Assessment of urine diverting dehydrating toilets as a flood-resilient and affordable sanitation technology in the context of Bangladesh

2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 87-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saif Mohammad Uddin ◽  
Mariska Ronteltap ◽  
Jules B. van Lier
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Significant Contribution ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Average Height ◽  
Open Defecation ◽  
Urine Diversion ◽  
Flood Level ◽  
Improved Sanitation ◽  
Capital Intensive ◽  
Flood Prone Areas

Bangladesh has made a significant contribution to supply improved sanitation facilities in rural areas in recent years. As it is the most known option, pit latrines were the most favourable technology. Yet, as Bangladesh is a country of flooding and high groundwater table, pit latrines not only flush out and cause pollution; they also become inaccessible during floods, and remain filled with silt after the floods. Every year floods destroy many sanitation facilities and force people to resort to open defecation, despite the capital-intensive investment. Urine Diversion Dehydration Toilets (UDDTs) were evaluated on their suitability in flood-prone areas and their affordability in the context of Bangladesh. A survey conducted in two flood-prone areas of Bangladesh showed that with an average height of 0.69 m the UDDTs are higher than the average highest flood level of 0.31 m. To decrease cost and construction complexity, a local design was developed based on the current pit latrine, at 50% of the costs of the current UDDTs. Although the resulting cost is still not within reach for most Bangladeshi, the affordability could be increased by taking into account avoided emptying costs as well as the added value of human excreta as a fertilizer.

scholarly journals Sanitation coverage in Bangladesh since the millennium: consistency matters

2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 240-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Zheng ◽  
S. A. I. Hakim ◽  
Q. Nahar ◽  
A. van Agthoven ◽  
S. V. Flanagan
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Equity Issue ◽  
Open Defecation ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Improved Sanitation ◽  
Joint Monitoring

Household surveys in Bangladesh between 1994 and 2009 assessed sanitation access using questions that differed significantly over time, resulting in apparently inconsistent findings. Applying the WHO and UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme's 2008 definition for open defecation and improved sanitation facilities excluding shared facilities to the compiled data set, sensible sanitation coverage trends emerge. The percentage of households openly defecating declined at a rate of about 1.8% per year from 30% in 1994 to 6.8% in 2009, primarily due to changes in rural areas. Access to individual improved sanitation facilities nearly doubled from about 30% in 2006 to 57% in 2009, with both rural and urban areas showing impressive progress. Access to shared improved latrines also nearly doubled from about 13% in 2006 to 24% in 2009, with the urban slums recording the greatest gain from 17% in 2006 to 65% in 2009. Shared improved latrines are only slightly less clean than individual ones. Dependence on shared improved latrines increases with population density. In 2007, 20% of the poorest households still openly defecated, although more of them (38%) shared a latrine of any type. A poverty reduction program is recommended to address this equity issue, although applying consistent definitions is crucial to documenting progress.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of an escape room for undergraduate interprofessional learning: a mixed methods single group pre-post evaluation

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Leigh Moore ◽  
Narelle Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Methods ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Interprofessional Education ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Individual Student ◽  
Single Group ◽  
Interprofessional Practice ◽  
Student Focus ◽  
Practice Knowledge ◽  
Work Integrated Learning

Abstract Background Interprofessional practice (IPP) has been shown to contribute to quality service provision and improved health outcomes. This knowledge has led to the integration of interprofessional education into course curricula for many health-care disciplines. Offering interprofessional education in rural areas to students undertaking work integrated learning placements is challenging particularly because of the diversity of students and placement dates combined with the student focus on the assessable placement curriculum. This research investigated and evaluated the utility of an escape room as an educational modality that facilitates learning whilst providing a supportive and motivating learning environment. Our project focused on the acquisition of interprofessional practice knowledge and experience by a health professional student cohort. Methods This study used the novel intervention of an escape room combined with an interactive teaching session to test student engagement and learning about interprofessional practice and teamwork. The research used a mixed methods single group pre-post design. Results Fifty students (78% female) from seventeen universities and seven professions participated in teams of three to six members. Most participants (66%) had not previously completed an escape room. The results showed that the intervention provided effective and engaging learning and was intrinsically appealing to students despite its non-assessable nature. Individual student reflection on their participation showed developing insight into the critical importance of clear communication and intentional team member collaboration in the provision of effective interprofessional practice. Conclusions The escape room intervention added value to the placement curriculum and proved flexible for a heterogeneous student cohort.

scholarly journals Rural–Urban Disparities in Access to Improved Sanitation in Indonesia: A Decomposition Approach

SAGE Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 215824402110299
Author(s):  
Sri Irianti ◽  
Puguh Prasetyoputra
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Universal Access ◽  
Decomposition Analysis ◽  
Multivariate Regression Analysis ◽  
Probit Regression ◽  
Decomposition Approach ◽  
Explanatory Variables ◽  
Improved Sanitation ◽  
The Government

One of the targets in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which is Target 6.2, aims to achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation. The Government of Indonesia targets universal access to improved sanitation in 2019. However, almost two out of five households in Indonesia are without access to improved sanitation. Moreover, access to improved sanitation is lower in rural areas than that in urban areas. Studies examining the drivers of the disparity in Indonesia are also limited. Therefore, this study was aimed at assessing the characteristics associated with the rural–urban disparity in access to improved sanitation facilities among households in Indonesia. We employed data from the 2016 Indonesian National Socio-Economic Survey (SUSENAS) comprising 290,848 households. The analysis was twofold. First, we fitted multivariate probit regression models using average marginal effects as the measure of association. We then conducted a detailed non-linear decomposition of the rural–urban disparity attributable to all the explanatory variables. The multivariate regression analysis suggested that households living in rural areas were 11.35% (95% confidence interval = [10.97, 11.72]) less likely to have access to improved sanitation facilities than those residing in urban areas. The decomposition analysis suggested that 48.78% are attributable to spatial, demographic, housing, and socio-economic factors, which meant that almost half of the inequalities could be reduced by equalizing these factors. The results provide a decomposition of factors amenable to curtail urban–rural inequalities. Hence, equity-oriented approaches to increasing access to improved sanitation should be prioritized to achieve universal access in 2030 in line with SDG Target 6.2.

scholarly journals Integration Efforts in Agriculture

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 91-96
Author(s):  
Judit Beke Lisányi
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Consumer Prices ◽  
Downward Pressure ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
Capital Intensive

The economic and political transition brought many challenges for the Hungarian agricultural sector. The break-up of large agricultural holdings had serious negative impacts on food production and on the export of agricultural products. Capital intensive profit-seeking intermediaries dominate the trading of agricultural goods that has injurious effects in terms of downward pressure on production prices and an increase in consumer prices. Cooperatives have a key role in effectively tackling the common challenges that small-scale producers have to face. More vertical integration along the food chain could contribute to providing rural employment and to an increase in living standards in rural areas. This study reviews the development, the specific features and the driving forces of modern cooperatives in Central Europe in general, and in Hungary in particular. The focus is on the integrator role of cooperatives and their future role in our globalised world. JEL Classification: Q10, Q13

scholarly journals Insects and Their Products as a Potential Source of Food, Feed and Economic Security: A Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-80
Author(s):  
S. A Dattijo
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Security ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Potential Source ◽  
Global Commerce ◽  
Small Scale Farmers ◽  
High Level

Due to many ways by which they are exploited, insects and their products could be a very big business. They are sold for agricultural protection, crop pollination, as well as human, livestock and pet nutrition. In addition, their products are sold for pharmaceuticals, health, and the implements for research, art works and a host of other uses. This review focused on commercialization of insects and their products with a view of sharing existing knowledge on global commerce of various insects and their products. Available literature revealed that there was an increase in demand for edible insects in the United States of America and prices were as high as $150 kg-1. Similarly, between 2010 and 2015, animal feed market in the United Kingdom grew at 3.5% annually and is currently worth £5 billion. Because of its scarcity, high demand, and recognition of its healing properties, royal jelly, one of the most sought after from bee products commands astronomical price internationally. In addition, no any other industry could generate high level of employment as sericulture, especially in rural areas where it takes 11 workdays to produce a Kg of raw silk. The contribution insects and their products can give to improve the economy of a developing country such as Nigeria is considerable, but underestimated or neglected. Insects are unlikely to make a major contribution in the near future, but the idea that they are potential source of overcoming the economic problems is not as farfetched as it seemed. Therefore, there is the need to adopt an added value approach to insects and their products and sensitize as well as encourage small-scale farmers, who are disadvantaged in international market participation due to lack of access to information, services, technology or the capacity, to produce larger volumes of quality insect products.

scholarly journals Boosting Rural Areas Revitalization in the Mediterranean through Cross-cutting Approach Based on Ecological and Social Resilience

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 43
Author(s):  
C. Echave ◽  
A. Palladus ◽  
M. Boy-Roura ◽  
M. Cacciutolo ◽  
S. Niavis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Green Economy ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Social Resilience ◽  
Sustainable Mobility ◽  
Use Of Resources ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Urban Contexts ◽  
The Mediterranean

Urban areas have been identified as one of the key challenges to tackle in the next decades. Most of the environmental impacts associated to urban contexts are linked to an unsustainable use of resources basically due to urban planning and society’s consumption behaviour. Currently, the paradigm of sustainable cities brought out in the past years situates urban contexts as an opportunity to reduce these impacts. There is a wide range of strategies focused on cities and their transition to a more sustainable urban model: compactness, sustainable mobility, energy efficiency, waste management and greening are some of the most relevant approaches with clear indicators and implementation plans. However, rural areas are still pending for  a precise strategy that highlights their ecological added value avoiding to be defined only as “not urban”. Rural areas should be emphasized from their productivity perspective and their key role in terms of resilience and adaptation to Climate Change. In the framework of the Interreg Med Programme, Thematic Communities are working on the capitalisation of projects from different kind of approaches of application in the Mediterranean Area. Four of these communities - Renewable Energy, Green Growth, Sustainable Tourism and Efficient Buildings - have several projects that present rural areas as one common territory of intervention. The aim of this paper is to expose the standards and goals proposed by the Interreg Med Thematic Communities for Rural Areas Revitalization as a resilience strategy in the Mediterranean Region, using a cross-cutting approach. The cross-cutting approach stresses the relation among the environment, society and economy: rural liveability, increasing RES production with sharing microgrid systems & efficient buildings, as well as green economy based on sectors such as agricultural & tourism activities. These standards and results will provide reference values to shape final policies recommendations. Consequently, the present paper is based on the joint cross-thematic effort and work from four thematic communities of the Interreg MED programme, previously mentioned. It includes some references to existing research studies, but the aim is to open the path to identify new challenges of Mediterranean rural areas and find potential solutions from a holistic approach.

scholarly journals PENGEMBANGAN AGRIBISNIS DAN PENGOLAHAN MENDUKUNG PENSEJAHTERAAN PETANI CABE MERAH

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 413
Author(s):  
Rooganda Elizabeth
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Free Market ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Processing Industry ◽  
Partnership Development ◽  
Farmer Groups ◽  
Processed Products ◽  
Development Perspective

The procurement of raw materials for the red chili processing industry, the majority still comes from traders / suppliers. Chili starts procurement, processing to obtain added value, until marketing should be able to anticipate the limitations of the rights of farmers / gapotan groups that are more burdened with obligations. This paper aims to examine and express the role and benefits of chilli in the processing of red chillies to the marketing of processed products, related to efforts to accelerate the development of processing and agribusiness industries to improve the welfare of red chilli farmers. The benefits of partnership for farmer groups are the existence of market certainty, and relatively stable profits. The benefit for partners is the certainty of obtaining raw materials in accordance with the required specifications. The partner still gives the opportunity to sell to the free market if the price is better. The partnership development perspective is still very open, among others due to: (a) both parties obtain mutually beneficial benefits; (b) demand for processed products increases along with population growth. processing business is the transfer of raw material into highly-processed processed products that are able to meet the high demands of quality and hygienic (GMP) processed product requirements, as well as closely related to the increase in income from the acquisition of product value that is expected to realize and prosper farmers and businessmen , able to create jobs and increase interest in young workers on agriculture. The importance of changing the old mindset and paradigm of agriculture through the empowerment and development of chillies in processing and red chili processed agribusiness products is expected to be able to power the development of industrialization and the economy in rural areas.

scholarly journals TERMS RELATED TO PRACTICE RULES AND REGULATIONS OF ORGANIC BEEKEEPING PRODUCTION IN TURKEY

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 65-76
Author(s):  
Lale Taş
Keyword(s):  
Information System ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Organic Farming ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Organic Agriculture ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Transition Process ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Artificial Nutrition

Organic farming production; To the extent permitted by the regulation, it is a production in which chemical drugs are used that are friendly to human health and nature, and do not harm the environment and human health; It is a form of production that gives priority to the quality of the product rather than the amount of manufacture, and every stage is checked and certified by control and certification. Organic Beekeeping, on the other hand, does not apply chemical drugs and artificial nutrition to bees at every stage from production to consumption, It is a production that is carried out on intact natural flora or organic farming areas and is controlled and certified by control certification companies. Beekeeping; producers with low income, especially in rural areas, both in European countries and in our country and it is an important source of income for producers who do not have land. With this aspect, it adds added value at the micro-level in the rural areas and at the macro level in the country's economy. The products obtained from bees are faced with the threat of risk factors that negatively affect food safety during the process of taking their place on the market shelves from production. For this reason, the importance of organic beekeeping increases as the aim is to increase the quality of organic beekeeping. According to the Organic Agriculture Information System (OTBİS) of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, in 2019, There are 249 enterprises engaged in organic beekeeping in Turkey. Organic beekeeping, the total number of organic hives is 50.100 and the total organic honey production is 576.76 tons. Moreover according to the Organic Agriculture Information System of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, in 2019, 159 enterprises engaged in beekeeping in the transition process in Turkey present, it has a total of 21 484 hives in transition. To increase this potential of our country and to ensure its sustainability, It can be achieved by producing reliable and better quality organic beekeeping products. For this, the production and consumption of organic beekeeping products should be expanded.

Community interactions and sanitation use by the urban poor: Survey evidence from India’s slums

Urban Studies ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 004209802091182
Author(s):  
YuJung Julia Lee ◽  
Tiffany Radcliff
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Poor ◽  
New Delhi ◽  
High Population Density ◽  
Community Interactions ◽  
Open Defecation ◽  
Slum Dwellers ◽  
Original Survey ◽  
Latrine Use

While the current scholarship on open defecation overwhelmingly focuses on increasing access to sanitation facilities as the solution, millions of people around the world still practise open defecation despite having latrines. This is especially problematic in urban slums where people are more vulnerable to sanitation-related diseases compared with rural areas because of their high population density. We explore why latrines are not being used even when they are available to slum dwellers by identifying social interactions that serve as information channels that promote public latrine use. Using an original survey in New Delhi, we find that slum dwellers who frequently interact with slum leaders, more so than other community leaders, are more likely to use nearby public latrines regularly. A survey of slum leaders finds that their role in fixing and maintaining public latrines and informing others of these acts as well as educating people on hygiene encourage public latrine use.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document