Community policing on American Indian reservations: a preliminary investigation

In the 1970s, Elinor Ostrom and her colleagues found that neighborhood policing works better than metropolitan policing. Though Ostrom articulated design principles for self-governance, the early studies of neighborhood policing did not. In this paper, we articulate the design principles for self-governing policing, which we term Ostrom-Compliant Policing. We then apply this framework to an understudied case: policing on American Indian reservations. Policing in Indian country generally falls into one of three categories – federal policing (by the Bureau of Indian Affairs and Federal Bureau of Investigation), state policing (by municipal and state police departments), and tribal policing (by tribal police departments) – that vary in the degree of centralization. Our main contribution is to show that tribal policing as it is practiced in the United States, which claims to be self-governing, is not Ostrom-Compliant. Thus, our approach offers insight into why high crime remains an ongoing challenge in much of Indian country even when tribes have primary control over policing outcomes. This does not mean centralization is better, or that self-governance of policing does not work. Rather, our research suggests that a greater tribal autonomy over-policing and meta-political changes to federal rules governing criminal jurisdictions is necessary to implement Ostromian policing.

Segregation and American Indian Reservations

Racial residential segregation is a key feature of the social organization of American society, and is also a fundamental cause of racial inequality. The body of literature on racial residential segregation and its effects on African Americans is expansive, and it is growing for other racial/ethnic groups as well. However, missing from the literature are American Indians. American Indian reservations are prime examples of racial residential segregation. This chapter strives to answer key questions: How is the racial residential segregation of American Indians different from that for other racial/ethnic groups? How can American Indian nations address issues on their reservations that result from segregation? What processes drove the segregation of American Indians onto reservations? American Indian nations are in a unique position to address the effects of racial residential segregation in ways that other racial/ethnic groups cannot. That is because American Indian reservations, despite segregation, are a place of healing.

Standardized incidence ratio of the COVID-19 pandemic: a case study in a Midwestern state

ABSTRACTMotivationThe Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has made a dramatic impact around the world, with some communities facing harsher outcomes than others. We sought to understand how counties in the state of South Dakota (SD) fared compared to expected based on a reference population and what factors contributed to negative outcomes from the pandemic in SD.MethodsThe Standardized Incidence Ratios (SIR) of all counties, using age-adjusted and crude adjusted hospitalization and death rates were computed using the SD age-adjusted rate as a reference population. In addition, a penalized generalized linear regression model was used to identify factors that are associated with COVID-19 hospitalization and death rates. This model was then used to compute a new SIR after controlling for other socio-demographic and -economic factors.ResultsWe identified counties that had more or less severe outcomes than what would be expected based on the rate of SD after age adjustment. Additionally, race, education, and testing rate were some of the significant factors associated with the outcome. The SIR values after controlling for these additional factors showed change in magnitude from the range of 4 times more severe to 1.5 times more severe out-come than what is expected. Interestingly the lower end of this interval did not have a major change.ConclusionThe age adjusted SIR model used in this study allowed for the identification of counties with more or less severe than what is expected based on the state rate. These counties tended to be those with high nonwhite percentage, which mostly included counties with American Indian reservations. Although several predictors are associated with hospitalization and deaths, the penalized model confirmed what is already reported in literature that race and education level have a very high association with the outcome variables. As can be expected the further adjusted SIR mostly changed in those counties with higher than expected outcomes. We believe that these results may provide useful information to improve the implementation of mitigation strategies to curb the damage of this or future pandemics by providing a way for data-driven resource allocation.

Gwadar Port as an Economic Zone with Especial Reference to US and Indian Reservations on the Regional Part of South Asia

China Pakistan Economic Corridor is a bunch of multiple projects embracing construction: railroad, airport, and pipeline to import and export Chinese goods at intra-regional and ultra-regional to the nth degree. Gwadar is the hub and centre of the Corridor. However, China is investing and reaping the harvest from Gwadar Corridor. India and the US claim Gwadar to be a Chinese military base as against India and a US military base at Diego Garcia on the Indian Ocean. The paper will thoroughly examine for proving with reviewed literature that Gwadar meant to generate revenue, to prosper economy of Balochistan resolves its Crisis. And triangular regional connectivity through the Central, Eastern, and Western part of Asia. It is far away from Indian rivalry, and we can’t disregard Gwadar as a security zone for Pakistan. The paper finds that India upholds and misconstrue Gwadar as a corridor passing Gilgit Baltistan [a disputed territory, India Claims] to Xinjiang. Furthermore, the paper suggests a triangle of cooperation and coordination between Pakistan, India, and China. And all the three countries in this triangle should reap immense benefits from resources, facilities, technologies, and technicalities. The study concludes that US withdrawal from Afghanistan will instigate Pakistan and China to maintain communication, strengthen consultation, deepen cooperation, and support to cart off the challenges surfacing after U.S. withdrawal and the Taliban government.

Socio-Economic Dimensions of China Pakistan Economic Corridor and Indian Reservations

China Pakistan Economic Corridor is a receptacle of territorial connectivity focusing on the significance of the geo strategic location of Pakistan. Pakistan and China have embarked on their best to implement the project to be triumphant in the concatenation of South Asia. The main bureaus that it encompasses are an integrated conveyance and I.T. network entailing Rail, Road, and data transmission channels, energy complicity, agrarian enhancement, social and economic progress, tourism alliance, financial and human resource integration. The corridor had some complications while implementation, but it has substantiated to be a game-changer program.This study assists in assessing the momentum amassed by Pakistan and China in South Asia while elaborating the beneficiaries of the CPEC and the potential threats faced by the political adversaries of Pakistan, especially India, on the triumphant facets bestowed by CPEC. The research will entangle the analysis of the short and long-term prospects of CPEC.

Indigenous Self-Governance and Development on American Indian Reservations

The UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous People promotes self-governance as a matter of justice rather than economics. How will self-governance affect the incomes of indigenous people? To gain insight, we compare long-run income growth on American Indian reservations with and without federal oversight through the 1934 Indian Reorganization Act. Reservations with more autonomy had 12-15 percent higher income per capita in 2016, even conditional on 1930s income. However, these more autonomous reservations also experienced wider income variance with more downside risk. The findings are consistent with theory emphasizing the development trade-offs between local and centralized governance.

Pandemic Protocols, Native Nutrition: Grocery Store Access from American Indian Reservations during COVID-19

Native Americans have 3.5 times the COVID-19 infection rate and 1.5 times the death rate of non-Hispanic Whites. We demonstrate that social distancing policies may have unanticipated effects on behaviors. We estimate the effect of nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) on the types of grocery stores visited by individuals residing on and off of American Indian reservations during the pandemic. We find that there is a larger reduction in the distance traveled to grocery stores for on-reservation households than for off-reservation households. We also find an increase in the relative share of trips to convenience stores for reservation residents.