Management of domestic wastewater for reuse in irrigation

1996 ◽  
Vol 33 (10-11) ◽  
pp. 355-362 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oscar Vazquez-Montiel ◽  
Nigel J. Horan ◽  
Duncan D. Mara
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Domestic Wastewater ◽  
Phosphorus Concentration ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Plant Nitrogen ◽  
Crop Uptake ◽  
Treated Effluent ◽  
Southern Portugal

Treated effluent from an aerated lagoon and facultative pond system in southern Portugal, was used to irrigate fields planted to maize (Zea mays L.). The effluent was characterised with respect to its nitrogen and phosphorus content and applied by drip irrigation in response to crop evapotranspiration requirements. Nitrification of ammonia in the effluent by soil microorganisms caused a reduced soil pH early in the growing season, but this was reversed as the season continued. For most of the growth season plant nitrogen demand ensured a low soil nitrogen concentration, but towards the end of plant growth the continuous nitrogen supplied in the effluent exceeded crop requirements with a result that nitrate accumulated in the soil. The applied effluent also had a high phosphorus concentration but there was only a slight accumulation of this in the soil. The fertiliser value of the treated effluent was demonstrated by increased yields at physiological maturity and the N yield was within the range of expected values for this crop. The main removal mechanism for N during irrigation was crop uptake whereas P was removed primarily by soil processes. The advantages of wastewater reuse together with the importance of appropriate management practices for re-use are discussed.

scholarly journals Reducing Nitrogen and Phosphorus Losses from Different Crop Types in the Water Source Area of the Danjiang River, China

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (18) ◽  
pp. 3442 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mengjing Guo ◽  
Tiegang Zhang ◽  
Jing Li ◽  
Zhanbin Li ◽  
Guoce Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Total Phosphorus ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Source Area ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Nutrient Loss ◽  
Phosphorus Concentration ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Bare Land

Nitrogen and phosphorus are essential for plant growth and are the primary limiting nutrient elements. The loss of nitrogen and phosphorus in agricultural systems can cause the eutrophication of natural water bodies. In this paper, a field simulated rainfall experiment was conducted in a typical small watershed of the Danjiang River to study the nutrient loss process of nitrogen and phosphorus in slope croplands subjected to different crops and tillage measures. The characteristics of the runoff process and nutrient migration of different slope treatments were studied, which were the bare-land (BL, as the control), peanut monoculture (PL), corn monoculture (CL), bare land (upper slope) mixed with peanut monoculture (lower slope) (BP), corn and peanut intercropping (TCP), corn and soybean intercropping (TCS), downslope ridge cultivation (BS) slope, and straw-mulched (SC), respectively. The results showed that the runoff of CL, SC, TCS, BS, BP, PL and TCP slope types were 93%, 75%, 51%, 39%, 28%, 12%, and 6% of the those of the bare land, respectively. The total nitrogen concentration in runoff on different slope types decreased in the order of BP > PL > BS > SC > TCP > BL > CL > TCS. The BL was characterized with the highest NRL-TN (the loss of total nitrogen per unit area), with the value of 1.188 kg/hm2, while those of the TCP is the smallest with the value of 0.073 kg/hm2. The total phosphorus concentration in runoff decreasd in the order of BS > BP > PL > BL > TCP > SC > CL > TCS. The PRL-TP (the loss of total phosphorus per unit area) of BL is the largest (0.016 kg/hm2), while those of TCP is the smallest (0.001 kg/hm2). These indicate that the loss of nitrogen is much higer than that of phosphorus. The loss of nitrogen in runoff is dominated by nitrate nitrogen, which accounts for 54.4%–78.9% of TN. Slope croplands in the water source area should adopt the tillage measures of TCP and PL.These measures can reduce 85% of the runoff of nitrogen and phosphorus compared to the bare land. The results may assist in agricultural non-point source pollution control and help promote improved management of the water environment in the Danjiang River’s water source area.

Plant nitrogen concentration is more sensitive in response to degradation than phosphorus concentration in alpine meadow

2021 ◽  
Vol 169 ◽  
pp. 106323
Author(s):  
Tiancai Zhou ◽  
Ning Zong ◽  
Jian Sun ◽  
Ge Hou ◽  
Peili Shi
Keyword(s):  
Alpine Meadow ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Phosphorus Concentration ◽  
Plant Nitrogen

scholarly journals A novel submerged Rotala rotundifolia, its growth characteristics and remediation potential for eutrophic waters

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chaoguang Gu ◽  
Feifei Li ◽  
Jibo Xiao ◽  
Shuyi Chu ◽  
Shuang Song ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Total Phosphorus ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Biomass Accumulation ◽  
Ammonium Nitrogen ◽  
Phosphorus Concentration ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Overlying Water ◽  
Total Phosphorus Concentration ◽  
Submerged Aquatic Plant ◽  
Nitrogen Contents

Abstract The vegetative growth and remediation potential of Rotala rotundifolia, a novel submerged aquatic plant, for eutrophic waters were investigated on different sediments, and under a range of nitrogen concentrations. Rotala Rotundifolia grew better on silt than on sand and gravel in terms of plant height, tiller number and biomass accumulation. Percent increment of biomass was enhanced at low water nitrogen (ammonium nitrogen concentration ≤10 mg/L). The maximum total nitrogen and total phosphorus removals in the overlying water were between 54% to 66% and 42% to 57%, respectively. Nitrogen contents in the sediments increased with increasing water nitrogen levels, whereas, nitrogen contents in the plant tissues showed no apparent regularity, and the greatest value was obtained at ammonium nitrogen concentration 15 mg/L. Both phosphorus contents in the sediments and tissues of plants were not affected significantly by additional nitrogen supply. Direct nitrogen uptake by plants was in the range of 16% to 39% when total phosphorus concentration was 1.0 mg/L. These results suggested that Rotala Rotundifolia can be used to effectively remove nitrogen and phosphorus in eutrophic waters.

Utilization of a hybrid sequencing batch reactor (HSBR) as a decentralized system of domestic wastewater treatment

2008 ◽  
Vol 57 (12) ◽  
pp. 1951-1956 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. R. da Costa ◽  
V. S. Souto ◽  
A. T. S. Prelhaz ◽  
L. G. L. Neto ◽  
D. B. Wolff
Keyword(s):  
Removal Efficiency ◽  
Sequencing Batch Reactor ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Domestic Wastewater ◽  
Ammonium Concentration ◽  
Cylindrical Shape ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Decentralized System ◽  
Treated Effluent ◽  
Domestic Wastewater Treatment

This paper presents the experiments carried out in a hybrid sequencing batch reactor (HSBR), used for biological treatment of sewage. The HSBR was built in a cylindrical shape and made of stainless steel, with a volume of 1.42 m3. Besides the biomass in suspension, the reactor also carried fixed biomass (hybrid process), adhered in the support material. This consisted of a nylon net disposed in a grille for biofilm biomass adhesion. The reactor worked fully automated in operational cycles of maximum 8 hours each, presenting the following phases: filling, anoxic, aerobic, settle and draw of treated effluent, with 3 fillings per cycle. Increasing organic loads (0.14 to 0.51 kg TCOD/m3 day) and ammonium loads (0.002 to 0.006 kg NH4-N/m3·day) were tested. We monitored the reactor's performance by measuring the liquid phase (COD, pH, temperature, DO, nitrogen and phosphorus) during the cycles and by measuring the sludge through respirometric tests. The results obtained demonstrated TCOD removal efficiency between 73 and 96%, and ammonium removal efficiency between 50 and 99%. At the end of the cycles, the effluent presented ammonium concentration <20 mg/L, meeting the Brazilian environmental legislation standards (CONAMA 357/2005) regarding discharges into the water bodies. Respirometric tests showed biomass dependency on FCOD concentrations. Results have demonstrated the potential of this type of reactor for decentralized treatment of domestic wastewater.

Biomass of Phragmites australis and Effect Factors Analyzing in Zha Long Wetland

2011 ◽  
Vol 393-395 ◽  
pp. 1119-1123
Author(s):  
Tao Zeng ◽  
Hui Huang
Keyword(s):  
Phragmites Australis ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Average Diameter ◽  
Phosphorus Concentration ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Average Height ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Natural Reserve ◽  
Average Biomass

Phragmites australis are the typical vegetation in Zha Long National Natural Reserve. From August 10th to August 21st in 2006, we chose 60 quadrats in 15 sample sites, investigated the reed biomass, height, diameter, water nitrogen and phosphorus concentration. The results are as follow: 1) the average biomass of Phragmites australis models is 2858g•m-2 and the biomass between 15 sample sites is from 2029.0 to 4067.4 g•m-2; 2) the moisture content of Phragmites australis is from 42.95% to 64.95%. The average height of Phragmites australis is 272.47cm, and the average diameter of Phragmites australis is 0.51cm; 3) the NP weight ratio in each sample site concentrate from 9.18 to 15.79. Nitrogen is the most important limiting factor in Phragmites australis vegetation growing while phosphorus is not the limiting factor; 4) the Phragmites australis biomass is restricted by many factors especially water depth and water nitrogen concentration. But the phosphorus concentration in water has irrelativeness with Phragmites australis biomass.

scholarly journals Stoichiometry of Carbon, Nitrogen and Phosphorus in Shrub Organs Linked Closely With Mycorrhizal Strategy in Northern China

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuang Yang ◽  
Zhaoyong Shi ◽  
Menghan Zhang ◽  
Yang Li ◽  
Jiakai Gao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Northern China ◽  
Nutrient Cycle ◽  
Ecosystem Functions ◽  
Phosphorus Concentration ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Mycorrhizal Status ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
Stems And Leaves ◽  
The Impact

Mycorrhizal strategies include mycorrhizal statuses and mycorrhizal types, which are important reflections of the functional characteristics of ecosystems. The stoichiometry of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus in plant organs is an important part of ecosystem functions, which has an important impact on the nutrient cycle of the ecosystem. The concentration of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus played a crucial role in ecosystem functioning and dynamics. The purpose of this study is to provide theoretical basis and data support for improving the properties of global terrestrial ecosystems by exploring the impact of mycorrhizal strategies on the stoichiometry of C, N, and P in different shrub organs. In this study, stoichiometric patterns of carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in different shrub organs under different mycorrhizal status or types were analyzed at 725 samples across Northern China. Results showed that in different mycorrhizal status, the highest carbon concentration in shrub organs appeared in the facultatively mycorrhizal (FM) mycorrhizal status, and the highest nitrogen concentration appeared in the Non-mycorrhizal (NM) mycorrhizal status. Under different mycorrhizal types, the nitrogen concentration in the shrub organs under the arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) mycorrhizal type was the highest, and the phosphorus concentration under the ecto-mycorrhiza (ECM) mycorrhizal type was the highest. In the OM or FM mycorrhizal status, the concentrations of C, N, and P in the stems and leaves increase with the increase of the concentrations of C, N, and P in the roots. In the NM mycorrhizal status, the N concentration in the stems and leaves increases with the increase of the N concentration in the roots. Under AM, AM+ECM, and ECM mycorrhizal type, the concentrations of C, N, and P are closely related in roots, stems and leaves. The content of plant nutrients in different organs is closely related. It turned out that mycorrhizal statuses or types are able to alter the allocation of C, N, and P in different organs, and the relationships of C, N, and P among different organs are able to present different trend with the varying of mycorrhizal statuses or types.

Land Condition in the Tropical Tall Grass Pasture Lands. 2. Effects on Herbage Quality and Nutrient Uptake.

1995 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 86 ◽  
Author(s):  
AJ Ash ◽  
JG Mcivor
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Phosphorus Uptake ◽  
Phosphorus Concentration ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Tall Grass ◽  
Herbage Quality ◽  
Land Condition ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus Uptake

Herbage quality (in vitro digestibility, nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations) of plucked samples, and above ground nutrient uptakes (nitrogen and phosphorus) were compared on plots differing in land condition at 10 sites in northern Australia. Over all sites there was a significant increase in digestibility and nitrogen concentration, and a significant decrease in phosphorus concentration, as land condition declined. Both nitrogen and phosphorus uptake decreased as land condition declined. The results indicate that diet quality may be higher from land in poor condition. However, the large decrease in pasture productivity associated with declining land condition may more than offset this apparent improvement in feed quality.

scholarly journals Monitoring Opportunistic Pathogens in Domestic Wastewater from a Pilot-Scale Anaerobic Biofilm Reactor to Reuse in Agricultural Irrigation

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1283 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bingjian Cui ◽  
Shengxian Liang
Keyword(s):  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Domestic Wastewater ◽  
Biofilm Reactor ◽  
Wastewater Irrigation ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Agricultural Irrigation ◽  
Opportunistic Pathogens ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Treated Effluent

Wastewater reuse for agricultural irrigation in many developing countries is an increasingly common practice. Regular monitoring of indicators can help to identify potential health risks; therefore, there is an urgent need to understand the presence and abundance of opportunistic pathogens in wastewater, as well as plant phyllosphere and rhizosphere. In this study, an anaerobic biofilm reactor (ABR) was developed to treat rural domestic wastewater; the performance of pollutants removal and pathogenic bacteria elimination were investigated. Additionally, we also assessed the physicochemical and microbiological profiles of soil and lettuces after wastewater irrigation. Aeromonas hydrophila, Arcobacter sp., Bacillus cereus, Bacteroides sp., Escherichia coli, Legionella sp., and Mycobacterium sp. were monitored in the irrigation water, as well as in the phyllosphere and rhizosphere of lettuces. Pathogens like B. cereus, Legionella sp. and Mycobacterium sp. were present in treated effluent with relatively high concentrations, and the levels of A. hydrophila, Arcobacter sp., and E. coli were higher in the phyllosphere. The physicochemical properties of soil and lettuce did not vary significantly. These data indicated that treated wastewater irrigation across a short time period may not alter the soil and crop properties, while the pathogens present in the wastewater may transfer to soil and plant, posing risks to human health.

The nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations of some pasture species in the Dichanthium-Eulalia Grasslands of North-West Queensland.

1981 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 67 ◽  
Author(s):  
TJ Hall
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Phosphorus Concentration ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
North West ◽  
Dry Seasons ◽  
The Mean

The nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations of tops of the most common species at one site on the Dichanthium fecundum. Eulalla fulva grasslands of north-west Queensland were determined. The eight major grasses were sampled between 13 and 16 times over three consecutive dry seasons and three times during the growing season. Selected minor grasses and forbs were sampled on 30 occasions in both seasons over six years. Chrysopogon fallax and Iseilema spp. declined in phosphorus concentration during the dry season while the other major grasses remained constant. The nitrogen concentration of these two grasses and of Astrebla elymoides, A. squarrosa, D. fecundum and Sorghum australiense declined while that of E. fulra and Aristida latifolia was constant during the dry season. Both species of Astrebla had the highest concentrations of the two nutrients. The minor gasses had highest nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations in December at the start of the wet season and rapid declines in both nutrients occurred by March. These species were not intensively sampled during the dry season. The forbs had higher nutriant concentrations than grasses. The mean phosphorus concentration of major grasses in the dry season was highest (0.095%) in 1973 and lowest (0.065%) in 1974 following an abnormally wet summer. There was no difference in mean nitrogen concentration between years. It was 0.61% for the three dry seasons combined. The implications of these data for animal production are discussed.

Abundance of gall-inducing insect species in sclerophyllous savanna: understanding the importance of soil fertility using an experimental approach

2011 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 631-640 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pablo Cuevas-Reyes ◽  
Fabricio T. De Oliveira-Ker ◽  
Geraldo Wilson Fernandes ◽  
Mercedes Bustamante
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Host Plant ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Leaf Nitrogen ◽  
Insect Species ◽  
Phosphorus Concentration ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Foliar Phosphorus

Abstract:Although many studies have now demonstrated that both richness and abundance of gall-inducing insect species are directly and indirectly (via the host plant) influenced by soil quality, the empirical evaluation of it in the field remains anecdotal at best. The effects of soil fertility on richness and abundance of gall-inducing insects associated with a widespread savanna species, Eremanthus glomerulatus, were evaluated under experimental field conditions in Brasilia, central Brazil. The effect of soil fertility on gall-inducing insects species richness was evaluated using three treatments: (1) plots fertilized with nitrogen; (2) plots fertilized with phosphorus; and (3) control plots: soils without fertilization. Species richness of gall-inducing insects (six species of Cecidomyiidae) did not differ among the treatments. Leaves with galls had higher nitrogen concentrations (mean = 15.0 ± 0.5 mg g−1), compared with leaves without galls (mean = 9.0 ± 0.7 mg g−1) on plants that occurred in soils with addition of nitrogen. Similarly, leaves with galls had higher foliar phosphorus concentration (mean = 1.0 ± 0.04 mg g−1) than leaves without galls (mean = 0.6 ± 0.05 mg g−1) in plots with addition of phosphorus. In galled leaves, a negative relationship between gall density and nitrogen concentration was found for one gall-inducing insect species, while three species showed a positive relationship between gall density and leaf nitrogen concentration. A negative relationship between gall density and concentration of leaf phosphorus was observed for four of the six gall-inducing insect species studied. No relationship was found between gall density and leaf nitrogen and phosphorus concentration in ungalled leaves. We argue that foliar nitrogen and phosphorus concentration respond to gall density in galled leaves and therefore, gall-inducing insect species are capable of manipulating their host plant, modifying the foliar nutrients of E. glomerulatus in sclerophyllous savanna.

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