Towards sustainability in water recycling

2004 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Sala ◽  
M. Serra
Keyword(s):  
Water Reuse ◽  
Water Resource Management ◽  
Water Cycle ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Water Recycling ◽  
Wastewater Reclamation ◽  
Water Demands ◽  
Wastewater Reclamation And Reuse ◽  
The Impact

Those like us who believe in and spread the gospel of planned wastewater reclamation and reuse usually emphasize that this is a step towards sustainability in water resource management, but this is something that is very seldom analyzed. This paper discusses, from a critical point of view, issues such as goals in water reuse and influence on water demands, ecological analysis of the cycle of the main pollutants, health aspects and treatment requirements, energy consumption and measurable environmental benefits, in order to provide a set of criteria to assess sustainability in water recycling projects and to decrease the impact of the cultural water cycle on the environment.

scholarly journals Life Cycle Assessment and Environmental Valuation of Biochar Production: Two Case Studies in Belgium

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 2166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Rajabi Hamedani ◽  
Tom Kuppens ◽  
Robert Malina ◽  
Enrico Bocci ◽  
Andrea Colantoni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle Assessment ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Environmental Impacts ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Pig Manure ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Life Cycle Perspective ◽  
The Impact

It is unclear whether the production of biochar is economically feasible. As a consequence, firms do not often invest in biochar production plants. However, biochar production and application might be desirable from a societal perspective as it might entail net environmental benefits. Hence, the aim of this work has been to assess and monetize the environmental impacts of biochar production systems so that the environmental aspects can be integrated with the economic and social ones later on to quantify the total return for society. Therefore, a life cycle analysis (LCA) has been performed for two potential biochar production systems in Belgium based on two different feedstocks: (i) willow and (ii) pig manure. First, the environmental impacts of the two biochar production systems are assessed from a life cycle perspective, assuming one ton of biochar as the functional unit. Therefore, LCA using SimaPro software has been performed both on the midpoint and endpoint level. Biochar production from willow achieves better results compared to biochar from pig manure for all environmental impact categories considered. In a second step, monetary valuation has been applied to the LCA results in order to weigh environmental benefits against environmental costs using the Ecotax, Ecovalue, and Stepwise approach. Consequently, sensitivity analysis investigates the impact of variation in NPK savings and byproducts of the biochar production process on monetized life cycle assessment results. As a result, it is suggested that biochar production from willow is preferred to biochar production from pig manure from an environmental point of view. In future research, those monetized environmental impacts will be integrated within existing techno-economic models that calculate the financial viability from an investor’s point of view, so that the total return for society can be quantified and the preferred biochar production system from a societal point of view can be identified.

Water Recycling Systems

1982 ◽  
Vol 14 (9-11) ◽  
pp. 1393-1429 ◽  
Author(s):  
R D Heaton
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Water Recycling ◽  
Wastewater Reclamation ◽  
Unit Process ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Recycling Systems ◽  
Water District

Water recycling systems implies the initial treatment requirements for various water reuse schemes including unit process descriptions, performance and cost data. Several volumes of text are required for adequate coverage of the above subject and this paper will only attempt to highlight important areas, provide guidelines and give needed direction. Cost functions of one important U.S. Research/ Demonstration Facility (Water Factory 21) are given in more detail. Much of the data has been summarized from four important publications shown below and the reader seeking additional information is encouraged to examine these in detail.1.Water Reuse and Recycling - Volume 2 - Evaluation of Treactment Technology, 1979, U.S. Office of Water Research & Technology (OWRT). Report by Culp/Wesner/Culp Engineers, NTIS #PB 80-131469.2.Guidelines for Water Reuse, August 1980, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Report by Camp Dresser & McKee Engineers, NTIS #PB 81-105017.3.Evaluation of, Membrane. Processes and Their Role in Wastewater Reclamation, 1981. OWRT sponsored report by Orange County Water District, Fountain Valley, California, USA.4.Municipal Wastewater Reuse News. OWRT sponsored monthly newsletter by AWWA Research Foundation, Denver, Colorado, USA.

Water reuse in Japan

2001 ◽  
Vol 43 (10) ◽  
pp. 17-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Ogoshi ◽  
Y. Suzuki ◽  
T. Asano
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Environmental Water ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Mean Annual Precipitation ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Wastewater Reclamation ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Water Demands ◽  
Rapid Economic Growth

Even though Japan has mean annual precipitation of 1,714 mm and hundreds of dams and reservoirs constructed, frequent and severe droughts have occurred in wide regions of the country. Because of rapid economic growth and concentrations of population in urban areas, water demands in large cities have stressed reliability of water supply systems and necessitated the development of new water resources with considerable economic and environmental costs. To alleviate these situations, wastewater reclamation and reuse have been implemented widely in major cities. This paper summarizes the current status of water reuse in Japan and discusses dominant uses of reclaimed water, emphasizing non-potable urban applications such as toilet flushing, industrial reuse, and environmental water.

Cybersecurity Attacks in Vehicle-to-Infrastructure Applications and Their Prevention

2018 ◽  
Vol 2672 (19) ◽  
pp. 66-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mhafuzul Islam ◽  
Mashrur Chowdhury ◽  
Hongda Li ◽  
Hongxin Hu
Keyword(s):  
Denial Of Service ◽  
Data Communication ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Connected Vehicle ◽  
Ddos Attack ◽  
Stop Sign ◽  
Vehicle To Infrastructure ◽  
The Impact

A connected vehicle (CV) environment is comprised of diverse computing infrastructure, data communication and dissemination, and data collection systems that are vulnerable to the same cyberattacks as all traditional computing environments. Cyberattacks can jeopardize the expected safety, mobility, energy, and environmental benefits from CV applications. As cyberattacks can lead to severe consequences such as traffic incidents, it has become one of the primary concerns in CV applications. In this paper, we evaluate the impact of cyberattacks on the vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) network from a V2I application point of view. Then, we develop a novel V2I cybersecurity architecture, named CVGuard, which can detect and prevent cyberattacks on the V2I applications. In designing CVGuard, key challenges, such as scalability, resiliency and future usability were considered. A case study using a distributed denial of service (DDoS) attack on a V2I application, “Stop Sign Gap Assist (SSGA)” application, shows that CVGuard was effective in mitigating the adverse safety effects created by a DDoS attack. In our case study, because of the DDoS attack, conflicts between the minor and major road vehicles occurred at an unsignalized intersection, which could have caused crashes. A reduction of conflicts between vehicles occurred because CVGuard was in operation. The reduction of conflicts was compared based on the number of conflicts before and after the implementation and operation of the CVGuard security platform. Analysis revealed that the strategies adopted by CVGuard were successful in reducing the conflicts by 60% where a DDoS attack compromised the SSGA application at an unsignalized intersection.

scholarly journals Integrated Electrocoagulation and Tigh Ultrafiltration Membrane for Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse

REAKTOR ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (04) ◽  
pp. 209
Author(s):  
F.A. Nugroho ◽  
Putu Teta Prihartini Aryanti ◽  
B. Irawan ◽  
M.F. Kurnia ◽  
T. Prasetyo
Keyword(s):  
Palm Oil ◽  
Production Cost ◽  
Waste Treatment ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Water Production ◽  
Wastewater Reclamation ◽  
Textile Waste ◽  
Wastewater Reclamation And Reuse ◽  
The Impact

Wastewater reclamation and reuse have become an alternative to saving operational costs while reducing the impact of waste pollution. In this paper, integration of electrocoagulation (EC) and polysulfone-based ultrafiltration (UF-PSf) membranes were used for the mentioned purpose. The EC unit equipped with 7 (seven) pieces of E-shaped of Al electrodes, which operated at a current of 3 (three) Amperes and a residence time of 2 (two) hours. The waste samples obtained from textile and oil palm industries. The experimental results were compared based on product quality and economic feasibility. When used for textile waste treatment, the integrated EC-UF units reduced TDS, TSS, BOD, and COD by 77%, 95%, 70 -80%, and 60-70%, respectively. While in palm oil waste treatment, the TDS and TSS reduced by 92% and 98%. The electrode loss rate in palm oil waste treatment was 2 (two) times greater than textile waste. By assuming that the waste production capacity of both industries was 400 m3/day, the water production cost in textile waste treatment was Rp. 4,000/m3. While in the palm oil waste treatment, the water production cost was Rp. 6,000/m3. These results showed that the EC-UF unit could be used as an economical and environmentally friendly alternative process for reclamation of industrial wastewater that meets the clean water quality standards.

Reclaimed water reuse in the Mediterranean region: some considerations on water resources, standards and bacterial re-growth phenomena

2003 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 317-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Nurizzo
Keyword(s):  
Water Reuse ◽  
Mediterranean Region ◽  
Reclaimed Water ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Indicator Bacteria ◽  
Wastewater Reclamation ◽  
Wastewater Reclamation And Reuse ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Reuse Options ◽  
Economical Feasibility

Problems related to wastewater reclamation and reuse in the countries of the Mediterranean region are discussed with reference to growing conflicts among agriculture, tourism, cities and industries. All reuse options are strongly influenced by requested water quality, especially the microbiological one, and for this reason standards for reclaimed water have to be fixed having in mind both the safety of reuse and its practical and economical feasibility. The paper will discuss, as an example of a type of approach, also the regulations' evolution with reference to the Italian situation. Some considerations on the feasibility of current indicator bacteria will be done, making reference also to the bacterial re-growth potential associated with various disinfection agents and to the applicability of advanced methods capable to individuate partially damaged cells and therefore useful to a better evaluation of the possible re-growth phenomena.

Performance improvement of hybrid membrane bioreactor with PAC addition for water reuse

2005 ◽  
Vol 52 (10-11) ◽  
pp. 383-391 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Liu ◽  
L. Wang ◽  
B. Wang ◽  
H. Cui ◽  
J. Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Water Temperature ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Membrane Bioreactor ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Membrane Surface ◽  
Wastewater Reclamation ◽  
Oil Exploitation ◽  
Wastewater Reclamation And Reuse ◽  
Pollutants Removal ◽  
Coat Layer

A study was carried out on a hybrid (AS-SBF) membrane bioreactor (HMBR) for the municipal wastewater reclamation and reuse at Chengfengzhuang WWTP in Daqing City, Heilongjiang Province. It was found that the effects of DO and water temperature on performance of the HMBR was significant. Under the conditions of water temperature in range of 10–14°C, pH of 6.6–7.0, DO of 4–6mg/l and HRT of 7h, the HMBR exhibited removal efficiencies for CODcr, BOD5, NH3-N and TN of 96.7%, 98.9%, 93.7% and 60.5% respectively. The turbidity of effluent from HMBR was below 1NTU. The effluent of HMBR meets the standard of wastewater reclamation for oil exploitation. PAC was added into the bioreactor at the second operating stage, in order to further research parameters variation. The flux was improved by 53.2%, compared to the membrane without PAC-addition, due to formation of a PAC pre-coat layer on the membrane surface, with lots of advantages such as larger granules, higher porosity, non-compressibility, higher filterability and easy removal, compared with pure biomass layer. In addition, the performance of HMBR was further improved, due to adsorption and degradation of SMPs, the average removal of CODcr and TN was further improved by 5.1% and 13.5% respectively. Biomass in the HMBR was quantitatively measured, of which the biofilm played a major role in pollutants removal.

scholarly journals Aspectos socioeconômicos e ambientais do reuso de águas residuárias em uma comunidade rural localizada no município de Apodi-RN

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 142
Author(s):  
Maria Alcilene Morais ◽  
Gleydson de Freitas Silva ◽  
Francisco Aires Sizenando Filho ◽  
Anderson Alves Santos ◽  
Luara Lourenço Ismael
Keyword(s):  
Rural Community ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Consensual Union ◽  
Head Of Household ◽  
Analysis Methodology ◽  
Level Of Satisfaction ◽  
Socioeconomic Profile ◽  
Semi Arid Region

<p class="HOLOS-ResumoeAbstract">A utilização da água residuária na produção agrícola é uma alternativa sustentável do ponto de vista ambiental e, sobretudo econômica para a realidade da região Semiárida do Brasil. Este trabalho teve por objetivo caracterizar o perfil socioeconômico analisando o nível de satisfação de uma comunidade rural em relação ao reuso e seus benefícios sociais e ambientais. A pesquisa foi realizada no Projeto de Assentamento Milagre, localizado no município de Apodi no Estado do Rio Grande do Norte. A metodologia de análise foi por meio de aplicação de questionários com as famílias que correspondem um total de 26 casas. O período de aplicação dos questionários se deu no mês de junho de 2013. Constatou-se quanto aos aspectos socioeconômicos que as crianças de 0-3 anos de idade não dispõem de nenhum acompanhamento escolar. O estado civil dos chefes da família correspondia a 12% casados, 10% assumem uma união consensual e 1% dos assentados são viúvos. A maioria das famílias entrevistadas residem no próprio assentamento e 95% dos moradores trabalham na própria agricultura. Em relação à percepção dos moradores quanto ao reuso de água, foi possível observar que dentre os entrevistados a maioria responderam que com a ausência de esgoto a céu aberto ocorreu uma redução da proliferação de insetos e vetores, resultando em uma visão mais agradável da comunidade.  </p><p align="center"><strong><em>Aspects socioeconomic and environmental of the reuse of wastewater in a rural community in the municipality of Apodi-RN</em></strong></p><p class="HOLOS-ResumoeAbstract"><strong>Abstract</strong><strong>:</strong> The use of wastewater in agriculture is a sustainable alternative from an environmental point of view and especially economic for the reality of the semi-arid region of Brazil. This study aimed to characterize the socioeconomic profile and analyze the level of satisfaction of a rural community in relation to reuse and its social and environmental benefits. The survey was conducted in the settlement Miracle Project, located in the municipality of Apodi / RN. The analysis methodology was through questionnaires with families matching a total of 26 homes. The questionnaires application period took place in June 2013. It was found as the socioeconomic aspects that children 0-3 years old lacked any school support. The marital status of head of household accounted for 12% married, 10% are of consensual union and 1% of the settlers are widowers. Most families interviewed live on the settlements and 95% of residents work in agriculture itself. Regarding the perception of residents regarding water reuse was observed that among the respondents most responded that with the absence of open sewage there was a reduction of proliferation of insects and vectors, resulting in a more pleasant view of community.</p><p> </p>

Environmental Input and Output Analysis on the Solar PV Industry Chain of China

2011 ◽  
Vol 474-476 ◽  
pp. 381-385
Author(s):  
Jian Na Zhao ◽  
Xiang Nan Li
Keyword(s):  
Solar Energy ◽  
Environmental Effect ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Solar Pv ◽  
Output Analysis ◽  
Environmental Input ◽  
Industry Chain ◽  
Input And Output ◽  
The Impact

Current research on this chain doesn't focus not only on the overall environmental benefits of the chain by monetized quantitative analysis, but also on the environmental impact of the process. Research on the environmental effect of solar energy is just based on a single enterprise individual, rather than the whole industry chain. Paper describes and quantifies the impact of chain's operation on environment, does descriptive study on the developing trend of domestic solar energy and the environmental problems of it's chain, and analyses the environmental effect on the point of view of the environmental input and output of the China's solar PV industry chain.

Sizing Solar Energy Components for Level-Crossing Facilities

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan de Dios Sanz Bobi ◽  
Pedro Reyes de la Pen˜a ◽  
Jose Carlos Hidalgo Fiestas ◽  
Alberto Garci´a de los A´ngeles ◽  
Roberto Loiero
Keyword(s):  
Power Supply ◽  
Electrical Power ◽  
Great Difficulty ◽  
Supply System ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Solar Irradiation ◽  
Level Crossing ◽  
Level Crossings ◽  
The Impact

Currently, there are a large number of level crossings on railway lines. These signaling facilities are necessary from the point of view of railway lines and also from the traffic of vehicles and people crossing them. This signaling system is built on a number of elements such as acoustic and lighting signals—barriers that prevent cars & pedestrians from accessing rail tracks. These level crossing facilities operate autonomously and they are not part of the security facilities (interlockings) when planning or building stages. Therefore, a major constraint for level crossings is the lack of a feasible electric supply primarily because of the high cost of cable running due to the great difficulty of transporting this energy to some areas. This high cost will make installation unprofitable where there is light traffic in trains and/or pedestrians and vehicles. This paper proposes that a solar photovoltaic supply system would make installation cost efficient instead of cable running. The research shows that the sizing method for this power supply and the measuring tool detailed below ease calculations. This proposed system provides both economical and environmental benefits. These benefits positively impact those areas where traditional cable supply is difficult to provide. In order to size the electrical feeding system for these level crossings facilities two calculations are necessary: 1) the calculation of the daily incident solar irradiation into a horizontal surface and, 2) the location where the facility is going to be set. The calculation of the theoretical energy consumption is determined by the integral of the instantaneous electrical power consumption of the system. Thus, the proposed solution in the paper provides a cost reduction to deploy level crossing facilities crossing existing railway lines. It allows the installation of level crossings with increased security features necessary for the correct signaling from the basic level crossing to configurations such as acoustic and light signals, or even protective barriers. These elements provide more information and safety to cars and pedestrians concerning train crossing, decreasing the risk of accidents. Additionally, this power supply system can be deployed easily and can be adapted to any topology minimizing costs. Furthermore these systems are environmentally friendly as they clear away the impact of the electrical consumption of the facility from the network and do not need cable running in order to transport this energy to the level crossing facility.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document