Feasibility assessment of surface water disinfection by ultrafiltration

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 522-531 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Iannelli ◽  
S. Ripari ◽  
B. Casini ◽  
A. Buzzigoli ◽  
G. Privitera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Disinfection ◽  
Strong Impact ◽  
Safe Drinking Water ◽  
Feasibility Assessment ◽  
Microbiological Parameters ◽  
Maintenance Policies ◽  
Uf Membranes ◽  
Chemical Disinfection

Ultrafiltration (UF) has been presented as an alternative to chemical disinfection to obtain safe drinking water, for its ability to remove microbiological contamination. Hollow-fiber UF membranes are designed as an effective barrier to microorganisms, for their high manufacturing integrity and for the ‘potting’ method adopted to seal fibers to the feeding/extraction manifold. While the main advantage over chemical disinfection is the drastic reduction of disinfection-by-product (DBP) formation, some chemicals are still required to control fouling and related sanitary risks. This study aims at an up-to-date assessment of UF use for surface water disinfection by compact, minimally-attended, automated plants. A 3.5 m3/h automated UF pilot-plant was run for 8 months for drinking quality purification of surface water from Pescia stream. Standard drinking water parameters, as well as specific microbiological parameters (Legionella, Mycobacterium, Adenovirus, coliphage) and DBP formation were monitored. Final results highlighted that the plant could reach a good removal of bacteria and a significant reduction of viruses. However, the adopted operation/maintenance policies had a strong impact on energy and water consumption, efficacy of bacterium/virus barrier and DBP formation. Hence, an accurate and competent operation, as well as the assistance of chemical disinfection, are still required for safe drinking water production.

scholarly journals Assessing efficiency of pre-ammonization aimed at reducing carcinogenic risks caused by trihalomethanes in drinking water

2020 ◽  
pp. 70-77
Author(s):  
L.A. Deryabkina ◽  
◽  
B.I. Marchenko ◽  
N.K. Plugotarenko ◽  
A.I. Yukhno ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Natural Water ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Water Disinfection ◽  
Residual Chlorine ◽  
Gas Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Initial Water ◽  
Organic Chlorine ◽  
Deep Purification

In most Russian regions there is still a pressing issue related to providing population with high quality and safe drinking water. Up to now, chlorination has been the primary technique applied to disinfect drinking water as it is highly efficient, reliable, and relatively cheap. However, when chlorine is used to disinfect natural water that contains organic pollutants, it results in risks of by-products occurrence. These products are trihalomethanes, epigenetic carcinogenesis promoters that cause elevated carcinogenic risks under oral, inhalation, and subcutaneous exposure. Our research goal was to hygienically assess efficiency of pre-ammonization applied in water treatment procedures in order to prevent occurrence of carcinogenic organic chlorine compounds during chlorination and to minimize carcinogenic risks. We determined trihalomethanes and residual chlorine contents in model samples of natural water taken from a surface water source after chlorination with different doses of chlorine. We examined 52 pair parallel samples that had undergone pre-ammonization with ammonia sulfate and control ones. Trihalomethanes concentrations were determined in model water samples with gas-liquid chromatography. Basing on the results obtained via experiments on laboratory chlorination of river water, we determined quantitative characteristics and built regression models showing dependence between concentrations of organic chlorine compounds occurring due to chlorination (chloroform, dichlorobrommethane, dibromchloromethane) and chlorine doses and preammonization parameters. It was established that pre-ammonization was the most efficient in terms of preventing trihalomethanes occurrence under such disinfection modes when contents of residual active chlorine didn’t exceed recommended levels (0.8–1.2 mg/L). Basic ways to minimize carcinogenic risks caused by trihalomethanes are systemic control over their contents in drinking water during social and hygienic monitoring procedures; preliminary ammonization of water taken from surface water sources; prevention of unjustified hyper-chlorination; preliminary deep purification of initial water; disinfection with ultrasound radiation instead of preliminary chlorination; etc.

scholarly journals Construction and testing of a drinking water disinfection and filtration system for developing nations

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-53
Author(s):  
Joshua Seaberg ◽  
Paul Weckler ◽  
Joshua Ringer ◽  
Gregory Wilber
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Developing Nations ◽  
Water Disinfection ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Sand Filter ◽  
Filtration System ◽  
Drinking Water Disinfection ◽  
Electrolysis System

Abstract –A drinking water disinfection and filtration system was designed using inexpensive and accessible materials. The prototype was constructed from two barrels and a pump that circulated water through a gravity sand filter before injection with locally-generated chlorine produced through saline electrolysis. System turbidity reduction and disinfection effectiveness was determined using surface water from -----. Ninety gallons of water showed a 70% reduction in turbidity and no coliform bacteria were detected after ninety minutes of operation. The system was built for less than $900 (2017) and is safe, simple, and reliable.

scholarly journals The Dutch secret: safe drinking water without chlorine in the Netherlands

2008 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. W. M. H. Smeets ◽  
G. J. Medema ◽  
J. C. van Dijk
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment ◽  
Safe Drinking Water ◽  
Microbial Risk Assessment ◽  
Production And Distribution ◽  
Water Companies

Abstract. The Netherlands is one of the few countries where chlorine is not used at all, neither for primary disinfection nor to maintain a residual disinfectant in the distribution network. The Dutch approach that allows production and distribution of drinking water without the use of chlorine while not compromising microbial safety at the tap, can be summarized as follows: Use the best source available, in order of preference: – microbiologically safe groundwater, – surface water with soil passage such as artificial recharge or bank filtration, – direct treatment of surface water in a multiple barrier treatment; Use a preferred physical process treatment such as sedimentation, filtration and UV-disinfection. If absolutely necessary, also oxidation by means of ozone or peroxide can be used, but chlorine is avoided; Prevent ingress of contamination during distribution; Prevent microbial growth in the distribution system by production and distribution of biologically stable (biostable) water and the use of biostable materials; Monitor for timely detection of any failure of the system to prevent significant health consequences. New developments in safe drinking water in the Netherlands include the adaptation of the Dutch drinking water decree, implementation of quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) by water companies and research into source water quality, drinking water treatment efficacy, safe distribution and biostability of drinking water during distribution and \\textit{Legionella}. This paper summarizes how the Dutch water companies warrant the safety of the drinking water without chlorine.

scholarly journals Assessing the knowledge, attitude and practices of hikers on drinking surface water while hiking

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leanne Perrich ◽  
BCIT School of Health Sciences, Environmental Health ◽  
Helen Heacock
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Outdoor Education ◽  
School Health ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Health And Safety ◽  
Safe Drinking Water ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Treated Drinking Water

Background: Hiking is a popular outdoor activity among British Columbians. Within this group of hikers there is bound to be a wide range of knowledge for what is ‘right’ and ‘wrong’ in terms of health and safety practices while hiking. Assessing hiker’s knowledge, attitude and practices regarding drinking water while hiking can help identify whether education for safe drinking water for hikers is needed to aid in the prevention of waterborne illnesses. In addition, potential barriers to hikers treating their water in the wilderness can be determined, with the goal of being able to reduce these barriers in the future. Methods: The survey was created using Survey Monkey and distributed as an online self-administered survey through Facebook and email. The survey contained 18 questions which consisted of demographic and knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) questions regarding drinking surface water while hiking. Chi-square statistical tests were used to analyze the data. Results: Of the 328 participants; 72.7% were female, 26.1% male, 0.6% other and 0.6% preferred not to answer. The distribution of age groups was as follows: 31.4% were 19-30 years old, 27.6% were 31-45 years old, 26.4% were 46-60 years old, 14.0% were 61+ years old, and 0.6% preferred not to answer. This study found that the more outdoor knowledge hikers had, the more often they treated surface water used for drinking water (P=0.000), that hiker’s attitude on how risky they thought drinking untreated surface water was affected how often they treated drinking water from surface water sources (P=0.000). The more advanced hikers had more outdoor knowledge (P=0.001), younger hikers thought that drinking untreated surface water was less risky (P=0.025), post-secondary education did not determine how much outdoor knowledge hikers had (P=0.088) and males treated their water less often than females (P = 0.014). Conclusion: This study identified a need for accessible outdoor education with respect to safe drinking water. This education can help hikers make informed decisions to safeguard their health while hiking. This information can be distributed by outdoor organizations, government organizations, high school health education classes, and integrated into outdoor advertisements.

scholarly journals Assessing efficiency of pre-ammonization aimed at reducing carcinogenic risks caused by trihalomethanes in drinking water

2020 ◽  
pp. 70-77
Author(s):  
L.A. Deryabkina ◽  
◽  
B.I. Marchenko ◽  
N.K. Plugotarenko ◽  
A.I. Yukhno ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Natural Water ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Water Disinfection ◽  
Residual Chlorine ◽  
Gas Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Initial Water ◽  
Organic Chlorine ◽  
Deep Purification

In most Russian regions there is still a pressing issue related to providing population with high quality and safe drinking water. Up to now, chlorination has been the primary technique applied to disinfect drinking water as it is highly efficient, reliable, and relatively cheap. However, when chlorine is used to disinfect natural water that contains organic pollutants, it results in risks of by-products occurrence. These products are trihalomethanes, epigenetic carcinogenesis promoters that cause elevated carcinogenic risks under oral, inhalation, and subcutaneous exposure. Our research goal was to hygienically assess efficiency of pre-ammonization applied in water treatment procedures in order to prevent occurrence of carcinogenic organic chlorine compounds during chlorination and to minimize carcinogenic risks. We determined trihalomethanes and residual chlorine contents in model samples of natural water taken from a surface water source after chlorination with different doses of chlorine. We examined 52 pair parallel samples that had undergone pre-ammonization with ammonia sulfate and control ones. Trihalomethanes concentrations were determined in model water samples with gas-liquid chromatography. Basing on the results obtained via experiments on laboratory chlorination of river water, we determined quantitative characteristics and built regression models showing dependence between concentrations of organic chlorine compounds occurring due to chlorination (chloroform, dichlorobrommethane, dibromchloromethane) and chlorine doses and preammonization parameters. It was established that pre-ammonization was the most efficient in terms of preventing trihalomethanes occurrence under such disinfection modes when contents of residual active chlorine didn’t exceed recommended levels (0.8–1.2 mg/L). Basic ways to minimize carcinogenic risks caused by trihalomethanes are systemic control over their contents in drinking water during social and hygienic monitoring procedures; preliminary ammonization of water taken from surface water sources; prevention of unjustified hyper-chlorination; preliminary deep purification of initial water; disinfection with ultrasound radiation instead of preliminary chlorination; etc.

scholarly journals Solar Water Disinfection to Produce Safe Drinking Water: A Review of Parameters, Enhancements, and Modelling Approaches to Make SODIS Faster and Safer

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (11) ◽  
pp. 3431
Author(s):  
Ángela García-Gil ◽  
Rafael A. García-Muñoz ◽  
Kevin G. McGuigan ◽  
Javier Marugán
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Kinetic Models ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Water Disinfection ◽  
Safe Drinking Water ◽  
Reactor Material ◽  
Solar Water ◽  
Solar Water Disinfection ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Modelling Approaches

Solar water disinfection (SODIS) is one the cheapest and most suitable treatments to produce safe drinking water at the household level in resource-poor settings. This review introduces the main parameters that influence the SODIS process and how new enhancements and modelling approaches can overcome some of the current drawbacks that limit its widespread adoption. Increasing the container volume can decrease the recontamination risk caused by handling several 2 L bottles. Using container materials other than polyethylene terephthalate (PET) significantly increases the efficiency of inactivation of viruses and protozoa. In addition, an overestimation of the solar exposure time is usually recommended since the process success is often influenced by many factors beyond the control of the SODIS-user. The development of accurate kinetic models is crucial for ensuring the production of safe drinking water. This work attempts to review the relevant knowledge about the impact of the SODIS variables and the techniques used to develop kinetic models described in the literature. In addition to the type and concentration of pathogens in the untreated water, an ideal kinetic model should consider all critical factors affecting the efficiency of the process, such as intensity, spectral distribution of the solar radiation, container-wall transmission spectra, ageing of the SODIS reactor material, and chemical composition of the water, since the substances in the water can play a critical role as radiation attenuators and/or sensitisers triggering the inactivation process.

scholarly journals Willingness of boarding school students in Tanzania to employ point-of-use water treatment: a case study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Getrude A. Felix ◽  
Tula. M. Ngasala ◽  
Geophrey Mbatta
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Secondary Schools ◽  
Boarding School ◽  
Water Disinfection ◽  
New Method ◽  
Safe Drinking Water ◽  
School Students ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Before And After

Abstract Access to safe drinking water is a challenge for students in primary and secondary schools in Tanzania. Only 32.7% of primary and secondary schools in Tanzania have access to safe drinking water and the point-of-use water treatment is rarely used. The traditional water disinfection method by boiling is often limited in boarding schools due to cost and time constraints. The objectives were to assess the willingness and attitude of boarding school students toward the use of the alternative water treatment method and determine the quality of drinking water before and after the introduction of the new method. Chlorine tablets were used due to their availability, ease of use, cost, and effectiveness. Weekly evaluations on usage, performance, and acceptability of chlorine tablets were assessed on 42 randomly selected students over a 3-week period in parallel with water sampling and testing before and after using chlorine tablets. Before the introduction of chlorine, only 17% of the students were aware of chlorine tablets, and water sources tested positive for fecal coliform. After introducing the new method, there was a significant increase (p<0.05) in the attitude of students toward water treatment (100%), water quality (78%), and water consumption (67%). The work demonstrates the need to provide access to cost-effective household water treatment methods, especially in public schools that lack access to safe water.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document