scholarly journals Nitrogen Movement and Leaching in Soil

1976 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. E. Jensen
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Drainage Water ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Dissolved Nitrogen ◽  
Lysimeter Experiment ◽  
Soil Climate

Movement and leaching of residual nitrogen in soil has been studied in some details in a lysimeter experiment. Profile measurements of soil water and of nitrogen concentration in addition to measurements of amount and composition of the drainage water were carried out. The leaching process could be described by an equation of Day. For a flow rate of approximately 1 cm/day, a dispersion coefficient of 11.5 cm2/day was obtained independent of the concentration level. Using this value, the equation satisfactorily predicted concentration of nitrogen and leached amount of nitrogen in the drainage water. The equation, although the assumptions inherent in the theory are not completely fulfilled, may therefore be used for predictive purposes under field conditions. An excess of precipitation, approximately equal to field capacity, is predicted necessary for leaching 50 per cent of an amount of dissolved nitrogen initially localized at the surface of the soil. Consequently, under many soil/climate conditions, the composition of drainage water is influenced by agricultural practices from previous years, which makes difficult interpretation of the results. This has been illustrated by relating some available data on drainage water quality from field experiments to the concentration of nitrogen in the soil water, as predicted by the theory.

Amorphous silica increases the water holding capacity of soils – from mechanistic understanding to field experiments

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joerg Schaller
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Field Experiment ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Amorphous Silica ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Water Holding Capacity ◽  
Silica Gels ◽  
Lysimeter Experiment ◽  
Water Holding

<p>A main problem currently facing agriculture is drought. More frequent and longer drought periods are predicted to threaten agricultural yields in future. The capacity of soils to hold water is a highly important factor controlling drought stress intensity for plants during the growing phase. Amorphous silica (ASi) has been suggested to be able to mitigate these problems. Amorphous silica pools in natural soils are in the range of 0-6%. However, ASi pools have declined in agricultural soils since the development of high intensity agriculture to values of <1% due to yearly crop harvests, decreasing the water holding capacity of the soils. Here, we analyzed the effect of ASi on the water holding capacity (WHC) of soils. ASi was mixed at varying rates with different soils. Afterwards, the retention curve of the soils was determined. Here we show that ASi increases the soil water holding capacity substantially, by forming silica gels with a water content at soil saturation higher than 700%. An increase of ASi by 1% or 5% (weight) increased the water content at all studied water potentials and plant available water increased by >40% and >60%, respectively. In a lysimeter experiment we found that ASi strongly increased the WHC of soils, too. In a field experiment we found an increase of soil moisture after ASi fertilization over the whole growing season. Furthermore, wheat plant grown in this field experiment suffered less from drought and had a later onset of senescence. Our results suggest that ASi is a main control on soil water availability, potentially decreases drought stress for plants in future.</p>

scholarly journals Relationship between soil water content and crop yield under sahelian climate conditions: case study of Tougou experimental site in Burkina Faso

2017 ◽  
pp. 5177-5184
Author(s):  
Cheick Oumar Zouré ◽  
Mahamadou KOITA ◽  
Dial Niang ◽  
Izza Issa Baba ◽  
Ousmane Roland Yonaba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Burkina Faso ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Crop Yield ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Soil Infiltration ◽  
Infiltration Capacity ◽  
Retention Capacity ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Daily Monitoring

This study aims at assessing the relationship between soil water stock and the yield of agricultural practices in Tougou catchment located in northern Burkina Faso. It is a region that has experienced a significant and continuous degradation of its natural resources, especially soils, due to the climate variability and the rapid increase of the population. Areas allocated to subsistence agriculture are increasing at the expense of pastoral land. This degradation causes a change in processes and mechanisms that control ecological systems. In order to provide solutions to this issue, some agricultural practices have been implemented to improve crop yield. This is particularly the case of traditional techniques:“zaï”, “stony line” and “half-moon”, which can significantly improve the soil infiltration capacity and yield. Daily monitoring of soil moisture and pressure in experimental plots based on these agricultural practices show that half-moon and Zaï provided good yield with 2180kg / ha and 1070 kg / ha respectively compared to that of the control plot with about 480 kg/ha. These important yields are due in large part to the improvement of the retention capacity of these soils, thus giving to crops the necessary water need for their development even in drought periods

scholarly journals GERENCIAMENTO DA IRRIGAÇÃO DO FEIJOEIRO BASEADO EM CRITÉRIOS TÉCNICOS E ECONÔMICOS NO CERRADO

Irriga ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 378-391 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastião Francisco Figuerêdo ◽  
Eder João Pozzebon ◽  
José Antonio Frizzone ◽  
Juscelino Antonio de Azevedo ◽  
Antônio Fernando Guerra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Irrigation Management ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Irrigated Agriculture ◽  
Economic Return ◽  
Soil Water Tension ◽  
Water Tension

Gerenciamento da irrigação do feijoeiro baseado em critérios técnicos e econômicos no Cerrado  Sebastião Francisco Figuerêdo1; Eder João Pozzebon2; José Antonio Frizzone3; Juscelino Antonio de Azevedo1; Antônio Fernando Guerra1;Euzébio Medrado da Silva11Embrapa Cerrados, Brasília, DF,  [email protected]ência Nacional de Águas (ANA), Brasília, DF3Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP  1 Resumo O conhecimento sobre o manejo da irrigação sob condições de escassez de água é essencial para o aperfeiçoamento da agricultura irrigada. Nesse sentido, este trabalho foi realizado objetivando definir níveis de tensão de água no solo, mais adequados para o início das irrigações do feijoeiro no Cerrado, baseado em critérios técnicos e econômicos. Foram conduzidos experimentos na Embrapa Cerrados-DF, durante três anos, em blocos ao acaso, testando, como tratamentos, as seguintes tensões: 33kPa, 50kPa, 70kPa, 100kPa, 500kPa e 1000kPa, na profundidade de 10cm. As irrigações foram aplicadas até a capacidade de campo, na camada de 0-40cm. No intervalo37 a967kPa, o rendimento de grãos reduziu-se, em forma logarítmica, com o aumento da tensão e, quadrática, com as lâminas totais. Os maiores rendimentos foram obtidos quando a irrigação era feita na tensão de água em torno de 37kPa. Entretanto, ao se considerar uma situação média estudada de custo da água e de preço do feijão, o nível de tensão mais adequado, para maior lucratividade, passou para 61kPa. As análises mostraram que baixos custos da água e altos preços do feijão levam aos pontos de máximo rendimento de grãos e de lucratividade a se aproximarem. Numa situação contrária, esses pontos se distanciam, resultando em economia de água.   UNITERMOS: Tensão da água no solo, análise econômica, manejo da irrigação, otimização da irrigação.  Figuerêdo, S. F.; Pozzebon, E.J.; Frizzone, J. A. ;  Azevedo, J. A. de; Guerra, A.F.;   Silva, E. M. da.  MANAGEMENT OF DRYBEAN IRRIGATION BASED ON TECHNICAL AND ECONOMICAL CRITERIA IN CERRADO  2 abstract The knowledge on irrigation management under deficit conditions is essential to improve irrigated agriculture. Thus, this work was developed in order to define the most adequate soil-water tensions to begin irrigating drybean crop in Cerrado, based on technical and economical criteria. Field experiments were conducted in Embrapa/Cerrados-DF,Brazil, during three years in a randomized block scheme using as treatments the following soil-water tensions: 33kPa, 50kPa, 100kPa, 500kPa and 1000kPa, ate a 10-cm depth. The irrigations were applied until field capacity filled the 40-cm soil depth. In the interval from 37 to 96kPa, grain yield decreased logarithmically with the increase of soil-water tension and, quadratically with total applied water. The highest yields were obtained when the irrigations were conducted with soil-water tension around 37kPa. However, after considering the water irrigation costs and the grain dry bean price, the best soil-water tension for getting larger economic return was 61kPa.The analysis showed that the combination of low irrigation costs and high grain drybean prices makes the breakeven points of total water applied for maximum yield and maximum economic return to similar. In an opposite situation, those costs are very different, resulting in larger water economy. Key words: Soil-water tension, economical analysis, irrigation management, optimizing irrigation.

scholarly journals Simulating the Response of Drought–Tolerant Maize Varieties to Nitrogen Application in Contrasting Environments in the Nigeria Savannas Using the APSIM Model

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 76
Author(s):  
Aloysius Beah ◽  
Alpha Y. Kamara ◽  
Jibrin M. Jibrin ◽  
Folorunso M. Akinseye ◽  
Abdullahi I. Tofa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Net Income ◽  
Nitrogen Application ◽  
N Application ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Support Tool ◽  
Maize Varieties

This paper assessed the application of the Agricultural Production Systems sIMulator (APSIM)–maize module as a decision support tool for optimizing nitrogen application to determine yield and net return of maize production under current agricultural practices in the Nigeria savannas. The model was calibrated for two maize varieties using data from field experiments conducted under optimum conditions in three locations during the 2017 and 2018 cropping seasons. The model was evaluated using an independent dataset from an experiment conducted under different nitrogen (N) levels in two locations within Southern and Northern Guinea savannas. The results show that model accurately predicted days to 50% anthesis and physiological maturity, leaf area index (LAI), grain yield and total dry matter (TDM) of both varieties with low RMSE and RMSEn (%) values within the range of acceptable statistics indices. Based on 31-year seasonal simulation, optimum mean grain yield of 3941 kg ha−1 for Abuja, and 4549 for Kano was simulated at N rate of 120 kg ha–1 for the early maturing variety 2009EVDT. Meanwhile in Zaria, optimum mean yield of 4173 kg ha–1 was simulated at N rate of 90 kg ha−1. For the intermediate maturing variety, IWDC2SYNF2 mean optimum yields of 5152, 5462, and 4849 kg ha−1, were simulated at N application of 120 kg ha−1 for all the locations. The probability of exceeding attainable mean grain yield of 3000 and 4000 kg ha−1 for 2009EVDT and IWDC2SYNF2, respectively would be expected in 95% of the years with application of 90 kg N ha−1 across the three sites. Following the profitability scenarios analysis, the realistic net incomes of US$ 536 ha–1 for Abuja, and US$ 657 ha−1 for Zaria were estimated at N rate of 90 kg ha−1 and at Kano site, realistic net income of US$ 720 ha–1was estimated at N rate of 120 kg ha−1 for 2009EVDT.For IWDC2SYNF2, realistic net incomes of US$ 870, 974, and 818 ha−1 were estimated at N application of 120 kg ha−1 for Abuja, Zaria, and Kano respectively. The result of this study suggests that 90 kg N ha−1 can be recommended for 2009EVDT and 120 kg N ha–1 for IWDC2SYNF2 in Abuja and Zaria while in Kano, 120 kg N ha−1 should be applied to both varieties to attain optimum yield and profit.

MITIGATION YIELD SCALED METHANE EMISSION FROM RICE GROWN IN WATER STRESS CONDITIONS WITH BIOCHAR AND SILICATE AMENDMENTS

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
MUHAMMAD ASLAM ALI ◽  
SANJIT CHANDRA BARMAN ◽  
MD. ASHRAFUL ISLAM KHAN ◽  
MD. BADIUZZAMAN KHAN ◽  
HAFSA JAHAN HIYA
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Water Content ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Saturated Soil ◽  
Rice Grain ◽  
Standing Water ◽  
Water Contents ◽  
Soil Water Contents

Climate change and water scarcity may badly affect existing rice production system in Bangladesh. With a view to sustain rice productivity and mitigate yield scaled CH4 emission in the changing climatic conditions, a pot experiment was conducted under different soil water contents, biochar and silicate amendments with inorganic fertilization (NPKS). In this regard, 12 treatments combinations of biochar, silicate and NPKS fertilizer along with continuous standing water (CSW), soil saturation water content and field capacity (100% and 50%) moisture levels were arranged into rice planted potted soils. Gas samples were collected from rice planted pots through Closed Chamber technique and analyzed by Gas Chromatograph. This study revealed that seasonal CH4 emissions were suppressed through integrated biochar and silicate amendments with NPKS fertilizer (50–75% of the recommended doze), while increased rice yield significantly at different soil water contents. Biochar and silicate amendments with NPKS fertilizer (50% of the recommended doze) increased rice grain yield by 10.9%, 18.1%, 13.0% and 14.2%, while decreased seasonal CH4 emissions by 22.8%, 20.9%, 23.3% and 24.3% at continuous standing water level (CSW) (T9), at saturated soil water content (T10), at 100% field capacity soil water content (T11) and at 50% field capacity soil water content (T12), respectively. Soil porosity, soil redox status, SOC and free iron oxide contents were improved with biochar and silicate amendments. Furthermore, rice root oxidation activity (ROA) was found more dominant in water stress condition compared to flooded and saturated soil water contents, which ultimately reduced seasonal CH4 emissions as well as yield scaled CH4 emission. Conclusively, soil amendments with biochar and silicate fertilizer may be a rational practice to reduce the demand for inorganic fertilization and mitigate CH4 emissions during rice cultivation under water stress drought conditions.

scholarly journals Using Soil Water to Control Ammonia Emission from Acid Soils with and Without Chicken Litter Biochar

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 23
Author(s):  
Maru Ali ◽  
Ahmed Osumanu Haruna ◽  
Nik Muhamad Abd Majid ◽  
Walter Charles Primus ◽  
Nathaniel Maikol ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Ammonia Volatilization ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Urea Hydrolysis ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Soil Chemical Properties ◽  
Ammonia Emission ◽  
Ammonia Loss ◽  
Chicken Litter

Although urea use in agriculture is on the increase, increase in pH at soil microsite due to urea hydrolysis which causes ammonia emission can reduce N use efficiency. Among the interventions used to mitigate ammonia loss include urease inhibitors, clinoptilolite zeolite, coated urea, and biochar but with little attention to the use of soil water levels to control ammonia volatilization. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of soil water levels on ammonia volatilization from soils with and without chicken litter biochar. Dry soils with and without chicken litter biochar were subjected to 0%, 25% 50%, 75%, 100%, and 125% soil water. There was no urea hydrolysis in the soil without water. Chicken litter biochar as soil amendment effectively mitigated ammonia loss at 1% to 32% and 80% to 115% field capacity. However, urea used on soil only showed lower ammonia loss at 33% to 79% and 116% to 125% field capacity compared with the soils with chicken litter biochar. At 50% field capacity ammonia loss was high in soils with and without chicken litter biochar. Although chicken litter biochar is reputed for improving soil chemical properties, water levels in this present study affected soil chemical properties differently. Fifty percent field capacity, significantly reduced soil chemical properties. These findings suggest that timely application of urea at the right field capacity can mitigate ammonia emission. Therefore, whether soils are amended with or without chicken litter biochar, urea application should be avoided at 50% field capacity especially in irrigated crops.

scholarly journals Necesidades hídricas de estevia calculadas con el coeficiente del cultivo

2017 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 509
Author(s):  
Martha Constanza Daza Torres ◽  
Hugo Stiven Meneses Carvajal ◽  
Aldemar Reyes Trujillo ◽  
Norberto Urrutia Cobo
Keyword(s):  
Growth Stage ◽  
Stevia Rebaudiana ◽  
Crop Coefficient ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Drainage Water ◽  
Mature Stage ◽  
Crop Evapotranspiration ◽  
Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni ◽  
Valle Del Cauca ◽  
Monteith Equation

This study aimed to determine the crop coefficient (Kc) curve for stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) in Candelaria, Valle del Cauca, Colombia. The experiment was conducted during the first half of 2015. In a plot planted with stevia, were located three drainage lysimeters arranged randomly and a portable weather station to determine climatic variables necessary for calculating an evapotranspiration reference (ETo), using the Penman Monteith equation. Soil eld capacity moisture was determined and regular monitoring of both, soil moisture and drainage water depth were performed. Irrigation was applied using an exhaustion coefficient of 10% to bring it back to field capacity moisture. Statistical analyzes were performed and Kc was calculated from the ratio of crop evapotranspiration (ETc) to ETo, for each plant in phenological phase. With condidence of 95% Kc for stevia were: growth stage (54 days after transplantation, ddt) 0.86 ± 0.12, mature stage (55-72 ddt) 1.24 ± 0.10 and senescence stage (72-96 ddt) 0.85 ± 0.14. Water consumption of Stevia rebaudiana B., was 4753 m3/ha during its growing cycle of 96 days after transplantation. 

scholarly journals The productivity of crop rotations on the eroded slope of ordinary chernozems depending on agricultural practices

2021 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 02007
Author(s):  
Izida Ilyinskaya ◽  
Emma Gaevaya
Keyword(s):  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Humus Content ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Crop Rotations ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
Rostov Region ◽  
Preservation Of Fertility

Field experiments were carried out in the Rostov region on the slope of ordinary chernozems in the system of contour-strip organization of the territory in 2011-2020. The aim of the research was the development of agrotechnical methods (design of crop rotation, the method of basic tillage and the background of fertilizers), which ensure high productivity of crop rotations on the eroded slope of ordinary chernozems and the preservation of fertility. The experiment included three factors: the design of the crop rotation, the method of the main tillage, the background of mineral fertilizers. It was found that, on average, for the period of research, the level of mineral nutrition has the greatest influence on the productivity of the crop rotation (83.9%), followed by the design of the crop rotation (14.9%). The influence of basic tillage is estimated at only 1.2%. It was found that the introduction of 20% of perennial grasses into the structure of crop rotation reduces soil washout by 19.5-27.7%, and an increase in the proportion of perennial grasses to 40% by 38.3-43.8%. The use of chisel tillage reduces washout by 15.6-24.2%, and with it the loss of humus. In the “C” crop rotation in all variants of the experiment, the humus content increased by 0.010.03%. It was revealed that the productivity of all the studied crop rotations changed under the influence of agrotechnical methods, reaching in the crop rotation “C” with 40% of perennial grasses and 60% of grain crops on average for the studied period the highest value of 3.53 t / ha of grain units, which is 9.3% higher than in the “B” crop rotation and 17.3% higher than in the “A” crop rotation.

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