An Investigation of the Quantity, Quality and Sources of Groundwater Seepage into the St. Clair River near Sarnia, Ontario, Canada

Abstract We used seepage meters and minipiezometers to survey a 100 m by 7 km band of streambed of the St. Clair River near Sarnia, Ontario, Canada, to determine the quantity, quality, and sources of groundwater seepage into the river. The average observed seepage rate, 1.4 x 10−8 m3/s/m2, suggests higher than expected hydraulic conductivities and/or hydraulic gradients in the streambed. We found detectable levels of some organic contaminants in streambed groundwater samples from 1.0 and 1.5 m depths, however , concentrations did not exceed drinking water guidelines. Our isotopic and electrical conductivity data indicate that: (l) the streambed groundwater is not just river water, (2) groundwater from the “freshwater aquifer” at the base of the overburden Is not a significant component of the streambed groundwater, (3) some of the streambed groundwater is partially derived from a shallow groundwater flow system, and (4) an unidentified source of water with low tritium, river water-like δ18O, and very high electrical conductivity, contributes to the streambed groundwater.

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Identifying Groundwater and River Water Interconnections Using Hydrochemistry, Stable Isotopes, and Statistical Methods in Hanumante River, Kathmandu Valley, Central Nepal

Water ◽

10.3390/w12061524 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (6) ◽

pp. 1524

Author(s):

Ramita Bajracharya ◽

Takashi Nakamura ◽

Subesh Ghimire ◽

Bijay Man Shakya ◽

Naresh Kazi Tamrakar

Keyword(s):

River Water ◽

Statistical Methods ◽

Shallow Groundwater ◽

Dry Season ◽

Kathmandu Valley ◽

Water Type ◽

Wet Season ◽

Groundwater Samples ◽

Dry Seasons ◽

Wet And Dry Seasons

Interconnection between river water and groundwater plays an important role in maintaining water quantity and quality in hydrological systems. Furthermore, the exact interconnection is often difficult to observe and measure. This study attempts to explain river and shallow groundwater interconnection in urbanized areas of the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal. Isotopic (δD and δ18O) and chemical analyses were performed on river and groundwater samples, and the results were analyzed using statistical methods to identify areas of interconnection between river water and groundwater. Higher concentrations and positive strong correlations of Na+ with K+, NH4+-N, Cl−, HCO3−, and PO4−-P, and a change of water type from Ca-HCO3 during the wet season to Na-K-HCO3 during the dry season indicate higher contamination in river water during the dry season. Hierarchical cluster analysis was used in grouping water samples into clusters on the basis of isotopic and chemical (Na+ and Cl−) composition. Grouping of river and groundwater samples in one–one clusters from wet and dry seasons shows the presence of interconnection, indicating the contribution of river water in recharging shallow groundwater. These results imply that shallow groundwater found near rivers is chemically contaminated by polluted river water through bank infiltration, in both wet and dry seasons.

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Studi Interaksi Air Tanah Dangkal dan Air Sungai di Sepanjang Daerah Aliran Kali Garang Semarang Menggunakan Isotop Stabil δ18O dan δ2H

EKSPLORIUM ◽

10.17146/eksplorium.2017.38.1.3247 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 38 (1) ◽

pp. 43

Author(s):

Rismah Taufik Andhihutomo ◽

Satrio Satrio ◽

Rasi Prasetio ◽

Agus Budhie Wijatna

Keyword(s):

Stable Isotopes ◽

River Water ◽

Liquid Water ◽

Water Samples ◽

Shallow Groundwater ◽

River Water Samples ◽

Central Java ◽

Groundwater Samples ◽

Water Recharge ◽

Water Isotope

ABSTRAKPenelitian mengenai interaksi airtanah dangkal dengan air sungai Kali Garang di Semarang, Jawa Tengah, menggunakan parameter isotop 18O dan 2H telah dilakukan. Sebanyak 16 sampel air tanah dangkal dan 3 sampel air sungai diambil untuk analisis kandungan isotop stabil d18O dan d2H menggunakan alat Liquid Water Isotope Analyzer LGR DLT-100. Hasil analisis memperlihatkan adanya dua asal daerah masukan air: daerah pertama memiliki kandungan isotop d18O antara -9,41 ‰ hingga-8,5 ‰ dan d2H antara -58,2 ‰ hingga -51,6 ‰; daerah kedua memiliki kandungan isotop d18O dan d2H masing-masing -7,15 ‰ dan -41,55 ‰. Dengan demikian, hasil tersebut mengindikasikan bahwa sampel-sampel air pertama berasal dari elevasi yang relatif lebih tinggi jika dibandingkan dengan asal sampel air kedua, namun keduanya tidak mengalami interaksi dengan air sungai. Sedangkan sampel air tanah lainnya menunjukkan bahwa satu sampel (R4) memiliki interelasi berupa pencampuran dengan air sungai dan dua sampel lainnya (L1 dan R1) mengalami pencampuran dengan air asin atau air laut. ABSTRACTA study related to shallow groundwater interaction with Kali Garang River water in Semarang, Central Java using stable isotopes of 18O and 2H has been conducted. As much as 16 groundwater and 3 river water samples were taken for stable isotopes d18O and d2H analysis using Liquid water isotope analyzer LGR DLT-100. The results of analysis shows that there are two area of water recharge origin: the first area contains d18O isotope ranging between -9.41 ‰ to -8.5 ‰ and d2H between -58.2 ‰ to -51.6 ‰; the second area contains isotopes of d18O and d2H -7.15 and -41.55 ‰, respectively. Thus, these results indicate that the first water samples originate from a higher elevation than the origin of the second water sample, but both of them have no interrelation with river water. Whereas, other groundwater samples show that the sample (R4) has interrelation (i.e. mixing) with the river water and two other samples (L1 and R1) have interrelation with salty water or seawater.

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Assessment of river water–groundwater–seawater interactions in the coastal delta of Bangladesh based on hydrochemistry and salinity distribution

SN Applied Sciences ◽

10.1007/s42452-021-04389-8 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 3 (4) ◽

Author(s):

Sushanta Kumar Roy ◽

Anwar Zahid

Keyword(s):

Groundwater Flow ◽

River Water ◽

Flow Direction ◽

Shallow Groundwater ◽

Hydrochemical Facies ◽

Exchange Reactions ◽

Salinity Distribution ◽

Deep Groundwater ◽

Groundwater Samples ◽

Groundwater Flow Direction

AbstractA synchronization study among hydrochemistry, hydrochemical facies evaluation, EC observation, salinity distribution and groundwater flow direction has been addressed to assess river water–groundwater–seawater interactions in the coastal delta of southern Bangladesh. The findings show that river water, shallow groundwater and deep groundwater interact with seawater at various intensities within the complex dynamics of hydrochemical facies evaluation. Deep groundwater is intensively influenced by seawater, where shallow groundwater is moderately affected and river water is very negligibly affected. Major cation and anion have been plotted in the Piper diagrams and hydrochemical facies diagrams (HFE-D) to clarify the result. More than 60% of the water samples of the river lie on the Ca-HCO3 (or Mg-HCO3) facies quadrant, and more than 70% of the shallow groundwater samples and more than 95% of the deep groundwater samples lie on the Na-Cl facies quadrant of the HFE-D diagram. River water types are dissimilar, and approximately 82% of facies are characterized by freshening phases and 18% by intrusion phases. Mixed water types with predominate of Na-Cl were observed in shallow groundwater where the hydrochemical facies are characterized by 53 percent freshening phases and 47 percent intrusion phases. Deep groundwater hydrochemistry clearly indicates the dominant Na-Cl type of water in the study area where only four hydrochemical facies are observed and 78 percent correspond to the intrusion phases and 22 percent to the freshening phases. Both direct and reverse cation exchange reactions take place in shallow groundwater, where deep groundwater is predominantly characterized by reverse cation exchange reactions. Two end members: seawater of Bay of Bengal and freshwater, contribute to the exchange reactions in the coastal aquifer of the study area. In terms of nitrate contamination, river waters are affected by negligible to low concentrations, shallow groundwater is affected by moderate to high concentrations and deep groundwater is affected by moderate to very high nitrate concentrations. Dissimilarity in electrical conductivity (EC) values, variation of salinity distribution maps and groundwater flow direction suggest the possible interconnections among river water, groundwater and aquifer sediments. Significant concentrations of Na+ and Cl− ions lead to seawater contamination in groundwater, and HCO3− along with Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+ in river water suggests mixing of freshwater and seawater, which could have adverse effects both in coastal delta aquatic life and in agriculture.

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Seepage-zone recognition of river water based on Cl− spatial difference

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.2015.510 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 73 (3) ◽

pp. 520-526

Author(s):

Hongying Ji ◽

Xinyi Wang ◽

Xiaoman Liu ◽

Li Zhao

Keyword(s):

River Water ◽

River Flow ◽

Shallow Groundwater ◽

Field Investigation ◽

Industrial Agglomeration ◽

Sampling Point ◽

Spatial Difference ◽

Groundwater Samples ◽

Average Residual ◽

The Difference

Based on Cl− monitoring data of river water and shallow groundwater samples on both sides of the Dashi River, we analyzed spatial distribution of Cl− content in surface water and groundwater, and evaluated the retardation strength, pCl−, the average retardation strength, pA, and the average residual retardation strength, pAR, of surface–groundwater Cl− content. We introduce the difference, Q, of the average retardation strength and the average residual retardation strength, which can be used to identify the seepage zone and the transition seepage zone of the river, and to quantitatively express the seepage range. The results show that Cl− content in the river gradually increased in areas with industrial agglomeration, but decreased in areas with non-agglomeration, and gradually decreased along the river flow. If Q ≥ 0, then there is no seepage zone in the study area, but if Q < 0, then there is a seepage zone in the study area. The sampling point is in the seepage zone when pCl− ≤ pA, in the transition seepage zone when pA < pCl− ≤ pAR, and in the no-seepage zone when pCl− > pAR. The recognition results are more consistent with field investigation.

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Impact of wastewater irrigation on groundwater of Lahore region; contamination source identification

Water Science & Technology Water Supply ◽

10.2166/ws.2020.340 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Abdul Ghaffar ◽

Naveed Iqbal

Keyword(s):

Organic Pollutants ◽

Organic Contaminants ◽

Solid Phase ◽

Shallow Groundwater ◽

Wastewater Irrigation ◽

Urban Wastewater ◽

Isotopic Data ◽

Contamination Source ◽

Groundwater Samples ◽

Lahore City

Abstract Organic pollutants in groundwater samples were analyzed for most densely populated ‘Lahore’ city and its surrounding ‘Mangamandi’ areas of Punjab-Pakistan, where composite (industrial and urban) wastewater is being used for cultivation of crops and vegetables. The samples were pre-concentrated using Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) technique and analyzed by using High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and Gass Chromatogram equipped with Mass Spectrometer (GC-MS). Organic contaminants like DDT, DDE, DCP, TCP, Endrin, and Dieldrin were found in certain samples above the permissible limits. Stable isotopes like 13C, 15N and 18O were analyzed to assess the source of shallow groundwater channel contamination. Chemical and isotopic data reveal that contamination of shallow groundwater channels in the area is mainly due to wastewater irrigation and, to some extent, by seepage through unlined wastewater drains in nearby areas. The wastewater containing organic pollutants, used for cultivation, is infiltered through soil to contaminate the shallow groundwater channels.

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Urban Groundwater Contamination by Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs

Water ◽

10.3390/w13050720 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (5) ◽

pp. 720

Author(s):

Anna Jurado ◽

Enric Vázquez-Suñé ◽

Estanislao Pujades

Keyword(s):

Salicylic Acid ◽

Human Health ◽

River Water ◽

Human Health Risk ◽

Urban Groundwater ◽

Pollution Source ◽

Groundwater Samples ◽

Water Recharge ◽

Inflammatory Drugs ◽

Anti Inflammatory

Pharmaceuticals, such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and their metabolites, have become a major concern due to their increasing consumption and their widespread occurrence in the environment. In this paper, we investigate the occurrence of NSAIDs and their metabolites in an urban aquifer, which may serve as a potential resource for drinking water, and propose a methodology to assess the removal of these substances in the river–groundwater interface. Then, risk quotients (RQs) are computed, in order to determine the risk posed by the single NSAIDs and their mixture to human health. To this end, six NSAIDs and two metabolites were collected from an urban aquifer located in the metropolitan area of Barcelona (NE, Spain), in which the major pollution source is a contaminated river. All of the target NSAIDs were detected in groundwater samples, where the concentrations in the aquifer were higher than those found in the river water (except for ibuprofen). Diclofenac, ketoprofen, propyphenazone and salicylic acid were detected at high mean concentrations (ranging from 91.8 ng/L to 225.2 ng/L) in the aquifer. In contrast, phenazone and mefenamic acid were found at low mean concentrations (i.e., lower than 25 ng/L) in the aquifer. According to the proposed approach, the mixing of river water recharge into the aquifer seemed to some extent to promote the removal of the NSAIDs under the sub-oxic to denitrifying conditions found in the groundwater. The NSAIDs that presented higher mean removal values were 4OH diclofenac (0.8), ibuprofen (0.78), salicylic acid (0.35) and diclofenac (0.28), which are likely to be naturally attenuated under the aforementioned redox conditions. Concerning human health risk assessment, the NSAIDs detected in groundwater and their mixture do not pose any risk for all age intervals considered, as the associated RQs were all less than 0.05. Nevertheless, this value must be taken with caution, as many pharmaceuticals might occur simultaneously in the groundwater.

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Mapping Groundwater Seepage in a Fen Using Thermal Imaging

Geosciences ◽

10.3390/geosciences11010029 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 29

Author(s):

Ogochukwu Ozotta ◽

Philip J. Gerla

Keyword(s):

Hydraulic Conductivity ◽

Thermal Imaging ◽

Crucial Role ◽

Groundwater Discharge ◽

Late Summer ◽

Groundwater Temperature ◽

Groundwater Seepage ◽

Heterogeneous Soil ◽

Hydraulic Gradients ◽

Warm Soil

The transport of dissolved minerals and groundwater flow plays a crucial role in the ecosystem of many wetlands. Nonetheless, installing equipment to monitor groundwater seepage is invasive, harms vegetation, and can impact biodiversity. By remotely mapping surface temperature in late summer, when there is the greatest difference between warm soil and cold groundwater, temperature patterns can expose areas with the greatest upward gradient and flow. The conventional method of using tensiometers to measure hydraulic gradient and estimate flux using Darcy’s law was applied and compared with thermal imaging to characterize groundwater seepage at two contrasting sites within a central North Dakota fen (groundwater discharge wetland). Both sites exhibited variable gradients between the shallow and deep tensiometers. The temperature trend determined from the thermal imaging showed a closer relationship to the measured hydraulic gradients at the herbaceous (Sedge) site than at the wooded (Willow) site. Saturated hydraulic conductivity K ranged from 6 × 10−5 to 2 × 10−4 m/s for the Willow site; and 6 × 10−6 to 1 × 10−4 m/s for Sedge site. The flux calculated for the Willow site ranged from 1.4 × 10−5 to 2.7 × 10−4 m/s and that of the Sedge site ranged from 2.2 × 10−6 to 6.3 × 10−5 m/s. The gradients are affected at shallow depth because of heterogeneous soil stratigraphy, which is likely the reason that seepage faces at the sites cannot be mapped solely by thermal imaging.

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Assessment of Quality of Groundwater in Kandarvakottai and Karambakudi Areas of Pudukkottai District, Tamilnadu, India

E-Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.1155/2009/628719 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 6 (3) ◽

pp. 898-904

Author(s):

D. Ilangeswaran ◽

R. Kumar ◽

D. Kannan

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Electrical Conductivity ◽

Physicochemical Parameters ◽

Quality Standards ◽

Physicochemical Characteristics ◽

Total Dissolved Solids ◽

Water Quality Standards ◽

Standard Procedures ◽

Groundwater Samples

Various samples of groundwater were collected from different areas of Kandarvakottai and Karambakudi of Pudukkottai District, Tamilnadu and analyzed for their physicochemical characteristics. The results of this analysis were compared with the water quality standards of ISI, WHO and CPHEEO. In this analysis the various physicochemical parameters such as pH, electrical conductivity, turbidity, total dissolved solids, Cl-, F-, SO42-, PO43-, NO3-, NO2-, CN-, Nas+, K+, NH3, Mn, Fe, Ca & Mg hardnessetc., were determined using standard procedures. The quality of groundwater samples were discussed with respect to these parameters and thus an attempt were made to ascertain the quality of groundwater used for drinking and cooking purposes in and around Kandarvakottai and Karambakudi areas.

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Potash mining mountain waste and its contribution to river water salinisation: the case of the Llobregat River, Catalonia, Spain

10.5194/egusphere-egu21-7163 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Joaquim Farguell

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Electrical Conductivity ◽

River Water ◽

Water Quality Monitoring ◽

Mining Activities ◽

River Ecosystem ◽

Rainfall Events ◽

Potash Salt ◽

Short Period ◽

Llobregat River

It is well known that mining activities have negative effects on fluvial ecosystems. Such activities alter the water quality by introducing heavy metals and associated pollutants and alter the sediment regime by creating a point source sediment that may affect the entire basin.&#160;In the Llobregat River, a medium Mediterranean river basin (ca. 5000 km2), potash salt mining activities have been undertaken for several decades. Salinisation of surface river water has become an environmental issue of great concern for the water administrators given that the water of this river supplies half of the population of the metropolitan area of Barcelona (ca. 2,500,000 inhabitants) and it is also used for irrigation in the lowermost part of the river and its delta.This study aims to describe the magnitude of the dissolved solids inputs that are detected in the river surface water after rainfall events by means of continuous electrical conductivity monitoring. Electrical conductivity records (EC) were obtained from an automatic water quality monitoring station set by the Water Catalan Authorities and located 3 km downstream from the potash mountain waste. &#160;The study also tries to predict the EC peak according to different hydrometeorological parameters selected from the episodes recorded.Data analysed was continuously recorded at 15-minute interval between January 1st, 2018 and September 30th, 2020 and a total of 74 EC episodes were considered. Mean EC of the episodes recorded was 3,488 &#181;S/cm, with a standard deviation of 3,638 &#181;S/cm, and a coefficient of variation of 104.3%. The median was 2,390 &#181;S/cm. Data obtained show that after rainfall events a peak of electrical conductivity in the river is detected. However, it exhibits a high variability in its magnitude, ranging from 939 &#181;S/cm up to 26,900 &#181;S/cm. Despite this, the coefficients of determination of the regression lines between the meteorological variables, such as rainfall intensity or total rainfall amount, and the peak EC exhibit poor correlations (R2=0.355 and R2=0.229, respectively), although they are significant.Results indicate that washload processes in the salt mountain waste take place and reach the river producing extremely high EC peak values during a short period of time. Such values can have harmful effects on the river ecosystem and affect the lowerland river area, where water is diverted for potabilization and irrigation purposes. However, the low correlation between rainfall and EC peak indicates that additional variables intervene in the rainfall-runoff processes and further research is required to fully understand the connectivity and transmission of the salt moutain waste into the river. Understanding such processes and analyasing the consequences on the fluvial system, will probably be the way to tackle the restoration of this enormous impact on this river ecosystem.

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ANALISIS KUALITAS AIR TANAH AKIBAT PENGARUH SUNGAI KLAMPOK YANG TERCEMAR LIMBAH INDUSTRI DI KECAMATAN BERGAS SEMARANG JAWA TENGAH (Analysis of Groundwater Quality Due to Effect Klampok River that was Contaminated Industrial Waste in Bergas Semarang Central Java)

Jurnal Manusia dan Lingkungan ◽

10.22146/jml.39962 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 26 (1) ◽

pp. 36

Author(s):

Sepridawati Siregar ◽

Desi Kiswiranti

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Groundwater Quality ◽

River Water ◽

Industrial Wastewater ◽

The Body ◽

Water Sampling ◽

Central Java ◽

Groundwater Samples ◽

Quality Testing

AbstrakSungai Klampok mengalir melalui Kecamatan Bergas dan sekelilingnya terdapat beberapa industri sehingga mengakibatkan sungai tersebut tercemar karena menjadi badan penerima air limbah. Akibat penurunan kualitas air Sungai Klampok akan berimbas pada penurunan kualitas air tanah yang digunakan oleh penduduk sekitar sungai tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kualitas air tanah yang berada di sekitar Sungai Klampok sebagai akibat adanya pengaruh beban pencemaran oleh air limbah industri berdasarkan Permenkes No. 416/MENKES/PER/IX/1990 tentang persyaratan kualitas air bersih. Lokasi pengambilan sampel air sungai dibagi menjadi 3 stasiun (LK1, LK2 dan LK3) sedangkan untuk sampel airtanah dari rumah-rumah penduduk dilakukan pada 6 titik yaitu 3 titik di daerah utara dari Sungai Klampok (U1,U2, U3) dan 3 titik di daerah selatan dari Sungai Klampok (S1,S2, S3). Pengambilan sampel dilakukan pada musim kemarau. Dari hasil uji kualitas air sungai, pencemaran yang terjadi pada air sungai Klampok masuk dalam kategori tercemar ringan-sedang. Sedangkan hasil uji kualitas air tanah masih berada di bawah baku mutu yang disyaratkan oleh Permenkes No. 416/MENKES/PER/IX/1990, sehingga penurunan kualitas air sungai Klampok tidak mempengaruhi kualitas air tanah di sekitar sungai tersebut. AbstractThe Klampok River flows through the Bergas Subdistrict and there are a number of industries around it, causing the river to become polluted because it becomes the body of the recipient of wastewater. As a result of the decline in the quality of the water in the Klampok River, it will impact on the quality of groundwater used by residents around the river. This study aims to determine the quality of groundwater around the Klampok River as a result of the influence of pollution load by industrial wastewater based on Permenkes No. 416 / MENKES / PER / IX / 1990 concerning requirements for clean water quality. The location of river water sampling is divided into 3 stations (LK1, LK2, and LK3) while for groundwater samples from residential houses is carried out at 6 points, namely 3 points in the northern area of Klampok River (U1, U2, U3) and 3 points in the area south of the Klampok River (S1, S2, S3). Sampling is done in the dry season. From the results of the test of river water quality, pollution that occurs in Klampok river water is categorized as mild-moderate polluted. While the results of groundwater quality testing are still below the quality standards required by Permenkes No. 416 / MENKES / PER / IX / 1990 so that the decline in the water quality of the Klampok river does not affect the quality of groundwater around the river.

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