaatkan untuk membangun sistem hibrid BAPV (<em>Building Applied Photovoltaic</em>)-PLN. Namun, penerapan sistem konversi energi surya menjadi energi listrik kurang berkembang di Aceh. Kondisi ini disebabkan oleh harga teknologi modul surya masih dianggap mahal bagi masyarakat. Studi ini juga melakukan kajian secara teknis dan ekonomis dari sistem BAPV yang diterapkan. Kajian teknis yang digunakan bertujuan menentukan apakah jumlah energi yang dihasilkan oleh sistem BAPV dapat memenuhi jumlah beban listrik pada Gedung Politeknik Aceh. Sementara kajian ekonomis bertujuan memperkirakan biaya investasi yang diperlukan untuk menerapkan sistem BAPV dan menentukan kapan sistem BAPV bernilai ekonomis. Metode yang digunakan pada kajian teknis yaitu perhitungan secara teori, sedangkan metode yang digunakan untuk kajian ekonomis adalah metode <em>Life Cycle Cost</em>.  Dari hasil kajian teknis, energi yang dihasilkan oleh sistem BAPV ini dapat memenuhi kebutuhan energi listrik tahunan dengan <em>surplus</em> energi sebesar 6.017 kWh/tahun. Dari hasil kajian ekonomis, sistem ini bernilai ekonomis karena memiliki nilai NPV (<em>Net Present Value</em>) sebesar Rp. 1.310.803.600 dan  nilai PP (<em>Payback Periode</em>) selama 14 Tahun. Berdasarkan kajian teknis dan ekonomis dapat disimpulkan penerapan sistem hibrid BAPV-PLN ini dapat dilaksanakan karena bernilai ekonomis.</p>

Economic Optimization of Inlet Air Filtration for Gas Turbines

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dale Grace ◽  
Christopher A. Perullo ◽  
Jared Kee
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Cost Analysis ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Life Cycle Cost ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Life Cycle Cost Analysis ◽  
Present Value ◽  
Net Revenue ◽  
The Impact

Selecting the appropriate level of filtration for a gas turbine helps to minimize overall unit costs and maximize net revenue. When selecting a filter type and configuration, one must consider the initial costs, operational costs, and ongoing maintenance costs for both the filter and corresponding impacts on unit performance. Calculations are complex, and a fully functional framework is needed to properly account for all aspects of the life cycle and provide an opportunity to optimize filter selection and water wash scenarios for specific plant operating conditions. Decisions can generally be based on several different criteria. For instance, one may wish to minimize maintenance costs, maximize revenue, minimize fuel consumption, etc. For criteria that can be expressed in monetary terms, Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) is a means to simultaneously consider all criteria and reduce them to a single parameter for optimization using present value arithmetic. To be practically applied, the analysis must include all the significant inputs that would have an impact on the relative comparison between alternatives, while excluding minor inputs that would unduly add to complexity. This paper provides an integrated, quantitative, and transparent approach to life cycle cost analysis for gas turbine inlet filtration. Most prior art tends to focus either on how to perform the life cycle cost analysis (with simplified assumptions on the impact of filtration on performance), or on a specific technical aspect of filtration such as filter efficiency and performance, the impact of dust on compressor blading and fouling, or the impact of fouling on overall gas turbine performance. Many of these studies provide useful insight into specific aspects of gas turbine degradation due to fouling, but make simplifying assumptions that can lead to inaccuracies in application. By heavily leveraging prior work, this paper provides the reader with an overview of all aspects of the functionality required to perform such a life cycle analysis for gas turbine filtration. This work also serves as a technical summary of the underlying physics models that lead to the development of EPRI’s Air Filter Life-Cycle Optimizer (AFLCO) software. The software tool provides a method to account for the influence of gas turbine type, operating conditions, load profile, filtration choices, and wash type and frequency on overall life-cycle costs. The AFLCO tool is focused on guiding the user to make optimum filter selections and water wash scheduling, accounting for all the significant parameters that affect the economic outcome. Revenue and cost quantities are considered simultaneously to determine the net present value of gross revenue minus filtration and water wash costs over a multiple year analysis period. The user defines the scenarios and the software displays the net present value (NPV) and present value difference between the scenarios. The preferred configuration from an LCCA perspective is that which yields the highest present value for net revenue. The user can iterate on multiple scenarios to seek further increases in NPV. The paper provides relevant example case studies to illustrate how LCCA evaluations of inlet air filters and water wash frequency can be applied to optimize gas turbine economic performance. The intent of the paper is to provide the user with a summary of prior work that can be integrated to provide a more holistic, complete life cycle cost analysis and describes the framework used within the AFLCO software. The underlying technical analysis in this paper can be applied to any life cycle cost analysis.

scholarly journals Probabilistic green infrastructure cost calculations using a phased life cycle algorithm integrated with uncertainties

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 1201-1214
Author(s):  
Ziwen Yu ◽  
Franco Montalto ◽  
Chris Behr
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Interest Rates ◽  
Green Infrastructure ◽  
Cost Estimation ◽  
Life Cycle Cost ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Rapid Assessment ◽  
Low Impact Development ◽  
Estimation Algorithm ◽  
Present Value

Abstract Green infrastructure (GI) is often considered a cost-effective approach to urban stormwater management. Though various models have been created to simulate the life cycle cost (LCC) and present value (PV) of GI investments, decision-support tools are still few. This paper introduces a probabilistic GI cost estimation algorithm built into the Low Impact Development Rapid Assessment (LIDRA) model. This algorithm tracks annual and cumulative costs associated with the construction, operation and maintenance (O&M), and ultimate replacement of GI systems. In addition, the algorithm accounts for uncertainties in cost drivers, such as a GI's useful life (until replacement), capital and annual O&M costs, inflation, and interest rates. Net present value (NPV) is used to normalize future money flows and cumulative costs of different GI investment scenarios into a comparable current year cost equivalent. Demonstrated at the block scale, the results of the LIDRA algorithm are compared to an MS Excel-based computation of average costs. Variations of uncertainties are then integrated and further explored using an alternative implementation rate. This algorithm is a way to evaluate GI costs considering physical, socioeconomic and life cycle dimensions.

scholarly journals Desain Operasional Prosedur Pemeliharaan dan Perawatan pada Gedung Summarecon Digital Center (SDC) Ditinjau Dari Keandalan Bangunan

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 27
Author(s):  
Iswanto . ◽  
Lidia Agustina ◽  
Taufik Hamzah ◽  
Antonius Siswanto
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Life Cycle Cost ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Present Value

Gedung Summarecon Digital Center (SDC) merupakan bangunan yang baru beroperasi dan belum tersediannyaacuan pemeliharaan dan perawatan gedung, untuk itu Penelitian ini mengkaji pemeliharaan dan perawatan yangditinjau dari keandalan bangunan. Dalam hal ini dilakukan dua langkah untuk menyelesaikan masalah tersebut.Pertama yaitu melakukan inspeksi lapangan untuk mengetahui kondisi bangunan secara visu al, pengukuranintensitas cahaya, pengukuran tingkat suhu, pengukuran kelembaban, keseragaman beton pada lantai betonbasement dan pengukuran retak eksisting. Kedua yaitu dengan analisis deskriptif untuk mengevaluasi komponenyang ditinjau dan dibandingakan dengan acuan, mengenai aspek keselamatan, aspek kesehatan dan aspekkenyamanan. Selain itu, untuk memenuhi keandalan bangunan telah dibuat desain operasional prosedurpemeliharaan dan perawatan bangunan dalam bentuk matriks serta membuat formulir untuk c eklisnya.Penelitian ini juga telah menghitung besarnya Life Cycle Cost secara sederhana selama kurun waktu 30 tahun,dalam penentuan LCC ini menggunakan metode Net Present Value yang mengahasilkan nilai LCC sebesar Rp.2.224.532.589.590.

scholarly journals Kajian Ekonomi Rencana PLTMH di Desa Panji

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 263
Author(s):  
Richard Antony Suatan ◽  
Ida Ayu Dwi Giriantari ◽  
I Wayan Sukerayasa
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Cash Flow ◽  
Life Cycle Cost ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Payback Period ◽  
Rate Of Return ◽  
Cost Ratio ◽  
Internal Rate Of Return ◽  
Present Value ◽  
Break Even Point

Pembangkit listrik tenaga mikrohidro (PLTMH) di Banjar Dinas Mekar Sari, telah dibangun oleh kelompok masyarakat secara swadaya pada tahun 1980. Dengan penggunaan teknologi yang tradisional mengakibatkan efisiensi PLTMH rendah, sehingga perlu dilakukan perencanaan ulang bagi PLTMH Banjar Dinas Mekar Sari agar dapat beroperasi lebih optimal. Salah satu faktor yang sangat penting dalam perencanaan yaitu faktor finansial/ekonomi. Faktor ini akan digunakan untuk menilai suatu perencanaan apakah layak dibangun atau tidak. Parameter yang digunakan dalam menentukan faktor ekonomi yaitu Net Present Value (NPV, Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Benefit to Cost Ratio (BCR), Life Cycle Cost (LCC), dan Break Even Point (BEP). Telah dilakukan analisis kelayakan ekonomi untuk perencanaan PLTMH Banjar Dinas Mekar Sari diperoleh, BCR sebesar 1,05 dan 0.79 serta nilai NPV sebesar Rp3.320.076.318 dan Rp2.520.526.334 bernilai positif, dan besarnya nilai IRR 13% dan 11% melebihi tingkat Expected Annual Rate of Return Indonesia yang sebesar 11,4%. Serta besarnya BEP unit yang harus dijual untuk mencapai titik cash flow bernilai Rp.0 sebesar 3.783.633.30 kWh, dan besarnya payback period pada proyek ini yaitu 5 tahun 3 bulan. Jadi dilihat dari parameter ekonomi yang ada maka perancangan PLTMH di Banjar Dinas Mekar Sari layak dari segi parameter ekonomi.

scholarly journals Life-Cycle Break-Even Analysis of Electric Carsharing: A Comparative Study in China

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (16) ◽  
pp. 6584
Author(s):  
Jingjing Jia ◽  
Shujie Ma ◽  
Yixi Xue ◽  
Deyang Kong
Keyword(s):  
Sensitivity Analysis ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Life Cycle Cost ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Market Price ◽  
Critical Factor ◽  
Field Investigation ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Business To Consumer ◽  
Influential Variable

Electric carsharing (ECS) is a potential option to address the problem of unsustainability in the transportation sector. The business-to-consumer model of ECS, which is one of several different electric carsharing models, has gained much popularity in recent years. Generating sufficient revenue to cover costs is a critical factor for ECS companies to maintain healthy development. This study makes an economic analysis, on the basis of life-cycle cost and monetary revenue associated with the operation of ECS, of two Chinese ECS companies: EVCARD and LCCS. Based on data gathered by field investigation, this study aims to determine the break-even moment for each company’s main vehicle models by means of the net present value method. The results show that EVCARD achieved an earlier break-even moment than LCCS. The break-even moment of Chery eQ of EVCARD was the shortest of all the vehicle models, at only 181.3 min. Moreover, a sensitivity analysis was conducted to portray how different cost-related and revenue-related factors influence the break-even moment. Our findings indicate that a wide difference exists in terms of the influence of different factors on the break-even moment. Among these, the manufacturer’s suggested retail price is the most influential variable, followed by the unit rental price. The reaction of the break-even moment to the market price of a charging pile and the non-rental revenue per vehicle—especially the latter—was found to be negligible in the sensitivity analysis.

scholarly journals LIFE-CYCLE HYPOTHESIS OF HYBRID SUKUK

JURISDICTIE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 137
Author(s):  
Luthvia Moonda
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Financial Institutions ◽  
Financial Services ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Muslim World ◽  
Present Value ◽  
The Public ◽  
Life Cycle Hypothesis

The development of financial system recently has been contributing to the economic growth of the nation. Its vital role helps many financial institutions to advance their financial services, particularly in investment systems such as Sukuk. As seen in recent years, the involvement of Sukuk in many industries ranging from sovereigns to corporates for both Muslim and non-Muslim world companies. Although its popularity increases, it seems to be widely accepted that the insufficient structures of Sukuk become a big challenge to serve the public needs to be in compliance with Shari’ah principles. In an attempt to fulfil many financial companies in issuing Sukuk and the needs of the Muslim world, this study aims to provide the new structure of Sukuk. The study proposes a design of securitization by combining two contracts of Sukuk into one Sukuk structure. The constructed idea will use a model of life cycle hypothesis to support the Sukuk issuing companies in maintaining their incomes. It also explains the cycle cash flow and asset movement as well as the calculation of Net Present Value (NPV) of the project.

scholarly journals Least Cost Analysis of Energy Efficiency Upgrades for Ontario Using Trnsys

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amir Fereidouni Kondri
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Cost Analysis ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Life Cycle Cost ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Life Cycle Costs ◽  
Residential Housing ◽  
Domestic Hot Water

This report presents the methodology for determining least cost energy efficient upgrade solutions in new residential housing using brute force sequential search (BFSS) method for integration into the reference house to reduce energy consumption while minimizing the net present value (NPV) of life cycle costs. The results showed that, based on the life cycle cost analysis of 30 years, the optimal upgrades resulted in the average of 19.25% (case 1), 31% (case 2a), and 21% (case 2b) reduction in annual energy consumption. Economic conditions affect the sequencing of the upgrades. In this respect the preferred upgrades to be performed in order are; domestic hot water heating, above grade wall insulation, cooling systems, ceiling insulation, floor insulation, heat recovery ventilator, basement slab insulation and below grade wall insulation. When the gas commodity pricing becomes high, the more energy efficient upgrades for domestic hot water (DHW) get selected at a cost premium.

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