scholarly journals Residential water demand modelling and hydraulic reliability in design of building water supply systems: a review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. D. Mangalekar ◽  
K. S. Gumaste
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Supply System ◽  
Water Supply System ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Residential Water Demand ◽  
Demand Models ◽  
Soft Computing Techniques ◽  
Supply Systems ◽  
Residential Water

Abstract The building water supply system is a fundamental unit in water supply systems as it is directly associated with end users. However, the studies available on its efficient design are limited. Water demand estimation continues to be an important issue in water supply systems' design because of its multifaceted nature. Hunter's curve, or Fixture Unit method, is widely used for estimating the load on plumbing. Regardless of its popularity, it has a few drawbacks and is arbitrarily modified in some plumbing codes. Fixture-use probability, a basic entity in the Fixture Unit and some other methods, is a difficult parameter to estimate. Commonly, high-resolution field data is used for stochastic modelling of residential water demand which may not be always available. The paper reviews important residential water demand models in view of their applicability in building water supply system design. The irregular nature of water demand in buildings is due to uncertainty in water-use behaviour of users at fixture level. Use of soft-computing techniques can provide an advantage over the other methods in modelling such behaviour. The paper also discusses reliability of building water supply systems and applicability of some common indices for estimating reliability of building water supply systems.

scholarly journals Sustainability characteristics of drinking water supply

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jolijn van Engelenburg ◽  
Erik van Slobbe ◽  
Adriaan J. Teuling ◽  
Remko Uijlenhoet ◽  
Petra Hellegers
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Supply System ◽  
Water Supply System ◽  
Drinking Water Supply ◽  
Extreme Weather Events ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Global Issues ◽  
Drinking Water Supply System

Abstract. Developments such as climate change and growing demand for drinking water threaten the sustainability of drinking water supply worldwide. To deal with this threat, adaptation of drinking water supply systems is imperative, not only on a global and national scale, but particularly on a local scale. This investigation sought to establish characteristics that describe the sustainability of local drinking water supply. We use an integrated systems approach, describing the local drinking water supply system in terms of hydrological, technical and socio-economic characteristics that determine the sustainability of a local drinking water supply system. Three cases on drinking water supply in the Netherlands are analysed. One case relates to a short-term development, that is the 2018 summer drought, and two concern long-term phenomena, that is, changes in water quality and growth in drinking water demand. The approach taken recognises that next to extreme weather events, socio-economic developments will be among the main drivers of changes in drinking water supply. Effects of pressures associated with, for example, population growth, industrial developments and land use changes, could result in limited water resource availability, deteriorated groundwater quality and growing water demand. To gain a perspective on the case study findings broader than the Dutch context, the sustainability issues identified were paired with global issues concerning sustainable drinking water supply. This resulted in a proposed set of generally applicable sustainability characteristics, each divided into five criteria describing the hydrological, technical and socio-economic sustainability of a local drinking water supply system. Elaboration of these sustainability characteristics and criteria into a sustainability assessment can provide information on the challenges and trade-offs inherent in the sustainable development and management of a local drinking water supply system.

scholarly journals Modeling Study of Design Flow Rates for Cascade Water Supply Systems in Residential Skyscrapers

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 2580
Author(s):  
Yang Zhou ◽  
Eric Lee ◽  
Ling-Tim Wong ◽  
Kwok-Wai Mui
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Mathematical Models ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Supply System ◽  
Water Supply System ◽  
Design Flow ◽  
Water Volume ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Supply Systems ◽  
Design Flow Rate

Skyscrapers are common nowadays around the world, especially in cities with limited development area. In order to pump water up to the higher level of a skyscraper, a cascade water supply system has to be installed. Currently, cascade water supply systems are mainly designed based on practical experiences or requirements of existing standards/guidelines that, in fact, are not specifically for skyscrapers. However, thorough studies on cascade water supply system designs are still limited in the literature. This study proposes mathematical models and uses Monte Carlo simulations to evaluate the design flow rate of a typical cascade water supply system that feeds various appliances in a residential skyscraper in Hong Kong. Graphs that showed the correlations between the inflow rate in the supply pipe and water volume in the tank are obtained. While tank storage volume is confirmed, the design flow rate of the cascade water supply system can be determined from these graphs. The proposed mathematical models can also be applied to evaluate the design flow rate of cascade water supply systems in other types of skyscrapers (e.g., office, commercial building) as well as with the changes in water demand patterns in the models.

Barcelona's water supply, 1867–1967: the transition to a modern system

Urban History ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 415-434 ◽  
Author(s):  
MANEL GUARDIA ◽  
MARIBEL ROSSELLÓ ◽  
SERGI GARRIGA
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Supply System ◽  
Water Supply System ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Domestic Sphere ◽  
Modern System ◽  
Expansion Plan ◽  
Water Companies ◽  
Supply Systems

ABSTRACTThe development of modern water supply systems has varied widely in terms of speed, paths and results, and each supply system has been strongly conditioned by its spatial, socio-economic and cultural context. Barcelona provides a useful illustration of how such a modern system came into being in a particularly dynamic southern European setting. Despite being Spain's leading industrial centre, the driving force behind the introduction of its new water supply system did not come from an industrial imperative but rather from the city's expansion plan, approved in 1859, which gave rise to a proliferation of private initiatives. Later, decisive changes around the turn of the twentieth century led to a concentration of water companies, sewer renewal projects and the entry of water into the domestic sphere, and the extension of the water supply to people's homes. The development of a modern water supply system in Barcelona, however, required a period of a hundred years – from 1867, when the first steam-powered pumping station was built, to 1967, when the water from the Ter River transfer reached the city, allowing new consumption patterns to spread rapidly.

scholarly journals Understanding Regulation of Non-Utility Water Supply Systems from the Household Perspective

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iniobong James Ikpeh ◽  
Robby Soetanto ◽  
Aaron Anvuur
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Group Discussion ◽  
Regulatory Compliance ◽  
Supply System ◽  
Water Supply System ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Water Users ◽  
Supply Systems

Abstract PurposeThe article seeks to examine the understanding of regulation of Non-Utility Water Supply Systems (NUWSS) from perspective of water users in households, the behavioural dimensions of regulation and aspects of the non-utility water supply system that can be regulated.Research Method/DesignThe theory of planned behaviour was used to identify determinants to regulatory compliance across the groups of indicators identified for the regulation of water supply systems. To understand household perception of regulation, interviews were conducted, with questions put to water users in households. A qualitative research approach was adopted, using interviews, and focus group discussion with water users in households.FindingsThe findings indicate that households hold varied perceptions on regulation across the components of the water supply system. Specifically, regulatory compliance by households was influenced by crucial elements such as preferential compliance to regulation within specific aspects of the water supply system. Limitations and implicationsThe inference from this research is based on households from one state in Nigeria. Further exploration of this research in multiple cities and states would widen the applicability of the findings in different contexts.Originality/valueThe study examines regulation and regulatory compliance from the perspective of households who predominantly use Non-Utility Water Supply System (NUWSS) in sub-Saharan Africa.

scholarly journals Determining Hazards’ Prevention Critical Control Points in Water Supply Systems

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stavroula Tsitsifli ◽  
Vasilis Kanakoudis
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Supply System ◽  
Water Supply System ◽  
Drinking Water Supply ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Control Points ◽  
Critical Control Points ◽  
Drinking Water Supply System ◽  
Supply Systems

A drinking water supply system is an extraordinarily complex system—consisting of kilometers of pipes and various tanks, valves, pumps, and other equipment. This complexity makes it extremely vulnerable to physical, chemical, and/or biological hazards. Therefore, the vulnerability assessment of a drinking water supply system to identify the critical control points is absolutely necessary. This paper assesses the vulnerability of the drinking water supply systems. The assessment is elaborated in systems using water from surface water bodies and groundwater bodies. The critical control points are identified using a risk assessment methodology (identifying the probability of the hazard occurrence and its effect or severity) where the monitoring parameters, and the corrective actions are determined.

scholarly journals A real options approach to the design and architecture of water supply systems using innovative water technologies under uncertainty

2011 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen X. Zhang ◽  
Vladan Babovic
Keyword(s):  
Decision Support ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Real Options ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Supply System ◽  
Water Supply System ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Real Options Approach ◽  
Supply Systems

Water supply has become a priority for developed and developing nations of the world. Conventional water resources alone cannot meet the growing demand for water in urban cities. Management of the problem is amplified by uncertainty associated with different development strategies. Singapore has limited conventional water resources and progressively architects its water supply system through acquiring and sustaining multiple (alternative) water resources through innovative technologies. The full rationale and merits of such a policy cannot be properly understood based on traditional project valuation methods alone. This paper provides decision support using a real options approach by evaluating innovative water technologies from multiple perspectives under uncertainty. This paper demonstrates that incorporating innovative water technologies into water supply systems can concurrently improve water supply from the financial, political and socioeconomic perspectives. The development of innovative water technologies provides flexibility to the water supply system, and is a fundamental and effective means of risk management. The evaluation of innovative water technologies is based on an integrated real options approach, which provides decision support for architecting water supply systems under uncertainty. The approach gives specific tangible values for the water technologies and complements the general prescriptive Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) framework.

A review of Ancient Roman water supply exploring techniques of pressure reduction

2007 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.C. Monteleone ◽  
H. Yeung ◽  
R. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Supply System ◽  
Water Supply System ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Maximum Height ◽  
Pressure Reduction ◽  
Urban Networks ◽  
Small Water ◽  
Urban Complex ◽  
Supply Systems

The Ancient Roman water supply systems still leave us astonished when admiring the solidity of the ruins of aqueducts surviving around Europe. Some parts of these systems are still in use at present and prove the practical efficiency of Roman hydraulics in the principles acquired from the populations living in the different regions of the Empire. In Pompeii the urban water supply system stands as a clear example of the Roman planning of urban complex networks by using small water towers to serve a limited numbers of users. This allowed to control the derivations and their maintenance and operated a disconnection from the high pressure mains and the low pressure pipes, maintaining a fixed maximum height of water over the final points of discharge. Considering the techniques for pressure reduction as a method to control leakages, this paper examines the ancient Roman water supply system to deduce some applications to modern urban networks built in new housing establishments.

Energy Embodiment of Water Supply: A Comparison between the US and China

2011 ◽  
Vol 356-360 ◽  
pp. 2175-2181
Author(s):  
Wei Wei Mo ◽  
Qiong Zhang ◽  
Rong Chang Wang
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Supply System ◽  
Water Supply System ◽  
Embodied Energy ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
System A ◽  
The Us ◽  
Supply Systems

Under the rapid growth of world’s economy and population, the demand for water and energy has been increasing accordingly. Moreover, water and energy are interrelated and form a reinforcing feedback loop. Energy is used not only onsite of water supply systems, but also indirectly for producing materials used in the water systems. As a result, it is important to understand and evaluate the energy embodiment of water supply for sustainable water and energy management. This study uses the Economic Input-Output Life Cycle Assessment software to estimate and compare the embodied energy of one China water supply system (System A) and one US water supply system (System B). It has been found that System B in the US has comparable direct operational energy consumption with System A in China; however, System B consumes much more indirect energy and constructional energy than System A. Possible reasons for the higher indirect energy use in System B might be more administrative and engineering (maintenance and repairing) services involved, lower transportation efficiency, more self water usage within the system and higher labor rates. To satisfy the water demand for the large population, China’s water supply systems have to reduce direct energy consumption during the operation phase by conducting energy budget and adopting energy efficient technologies.

scholarly journals ENERGY-SAVING ENVIRONMENTAL AUTOMATED WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM FOR A CONSTRUCTION ENTERPRISE

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 60-67
Author(s):  
N. S. Kobelev ◽  
V. N. Kobelev ◽  
W. I. Senzenkow ◽  
S. A. Poliwanowa ◽  
N. A. Satalova
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Energy Saving ◽  
Thermal Protection ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Supply System ◽  
Water Supply System ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Industrial Enterprises ◽  
Supply Systems

The energy saving ecological water supply system is proposed. The system can be implemented both in heat power engineering, in particular in circulating water supply systems for industrial enterprises, and in construction industry where there are heat evolutions produced by equipment and due to technological processes. According to the forecasts of Russia's energy strategy, the production of thermal energy will increase by 22-34 % in 2020. At the same time, it is planned to increase the real heat consumption by 1.4-1.5 times due to reduction of losses in the conditions of high energy saving potential in all energy sectors beginning with production to transportation and rational use of energy sources. The system of housing and utilities is extremely energy intensive, since utility infrastructure is worn out up to 80-90 %. The practical lack of biosphere-compatible technologies for engineering systems design and operation in Russia does not allow providing resource-saving at all stages of full life cycle of a building or a structure. Known studies and proposals based on the research and development decisions of RAASN Research Institute of Building Physics mainly relate to the thermal protection of the shell of a building and are not represented by engineering interconnected systems. Therefore, the development and implementation of measures for the integrated development of utility infrastructure becomes topical. The solution of this problem is related to complex of engineering and technical activities, including thermal protection by increasing thermal resistance of enclosing structures of buildings, upgrading heat and water supply systems, using non-traditional energy sources.

scholarly journals Presence of pesticides, mercury and trihalomethanes in the water supply systems of Ibagué, Colombia: threats to human health

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Blanca Lisseth Guzmán Barragán ◽  
Manuel Alejandro Gonzalez Rivillas ◽  
Manuel Salvador Cuero Villegas ◽  
Jose David Olivar Medina
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Low Complexity ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Supply System ◽  
Water Supply System ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Chemical Contamination ◽  
Adverse Health Effects ◽  
Treatment Technologies ◽  
Supply Systems

Chemical contamination of the water supply system caused by anthropic activities can cause adverse health effects. This study determined the presence of toxic metals, organic substances, pesticides and trihalomethanes in the water supply systems of the urban area of Ibague City. The economic and sanitary activities located in the 25 surface streams of the 32 water supply systems of the municipality were characterized. A total of 25 water samples were taken from the surface streams, and 35 samples in the water network of each drinking water service provider for the identification of pesticides (carbamates, organochlorines, organophosphorus), mercury, arsenic, cyanide, lead, cadmium, antimony, cobalt, selenium, silver, nickel and hydrocarbons. The presence of trihalomethanes was sampled after the treatment process given. A total of 775 economic and sanitary activities were detected in the surface streams of the water supply systems, highlighting the human settlements, agricultural and tourist activities impact on the water sources. Organochlorine pesticides (0.009-0.109 mg/L), mercury (0.001-0.004 mg/L) were identified in the water supply system in concentrations higher than those permitted by local regulation. Concentrations of trihalomethanes (0.064-1.260 mg/L) were detected in 68.7% of the water supply systems with treatment. The presence of chemical contaminants occurs mainly in communities with water supply systems of low complexity with high anthropic affectation. It is necessary to strengthen the assessment of hazards and risk by health surveillance, as well as intersectoral intervention for the protection of water sources and the improvement of water treatment technologies.

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