Water reuse in Japan

2001 ◽  
Vol 43 (10) ◽  
pp. 17-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Ogoshi ◽  
Y. Suzuki ◽  
T. Asano
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Environmental Water ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Mean Annual Precipitation ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Wastewater Reclamation ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Water Demands ◽  
Rapid Economic Growth

Even though Japan has mean annual precipitation of 1,714 mm and hundreds of dams and reservoirs constructed, frequent and severe droughts have occurred in wide regions of the country. Because of rapid economic growth and concentrations of population in urban areas, water demands in large cities have stressed reliability of water supply systems and necessitated the development of new water resources with considerable economic and environmental costs. To alleviate these situations, wastewater reclamation and reuse have been implemented widely in major cities. This paper summarizes the current status of water reuse in Japan and discusses dominant uses of reclaimed water, emphasizing non-potable urban applications such as toilet flushing, industrial reuse, and environmental water.

Artificial Recharge of Groundwater with Reclaimed Municipal Wastewater: Current Status and Proposed Criteria

1992 ◽  
Vol 25 (12) ◽  
pp. 87-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Asano
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Groundwater Recharge ◽  
Organic Contaminants ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Artificial Recharge ◽  
Microbial Pathogens ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Wastewater Reclamation ◽  
Trace Organic Contaminants

Current status and the proposed criteria for artificial recharge of groundwater with reclaimed municipal wastewater are discussed with special reference to controlling microbial pathogens and trace organic contaminants. The draft criteria have been developed by the State of California Interagency Water Reclamation Coordinating Committee, followed by the Groundwater Recharge Committee of the Department of Health Services (DHS). The proposed criteria are in the final review process and are expected to be adopted in late 1992 by the DHS as a part of the revised, state-wide Wastewater Reclamation Criteria. The discussions and the draft criteria presented in this paper facilitate the approval of groundwater recharge projects by identifying the nature and characteristics of groundwater recharge projects that do not jeopardize the public water supply systems including use of groundwater for potable water supply. These criteria are intended to provide uniform state-wide application of regulations on which to regulate and design groundwater recharge projects using reclaimed municipal wastewater as a source of recharge water.

scholarly journals Assessment of Sustainability Development in Urban Areas of Morocco

Urban Science ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 18
Author(s):  
Lahouari Bounoua ◽  
Najlaa Fathi ◽  
Meryem El Berkaoui ◽  
Laila El Ghazouani ◽  
Mohammed Messouli
Keyword(s):  
Population Growth ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Small Cities ◽  
Global Trends ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Earth Observations ◽  
Rapid Economic Growth ◽  
Systematic Pattern ◽  
Land Consumption

In Morocco, the last census counted 70% of houses in cities, with seven cities accounting for 25% of the total population and 41% of the urban population. This paper questioned the sustainability indicator in Moroccan cities using a novel methodology based on Earth observations and census data. We estimated the indicator for the 25 largest urban areas between 2003 and 2013. A stratification based on urbanization fractions allowed for the definition and comparison of hierarchically ordered zones consistent across urban areas and scales. We found no systematic pattern of growth between cities. However, three categories of development were identified: a group of large cities with an indicator less than unity and land consumption commensurate to population growth, a group of medium-sized cities trending moderately towards unsustainability with an indicator between one and two, and a group including small cities with significant departure from sustainability. The disparate sustainability levels between urban areas appear to be related to the rapid economic growth, typical of an emerging economy. Our results indicate a continuous population growth pushing outwards the perimeters of existing urban areas. Unless regulated, land consumption is increasing faster than the population in most parts of Morocco, in line with global trends.

Semicentralised supply and treatment systems: integrated infrastructure solutions for fast growing urban areas

2010 ◽  
Vol 61 (11) ◽  
pp. 2905-2913 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Bieker ◽  
P. Cornel ◽  
M. Wagner
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
High Growth ◽  
World Population ◽  
Private Households ◽  
Water Demands ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Water Supply And Treatment ◽  
Treatment And Disposal

Currently, the development of the world population is characterised by two trends: absolute population growth and rapid urbanisation. Especially rapid urbanisation, taking place in Asia, Latin America and Africa, poses major pressure on the affected regions. The development of e.g. Asian countries today is stamped by a combination of urbanisation with high economic growth rates. Conventional centralised infrastructure of supply, treatment and disposal of water is not able to cope with the new challenges arising from these, in history incomparable, high growth rates. Therefore new approaches to infrastructure supply and treatment systems are required – for ecological, sociocultural and economic reasons. The semicentralised approach, focusing on integrated water supply and treatment structures for wastewater and waste on the neighbourhood level, offers one possible solution to the challenges imposed by rapid urbanisation and growing resource needs. The change from centralised to semicentralised supply and treatment systems will minimise the grave discrepancy between the rapid urban growth and the provision of supply and treatment infrastructure. Integrated semicentralised supply and treatment systems face the challenge of growing amounts of wastewater and solid waste combined with rising needs of water for private households and industrial use. The semicentralised approach offers a wide range of flexibility in implementation, energy self-sufficient operation, enormous saving potentials in water demands through intra-urban water reuse and further more advantages in comparison to centralised sectored solutions as practised today.

Wastewater reclamation, recycling and reuse: past, present, and future

1996 ◽  
Vol 33 (10-11) ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takashi Asano ◽  
Audrey D. Levine
Keyword(s):  
Water Reuse ◽  
Scientific Basis ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Source Control ◽  
Wastewater Reclamation ◽  
Reclaimed Wastewater ◽  
Engineering Controls ◽  
Current Water ◽  
Engineered Systems ◽  
Assessment Procedures

The scientific basis for the current status of wastewater reclamation, recycling and reuse has evolved from developments in water and wastewater engineering coupled with increasing pressures on water resources. Milestone events that have led to the safe use of reclaimed wastewater are reviewed. The role of engineered systems associated with reclaimed wastewater is discussed in the context of the natural hydrologic cycle. A synopsis of the significant studies that form the basis for current regulatory approaches and technological innovations is presented. Current water reclamation strategies incorporate multiple measures to minimize health and environmental risks associated with various reuse applications. A combination of source control, advanced treatment process flowschemes, and other engineering controls provides a sound basis for increased implementation of water reuse applications. The feasibility of producing reclaimed water of a specified quality to fulfill multiple water use objectives is now a reality due to the progressive evolution of technologies and risk assessment procedures. Future water reuse directions are charted.

The environmental benefits of water recycling and reuse

2003 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Water Cycle ◽  
Environmental Water ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Human Needs ◽  
Water Diversions ◽  
Agriculture Industry

The world's supply of fresh water is finite and is threatened by pollution. Rising demands for water to supply agriculture, industry and cities are leading to competition over the allocation of limited fresh water resources. This paper examines how water reuse increases the available supply of water and enables human needs to be met with less fresh water. The paper is illustrated with water reuse case studies in agriculture, urban areas, industry and water resource supplementation in Australia and other countries. The links between water reuse and sustainable water management are examined. Water conservation and water reuse produce substantial environmental benefits, arising from reductions in water diversions, and reductions in the impacts of wastewater discharges on environmental water quality. Some examples are presented demonstrating the environmental benefits in quantitative terms. The paper also describes the economic and environmental benefits identified in a number of recent integrated water cycle planning studies in Australia.

Towards sustainability in water recycling

2004 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Sala ◽  
M. Serra
Keyword(s):  
Water Reuse ◽  
Water Resource Management ◽  
Water Cycle ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Water Recycling ◽  
Wastewater Reclamation ◽  
Water Demands ◽  
Wastewater Reclamation And Reuse ◽  
The Impact

Those like us who believe in and spread the gospel of planned wastewater reclamation and reuse usually emphasize that this is a step towards sustainability in water resource management, but this is something that is very seldom analyzed. This paper discusses, from a critical point of view, issues such as goals in water reuse and influence on water demands, ecological analysis of the cycle of the main pollutants, health aspects and treatment requirements, energy consumption and measurable environmental benefits, in order to provide a set of criteria to assess sustainability in water recycling projects and to decrease the impact of the cultural water cycle on the environment.

Protecting Area of Traditional Wooden Construction from Fires Due to Earthquakes Using Local Water – Plan and Implementation of the Project on Environmental Water Supply System for Disaster Prevention –

2007 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 284-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takeyuki Okubo ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Water Environment ◽  
Environmental Water ◽  
Supply System ◽  
Water Supply System ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Disaster Prevention ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Local Water

We hold that potential natural water use in urban areas must be improved to develop an environmental water supply system (EWSS) for disaster prevention. Such uninterrupted water supply systems could protect cities with large numbers of wooden structures from fire due to earthquake and preserve the urban water environment. Our research focused on two examples of water supply system projects -- a gravity-based water supply system in Shirakawa-go and an open irrigation channel system in Kanazawa City, We propose planning and management with the research results of two examples for model projects in Kiyomizu as an important historical district in Kyoto. The EWSS concept opens the way for a sustainable water environment and the restoration of cities while maintaining cultural beauty and safety for the benefit of future generations.

Use of reclaimed water in the recreation and restoration of aquatic ecosystems: practical experience in the Costa Brava region (Girona, Spain)

2008 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Sala ◽  
S. Romero de Tejada
Keyword(s):  
Aquatic Ecosystems ◽  
Reclaimed Water ◽  
Environmental Water ◽  
Practical Experience ◽  
Indirect Benefits ◽  
Water Demands ◽  
Bird Watching ◽  
Trophic Webs ◽  
Costa Brava ◽  
Practical Recommendations

Where there is water scarcity, the situation is dramatic for aquatic ecosystems. In many Mediterranean basins the exploitation of water resources has gone clearly beyond renewable level and affects aquatic ecosystems. Thus, they may benefit from the recycling of high-quality effluents that can be used to cope with environmental water demands instead of being discharged. Their reclamation with natural technologies produces an improvement in quality based on the development of trophic webs built upon nutrients still dissolved in the reclaimed water. The main project in the Costa Brava area is that of the Empuriabrava constructed wetland system, where nitrified effluent is further treated to reduce the concentration of nutrients in the water and is reused for environmental enhancement. This facility is also an interesting site for bird-watching. Other projects where water recycling produces indirect benefits on the aquatic ecosystems are those in Tossa de Mar, affecting the “temporary” Tossa Creek (a watercourse which flows on temporary basis according to rainfall patterns), and in the Aro Valley, affecting the also “temporary”, but slightly bigger, Ridaura River. This document summarizes these projects and proposes practical recommendations for the use of treated effluents in the recreation and restoration of aquatic ecosystems.

scholarly journals Technologies for Water Reuse: Current Status and Future Challenges

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 832
Author(s):  
Mauro Capocelli ◽  
Vincenzo Piemonte
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Food Production ◽  
Current Status ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Future Challenges

Water is fundamental for the quality of both ecosystems and society, and plays a key role for energy and food production, a prerequisite for the sustainable development [...]

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document