Extensive reclamation technologies, assets for the development of water reuse in the Mediterranean

2003 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 209-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Brissaud ◽  
P. Xu ◽  
M. Auset
Keyword(s):  
Water Reuse ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Golf Courses ◽  
Public Parks ◽  
Reclaimed Wastewater ◽  
Treatment Techniques ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Market Gardening ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Microbial Removal

In the Mediterranean, the main water reuse application is and will long remain irrigation. Irrigation of public parks, landscape, golf courses, market gardening and orchards is expected to develop rapidly. Such uses require the microbial decontamination of reclaimed wastewater. Extensive reclamation technologies are well adapted to the Mediterranean context for their easy and cost effective O&M; however their ability to reliably meet health related standards have been questioned. The paper reviews the main factors of variations in the bacterial abatement provided by extensive treatment techniques - stabilisation reservoirs, ponds and infiltration percolation. Thanks to advances in the knowledge and modelling of disinfection mechanisms, the predictability of microbial decontamination by extensive technologies is being significantly improved; the development of better design tools leading to reliable treatments is foreseen. However, due to limitations in the microbial removal, extensive techniques cannot meet highly conservative requirements. Extensive techniques will play an important part in the development of water reuse and fresh water savings in the Mediterranean as far as water quality standards only aim at limiting health risks to an acceptable level.

Wastewater reuse in Tunisia: assessing a national policy

1996 ◽  
Vol 33 (10-11) ◽  
pp. 87-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akissa Bahri ◽  
Francois Brissaud
Keyword(s):  
Water Reuse ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Reclaimed Water ◽  
National Policy ◽  
Irrigation Season ◽  
Golf Courses ◽  
Reclaimed Wastewater ◽  
Secondary Effluents ◽  
Irrigated Crops ◽  
Green Belts

An ambitious national wastewater reuse policy was launched at the beginning of the eighties in Tunisia. The area currently equipped for irrigation with reclaimed wastewater, mainly secondary effluents, is 6,500 hectares. It is planned to expand this area to more than 20,000 ha in the next years. The rate of reclaimed water reuse, 15% of the available water, is still low compared to the potential. Irrigation is practiced only six months per year; reclaimed water is not stored during the non irrigation season. Shifting from rainfed to wastewater irrigated crops is a progressive process. Irrigated schemes surveys point out that wastewater reuse development is hampered by crop restrictions more than by supply drawbacks. As a result, disinfecting secondary effluents in order to remove restrictions on water reuse is contemplated. Storing reclaimed water, in reservoirs or aquifers, would lead to more reliable supplies, water quality improvement and an increase in the rate of reuse. Developing the irrigation of golf courses, green belts and hotel gardens should be a convenient policy in tourist areas.

Disinfection of secondary effluents by infiltration percolation

2001 ◽  
Vol 43 (12) ◽  
pp. 175-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Makni
Keyword(s):  
Coarse Sand ◽  
Faecal Coliform ◽  
Soil Aquifer Treatment ◽  
Public Parks ◽  
Reclaimed Wastewater ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Secondary Effluents ◽  
Hydraulic Load ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Alternative Techniques

Among the most attractive applications of reclaimed wastewater are: irrigation of public parks, sports fields, golf courses and market gardening. These uses require advanced wastewater treatment including disinfection. According to WHO guidelines (1989) and current rules and regulations in Tunisia, faecal coliform levels have to be reduced to <103 or 102 CFU/100 mL. In Tunisia, most wastewater plants are only secondary treatment and, in order to meet health related regulations, the effluents need to be disinfected. However, it is usual for secondary effluents to need filtration prior to disinfection. Effectiveness of conventional disinfection processes, such as chlorination and UV radiation, are dependent upon the oxidation level and the levels of suspended solids of the treated water. Ozonation is relatively expensive and energy consuming. The consideration of the advantages and disadvantages of conventional techniques, their reliability, investment needs and operational costs will lead to the use of less sophisticated alternative techniques for certain facilities. Among alternative techniques, soil aquifer treatment and infiltration percolation through sand beds have been studied in Arizona, Israel, France, Spain and Morocco. Infiltration percolation plants have been intermittently fed with secondary or high quality primary effluents which percolated through 1.5-2 m unsaturated coarse sand and were recovered by under-drains. In such infiltration percolation facilities, microorganisms were eliminated through numerous physical, physicochemical and biological inter-related processes (mechanical filtration, adsorption and microbial degradation respectively). Efficiency of faecal coliform removal was dependent upon the water detention times in the filtering medium and on the oxidation of the filtered water. Effluents of Sfax town aerated ponds were infiltrated through 1.5 m deep sand columns in order to determine the performance of infiltration percolation in the polishing of secondary effluents. Elimination of bacteria (total and coliforms, faecal streptococci) and their relationship with the hydraulic load and the temperature were investigated.

Centralised urban wastewater reuse: what is the public attitude?

2006 ◽  
Vol 54 (6-7) ◽  
pp. 423-430 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Friedler ◽  
O. Lahav
Keyword(s):  
Construction Industry ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Public Support ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Public Parks ◽  
The Public ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Treatment Technologies ◽  
Reuse Options

Public support is crucial for successful implementation of wastewater reuse projects. This paper analyses the findings of a questionnaire-type survey (256 participants) conducted to determine the attitude of Israeli urban public towards possible urban reuse options. The paper summarises the support / objection to 13 reuse options and the correlation between support and environmental awareness and perceptions. Results show that a high proportion of the participants supported options perceived as low-contact, such as irrigation of public parks (96%), sidewalk landscaping (95%) and use in the construction industry (94%), while higher-contact reuse options found less support (e.g. commercial launderettes, 60%). No correlation was found between biographical characteristics and support (education, gender, income, age). Based on the results, public campaigns in Israel should focus on disseminating information regarding wastewater treatment technologies, discuss health related issues, highlight the positive economic impact of water reuse and generate a positive public opinion, as these factors tend to influence individuals to support reuse projects.

Wastewater Reuse for River Recovery in Semi-Arid Israel

1999 ◽  
Vol 40 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 43-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcelo Juanico ◽  
Eran Friedler
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Quality Management ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Water Quality Management ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Reclaimed Wastewater ◽  
Pollution Impacts ◽  
Semi Arid

Most of the water has been captured in the rivers of Israel and they have turned into dry river-beds which deliver only sporadic winter floods. In a semi-arid country where literally every drop of water is used, reclaimed wastewater is the most feasible water source for river recovery. Two topics are addressed in this paper: water quality management in rivers where most of the flowing water is treated wastewater, and the allocations of reclaimed wastewater required for the recovery of rivers and streams. Water quality management must consider that the main source of water to the river has a pollution loading which reduces its capability to absorb other pollution impacts. The allocation of treated wastewater for the revival of rivers may not affect negatively the water balance of the region; it may eventually improve it. An upstream bruto allocation of 122 MCM/year of wastewater for the recovery of 14 rivers in Israel may favor downstream reuse of this wastewater, resulting in a small neto allocation and in an increase of the water resources available to the country. The discharge of effluents upstream to revive the river followed by their re-capture downstream for irrigation, implies a further stage in the intensification of water reuse.

The Future of Plasma-Based Surface Engineering Techniques in Tribology (Keynote)

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allan Matthews ◽  
Adrian Leyland
Keyword(s):  
Surface Engineering ◽  
Performance Enhancement ◽  
Bulk Material ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Ceramic Coatings ◽  
Performance Improvements ◽  
Treatment Techniques ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Macro Scale

Over the past twenty years or so, there have been major steps forward both in the understanding of tribological mechanisms and in the development of new coating and treatment techniques to better “engineer” surfaces to achieve reductions in wear and friction. Particularly in the coatings tribology field, improved techniques and theories which enable us to study and understand the mechanisms occurring at the “nano”, “micro” and “macro” scale have allowed considerable progress to be made in (for example) understanding contact mechanisms and the influence of “third bodies” [1–5]. Over the same period, we have seen the emergence of the discipline which we now call “Surface Engineering”, by which, ideally, a bulk material (the ‘substrate’) and a coating are combined in a way that provides a cost-effective performance enhancement of which neither would be capable without the presence of the other. It is probably fair to say that the emergence and recognition of Surface Engineering as a field in its own right has been driven largely by the availability of “plasma”-based coating and treatment processes, which can provide surface properties which were previously unachievable. In particular, plasma-assisted (PA) physical vapour deposition (PVD) techniques, allowing wear-resistant ceramic thin films such as titanium nitride (TiN) to be deposited on a wide range of industrial tooling, gave a step-change in industrial productivity and manufactured product quality, and caught the attention of engineers due to the remarkable cost savings and performance improvements obtained. Subsequently, so-called 2nd- and 3rd-generation ceramic coatings (with multilayered or nanocomposite structures) have recently been developed [6–9], to further extend tool performance — the objective typically being to increase coating hardness further, or extend hardness capabilities to higher temperatures.

scholarly journals Association between Depression, Lifestyles, Sleep Quality, and Sense of Coherence in a Population with Cardiovascular Risk

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 585
Author(s):  
Aina Riera-Sampol ◽  
Miquel Bennasar-Veny ◽  
Pedro Tauler ◽  
Mar Nafría ◽  
Miquel Colom ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Sleep Quality ◽  
Mediterranean Diet ◽  
Sense Of Coherence ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Poor Sleep ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Health Related ◽  
The Mediterranean

People with cardiovascular risk have more depression than the general population. Depression and cardiovascular risk have been commonly linked to lower sense of coherence (SOC) values, unhealthy lifestyles, and poor sleep quality. The aim of this study was to analyze the association between depression, health-related lifestyles, sleep quality, and SOC in a population with cardiovascular risk. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 310 participants (aged 35–75 years) with cardiovascular risk. Sociodemographic and anthropometric characteristics, cardiovascular risk, SOC score, depression levels, sleep quality, and lifestyles (physical activity, diet quality (measured as the adherence to the Mediterranean diet), and tobacco and alcohol consumption) were determined. The regression analysis showed significant associations between depression levels and sex (odds ratio (OR): 2.29; 95% CI: 1.29, 4.07), diet (OR: 0.85; 95% CI: 0.73, 0.99), body mass index (BMI) (OR: 1.06; 95% CI: 1.01, 1.12), cardiovascular disease (CVD) (OR: 2.55; 95% CI: 1.18, 5.48), sleep quality (OR: 0.26; 95% CI: 0.15, 0.46), and SOC (OR: 0.96; 95% CI: 0.94, 0.98). Protective effects of male sex, a lower BMI, no CVD, a higher adherence to the Mediterranean diet, a high sleep quality, and a higher SOC were found. In conclusion, among lifestyles determined, only diet was associated with depression levels. SOC and sleep quality were also found as significant predictors for depression levels.

scholarly journals Fostering the practice of rooming-in in newborn care

2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-178
Author(s):  
Saurabh R. Shrivastava ◽  
Prateek S. Shrivastava ◽  
Jegadeesh Ramasamy
Keyword(s):  
Institutional Delivery ◽  
Newborn Care ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Timely Initiation ◽  
Cost Effective Approach ◽  
Health Related ◽  
And Child Health ◽  
Timely Initiation Of Breastfeeding ◽  
Initiation Of Breastfeeding ◽  
Universal Application

Practice of rooming-in meant that baby and mother stayed together in the same room day and night in the hospital, right from the time of delivery till the time of discharge. Adoption of rooming-in offers multiple benefits to the newborn, mother, and mother-child as a unit. It is a cost-effective approach wherefewer instruments are required and spares additional manpower. Rooming-in endeavors the opportunity to contribute signifi cantly in the child’s growth, development and survival by assisting in timely initiation of breastfeeding. To ensure universal application of rooming-in in hospitals, a comprehensive and technically sound strategy should be formulated and implemented with active participation of healthcare professionals. Measures such as advocating institutional delivery through outreach awareness activities; adoption of baby-friendly hospital initiative; inculcating a sense of ownership among health professionals, can be strategically enforced for better maternal and child health related outcomes.

Smoking Cessation Therapy is a Cost-Effective Intervention to Avoid Tooth Loss in Subjects With Periodontitis – An Economic Evaluation 

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Luisa Silveira Souto ◽  
Fernanda Campos Almeida Carrer ◽  
Mariana Minatel Braga ◽  
Cláudio Mendes Pannuti
Keyword(s):  
Smoking Cessation ◽  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Oral Health ◽  
Incremental Cost ◽  
Tooth Loss ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Cost Utility ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Per Oral ◽  
Smoking Cessation Therapy

Abstract Background: Smokers present a higher prevalence and severity of periodontitis and, consequently, higher prevalence of tooth loss. Smoking cessation improves the response to periodontal treatment and reduces tooth loss. So, the aim of this study was evaluated the efficiency in resources allocation when implementing smoking cessation therapy vs. its non-implementation in smokers with periodontitis. Methods: We adopted the Brazilian public system perspective to determine the incremental cost-effectiveness (cost per tooth loss avoided) and cost-utility (cost per oral-related quality-adjusted life-year ([QALY] gained) of implementing smoking cessation therapy. Base-case was defined as a 48 years-old male subject and horizon of 30 years. Effects and costs were combined in a decision analytic modeling framework to permit a quantitative approach aiming to estimate the value of the consequences of smoking cessation therapy adjusted for their probability of occurrence. Markov models were carried over annual cycles. Sensitivity analysis tested methodological assumptions. Results: Implementation of smoking cessation therapy had an average incremental cost of U$60.58 per tooth loss avoided and U$4.55 per oral related-QALY gained. Considering uncertainties, the therapy could be cost-effective in the most part of simulated cases, even being cheaper and more effective in 53% of cases in which the oral-health related outcome is used as effect. Considering a willingness-to-pay of US$100 per health effect, smoking cessation therapy was cost-effective, respectively, in 81% and 100% of cases in cost-utility and cost-effectiveness analyses. Conclusions: Implementation of smoking cessation therapy may be cost-effective, considering the avoidance of tooth loss and oral health-related consequences to patients.

Technological Interventions in Management of Hg Contaminated Water

2018 ◽  
pp. 126-140
Author(s):  
Vidushi Abrol ◽  
Sharada Mallubhotla ◽  
Sundeep Jaglan
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Industrial Wastes ◽  
Mercury Contamination ◽  
Contaminated Water ◽  
Treatment Techniques ◽  
Innovative Methods ◽  
Technological Interventions ◽  
Treatment Technologies ◽  
Ancient Times

Rising cases of environmental mercury hazards has led to a need for cost-effective mercury treatment techniques. Extensive use of mercury from ancient times has resulted in water contamination that may require remediation. Mercury contamination is tedious to treat and may pose a risk to human health and the environment. To deal with this threat of mercury contamination, industrial wastes and wastewaters containing mercury requires treatment for its removal and immobilization. This chapter provides a synopsis of the availability, performance, and technologies for management of mercury in water. It covers the innovative methods to treat the mercury contamination like biosorption. In this chapter, the technological aspects available for the mercury treatment technologies are reviewed. It describes the theory, design, and operation of the technologies; provides information on commercial availability and use; and includes data on performance, where available.

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