Passive evaporation of source-separated urine from dry toilets: prototype design and field testing using municipal water

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 392-401 ◽  
Author(s):  
David N. Bethune ◽  
Angus Chu ◽  
M. Cathryn Ryan
Keyword(s):  
Evaporation Rate ◽  
Uv Light ◽  
Field Testing ◽  
Meteorological Station ◽  
Temperate Climate ◽  
Land Area ◽  
Evaporation Surface ◽  
Municipal Water ◽  
Prototype Design ◽  
Evaporation Unit

A prototype urine evaporation unit (UEU) that removes water from human urine produced from a urine-diverting dry toilet using passive solar evaporation was designed and field-tested at a meteorological station. Municipal water was evaporated on vertically stacked plastic cafeteria-style trays that create a large evaporation surface with a small land-area footprint. The trays were located inside a Plexiglas® enclosure exposed to UV light while passively heating the UEU like a solar oven. A metal black chimney also heated up in the sun, causing air to enter the UEU at the front of the UEU through a louvered vent, flow across each tray, and then exit at the back up through the chimney. The UEU was field-tested in a semi-arid temperate climate (Calgary, Canada) from 22 August to 5 November 2013. The average UEU evaporation rate was 3.2 L/day (0.66 mm), varying from 0.4 L/day (0.08 mm/day) on a cloudy day to 8.8 L/day (1.82 mm) on a sunny day. A multiple-regression analysis indicates that 63% of the UEU evaporation rate can be explained by changes in air temperature, wind speed and incoming solar radiation, thus allowing for predictions of the UEU's relative evaporation potential in other climates.

New Ornamental Garden

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Rickard
Keyword(s):  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Evaporation Rate ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Exotic Plants ◽  
Root Competition ◽  
Temperate Climate ◽  
Rainfall Patterns

This book takes a fresh look at garden-worthy plants for Australian conditions. It will help gardeners to reappraise their climate, select appropriate plants and modify gardening practices to create beautiful gardens featuring native and exotic plants with proven drought tolerance, reliability and minimal weed potential. The New Ornamental Garden shows how heat, cold, water availability, rainfall patterns, length of growing season, evaporation rate and humidity influence plant growth in Australia, from the wet sub-tropics to the temperate climate of southern Australia. It also discusses the influence of microclimates within a garden: dry sun, dry shade, moist sun, moist shade, seaside conditions, exposed sites, urban situations and root competition from eucalyptus and allelopaths. The main focus of the book is the plant index, which contains notes on hundreds of plant varieties and how they function in the garden. All gardeners will benefit from reading this book!

scholarly journals Light Pipe Comparative Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-26
Author(s):  
Ayodeji Omishore ◽  
Petr Mohelník ◽  
Denis Míček
Keyword(s):  
Light Guide ◽  
Light Transmission ◽  
Test Chamber ◽  
Field Testing ◽  
Measured Data ◽  
Light Transmittance ◽  
Temperate Climate ◽  
The Common ◽  
Light Guides ◽  
Reduced Light

Abstract Results of daylight illuminance measurements of the field testing of two light guides with different roof installations is presented in the article. The first one is a common tubular system with a glass roof dome and the second one is a new light guide prototype with a concentrator head. The daylight illuminance was measured in a test chamber with the light guides installation. The measurements were carried out at the end of a summer season from August to September 2017. The measured data show differences in the daylight illuminance of the two tested light guides. The measured data were compared with simulation outputs in software Holigilm. In summary, it was found that the common light guide is about 37 percentage more efficient in light transmittance compared to the new light guide prototype. In temperate climate with dominant cloudy and partly cloudy daylight conditions the common light guide transmitted more light that the device with the concentrator head which reduced light transmission much more.

scholarly journals A Silver Yarn-Incorporated Song Brocade Fabric with Enhanced Electromagnetic Shielding

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (14) ◽  
pp. 3779
Author(s):  
Xiuling Zhang ◽  
Zimin Jin ◽  
Lizhu Hu ◽  
Xinyi Zhou ◽  
Kai Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Interference ◽  
Surface Resistance ◽  
Evaporation Rate ◽  
Uv Light ◽  
Air Permeability ◽  
Electromagnetic Shielding ◽  
Water Evaporation ◽  
Shielding Effectiveness ◽  
Protection Factor ◽  
Two Samples

The fabrics with electromagnetic interference (EMI) have been used in various fields. However, most studies related to the EMI fabrics focused on the improvement of the final electromagnetic shielding effectiveness (EM SE) by adjusting the preparation parameters while the breathability of the EMI fabrics was affected and the visible surficial patterns on the EMI fabric was limited. In this work, the two samples based on the Song Brocade structure were fabricated with surficial visible pattern ‘卐’. One was fabricated with silver-plated polyamide (Ag-PA) yarns and the silk yarns, the another with polyester (PET) yarns and the silk yarns. The weaving structure of the two samples were investigated by scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) and laser optical microscopy (LOM). The resistance against the EM radiation near field communication (NFC) and the ultraviolet (UV) light was also evaluated. Besides, the surface resistance, the air permeability and the water evaporation rate were investigated. The results revealed that the ‘卐’ appeared successfully on the surface of the two samples with stable weaving structure. The Ag-PA yarn-incorporated Song Brocade fabric had the EMI shielding effectiveness value around 50 dB, which was supported by the low surface resistance less than 40 Ω. The excellent NFC shielding of the Ag-PA yarn-incorporated Song Brocade was also found. The ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) value of the Ag-PA yarn-incorporated Song Brocade fabric was higher than 190. The air permeability and the evaporation rate of the Ag-PA yarn-incorporated Song Brocade fabric was higher than 99 mm/s, and 1.4 g/h, respectively. As a result, the Ag-PA yarn-incorporated Song Brocade fabrics were proposed for both the personal and the industrial scale utilization.

scholarly journals DIFFERENT METHODS FOR MEASURING EVAPORATION IN A TROPICAL RESERVOIR: THE CASE OF THE GAVIÃO RESERVOIR IN THE STATE OF CEARÁ

2021 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 410-421
Author(s):  
GABRIELA PINHEIRO FEITOSA ◽  
JOSÉ CARLOS DE ARAÚJO ◽  
MÁRIO UBIRAJARA GONÇALVES BARROS
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Pressure Difference ◽  
Evaporation Rate ◽  
Great Sensitivity ◽  
Meteorological Station ◽  
Tropical Reservoir ◽  
Monthly Average ◽  
Reference Flow ◽  
Adequate Management

ABSTRACT Studies that allow the estimation of evaporation in reservoirs represent an important action for the adequate management of water resources. Thus, this study aimed at estimating evaporation in the tropical reservoir Gavião, located in the municipality of Pacatuba, Ceará, Brazil, and to verify the effect of these estimates on the water availability of the reservoir using the VYELAS model. The results of Penman's methods and the Water Balance were compared with the values obtained from the hydrostatic pressure sensor, the most accurate. It was possible to verify that, in relation to the pressure difference method, all the conventional methods overestimate the evaporation in the reservoir. The method that presented estimates closer to those obtained by the pressure difference sensor was that of Penman, based on data from an onboard station in the lake, with a deviation of only 12%. The method of water balance also presented reliable results for monthly average. The two methods usually accepted in the evaporation calculation (water balance ignoring the infiltration; and Penman's method for meteorological station data on land distant from the lake) presented the most disturbing evaporation values significantly altering the water availability. The results of the VYELAS model showed that evaporated flows, estimated by several methods, exceeded the reference flow by up to 83%. The results demonstrate the great sensitivity of the estimate of water availability in relation to the evaporation rate in the lake.

Hole Formation in Gold Films

1972 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 510-511
Author(s):  
R. W. Vook ◽  
R. Cook ◽  
R. Ziemer
Keyword(s):  
Deposition Rate ◽  
Quartz Crystal ◽  
Evaporation Rate ◽  
Gold Films ◽  
Hole Density ◽  
Hole Formation ◽  
Microscope Slide ◽  
Crystal Film ◽  
Glass Microscope Slide ◽  
Glass Microscope

During recent experiments on Au films, a qualitative correlation between hole formation and deposition rate was observed. These early studies were concerned with films 80 to 1000A thick deposited on glass at -185°C and annealed at 170°C. In the present studies this earlier work was made quantitative. Deposition rates varying between 5 and 700 A/min were used. The effects of deposition rate on hole density for two films 300 and 700A thick were investigated.Au was evaporated from an outgassed W filament located 10 cm from a glass microscope slide substrate and a quartz crystal film thickness monitor. A shutter separating the filament from the substrate and monitor made it possible to obtain a constant evaporation rate before initiating deposition. The pressure was reduced to less than 1 x 10-6 torr prior to cooling the substrate with liquid nitrogen. The substrate was cooled in 15 minutes during which the pressure continued to drop to the mid 10-7 torr range, where deposition was begun.

Electron microscopy of keratinocytes cultured on a collagen substrate used as an allograft for the treatment of chronic wounds

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 1104-1105
Author(s):  
Debby A. Jennings ◽  
Michael J. Morykwas ◽  
Louis C. Argenta
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Cell Suspension ◽  
Single Cell ◽  
Chronic Wounds ◽  
Mechanical Stability ◽  
Uv Light ◽  
Type I ◽  
Single Cell Suspension ◽  
Collagen Substrate ◽  
Dermal Collagen

Grafts of cultured allogenic or autogenic keratlnocytes have proven to be an effective treatment of chronic wounds and burns. This study utilized a collagen substrate for keratinocyte and fibroblast attachment. The substrate provided mechanical stability and augmented graft manipulation onto the wound bed. Graft integrity was confirmed by light and transmission electron microscopy.Bovine Type I dermal collagen sheets (100 μm thick) were crosslinked with 254 nm UV light (13.5 Joules/cm2) to improve mechanical properties and reduce degradation. A single cell suspension of third passage neonatal foreskin fibroblasts were plated onto the collagen. Five days later, a single cell suspension of first passage neonatal foreskin keratinocytes were plated on the opposite side of the collagen. The grafts were cultured for one month.The grafts were fixed in phosphate buffered 4% formaldehyde/1% glutaraldehyde for 24 hours. Graft pieces were then washed in 0.13 M phosphate buffer, post-fixed in 1% osmium tetroxide, dehydrated, and embedded in Polybed 812.

A photoelectron microscope study of surfaces

1989 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 10-11
Author(s):  
W. Engel ◽  
M. Kordesch ◽  
A. M. Bradshaw ◽  
E. Zeitler
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
High Pressure ◽  
Field Strength ◽  
Uv Light ◽  
Physical Property ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Mercury Lamp ◽  
Object Surface ◽  
The Sixties ◽  
Physical Features

Photoelectron microscopy is as old as electron microscopy itself. Electrons liberated from the object surface by photons are utilized to form an image that is a map of the object's emissivity. This physical property is a function of many parameters, some depending on the physical features of the objects and others on the conditions of the instrument rendering the image.The electron-optical situation is tricky, since the lateral resolution increases with the electric field strength at the object's surface. This, in turn, leads to small distances between the electrodes, restricting the photon flux that should be high for the sake of resolution.The electron-optical development came to fruition in the sixties. Figure 1a shows a typical photoelectron image of a polycrystalline tantalum sample irradiated by the UV light of a high-pressure mercury lamp.

Immunolabelling of glomerular deposits in kidney biopsies routinely fixed in glutaraldehyde

1989 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 910-911
Author(s):  
Ś Lhoták ◽  
I. Alexopoulou ◽  
G. T. Simon
Keyword(s):  
Uv Light ◽  
Kidney Diseases ◽  
Light Chains ◽  
Microscopical Level ◽  
Accurate Identification ◽  
Light Microscopical Level ◽  
Dense Deposits ◽  
Cacodylate Buffer ◽  
Glomerular Deposits ◽  
Prognostic Importance

Various kidney diseases are characterized by the presence of dense deposits in the glomeruli. The type(s) of immunoglobulins (Igs) present in the dense deposits are characteristic of the disease. The accurate Identification of the deposits is therefore of utmost diagnostic and prognostic importance. Immunofluorescence (IF) used routinely at the light microscopical level is unable to detect and characterize small deposits found in early stages of glomerulonephritis. Although conventional TEM is able to localize such deposits, it is not capable of determining their nature. It was therefore attempted to immunolabel at EM level IgG, IgA IgM, C3, fibrinogen and kappa and lambda Ig light chains commonly found in glomerular deposits on routinely fixed ( 2% glutaraldehyde (GA) in 0.1M cacodylate buffer) kidney biopsies.The unosmicated tissue was embedded in LR White resin polymerized by UV light at -10°C. A postembedding immunogold technique was employed

Sorbitol enhances the physicochemical stability of B12 vitamers

2020 ◽  
Vol 90 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 439-447 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Hadinata Lie ◽  
Maria V Chandra-Hioe ◽  
Jayashree Arcot
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Uv Light ◽  
Heat Exposure ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Uv Exposure ◽  
Physicochemical Stability ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Stability

Abstract. The stability of B12 vitamers is affected by interaction with other water-soluble vitamins, UV light, heat, and pH. This study compared the degradation losses in cyanocobalamin, hydroxocobalamin and methylcobalamin due to the physicochemical exposure before and after the addition of sorbitol. The degradation losses of cyanocobalamin in the presence of increasing concentrations of thiamin and niacin ranged between 6%-13% and added sorbitol significantly prevented the loss of cyanocobalamin (p<0.05). Hydroxocobalamin and methylcobalamin exhibited degradation losses ranging from 24%–26% and 48%–76%, respectively; added sorbitol significantly minimised the loss to 10% and 20%, respectively (p < 0.05). Methylcobalamin was the most susceptible to degradation when co-existing with ascorbic acid, followed by hydroxocobalamin and cyanocobalamin. The presence of ascorbic acid caused the greatest degradation loss in methylcobalamin (70%-76%), which was minimised to 16% with added sorbitol (p < 0.05). Heat exposure (100 °C, 60 minutes) caused a greater loss of cyanocobalamin (38%) than UV exposure (4%). However, degradation losses in hydroxocobalamin and methylcobalamin due to UV and heat exposures were comparable (>30%). At pH 3, methylcobalamin was the most unstable showing 79% degradation loss, which was down to 12% after sorbitol was added (p < 0.05). The losses of cyanocobalamin at pH 3 and pH 9 (~15%) were prevented by adding sorbitol. Addition of sorbitol to hydroxocobalamin at pH 3 and pH 9 reduced the loss by only 6%. The results showed that cyanocobalamin was the most stable, followed by hydroxocobalamin and methylcobalamin. Added sorbitol was sufficient to significantly enhance the stability of cobalamins against degradative agents and conditions.

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