Hydrogen sulphide production tests and the detection of groundwater faecal contamination by septic seepage

2005 ◽  
Vol 51 (10) ◽  
pp. 291-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.J. Roser ◽  
N. Ashbolt ◽  
G. Ho ◽  
K. Mathew ◽  
J. Nair ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Sulphide ◽  
Test Performance ◽  
Septic Tank ◽  
Source Water ◽  
Faecal Contamination ◽  
Quality Testing ◽  
Microbiological Water Quality ◽  
Sulphide Production ◽  
Faecal Bacteria ◽  
False Positives And Negatives

The ‘H2S test’ is being advanced for microbiological water quality testing where conventional coliform based methods are impractical or too expensive. It involves ambient temperature incubation of water samples with nutrient formulated to generate hydrogen sulphide when ‘faecal’ bacteria are present. Recently a WHO review identified several concerns including the limited number of comparative studies, formulation variability, and false positives and negatives. In response we have compared the H2S test's ability to detect and quantify faecal contamination in an aquifer impacted by septic tank leachfields with measurements obtained concurrently using conventional bacterial indicators, coliphages, faecal sterol biomarkers, Cryptosporidium and Giardia. Like these other analytes, H2S testing detected a contamination gradient ranging from high (septic liquid) to moderate (exfiltration zones), to background (e.g. domestic bores), corresponding to indicator removal + dilution by factors >106. Presence/absence tests could not distinguish between heavily and slightly contaminated waters, whereas multi-tube testing (e.g. 10 × 10 mL arrays) did. It was concluded that while the WHO review concerns are justified, the H2S test performance shows promise in sanitary survey work, can be improved by employing an mpn approach and has potential to aid in the protection of source water and identifying contaminated groundwater.

Campylobacter in waterborne epidemics in Finland

2004 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 39-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.-L. Hänninen ◽  
R. Kärenlampi
Keyword(s):  
Campylobacter Jejuni ◽  
Causative Agent ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Risk Level ◽  
Source Water ◽  
Indicator Organisms ◽  
Faecal Contamination ◽  
E Coli ◽  
July August September

The sources for drinking water in Finland are surface water, groundwater or artificially recharged groundwater. There are approximately 1400 groundwater plants in Finland that are microbiologically at a high risk level because in most cases they do not use any disinfection treatment. Campylobacter jejuni has caused waterborne epidemics in several countries. Since the middle of the 1980s, C. jejuni has been identified as the causative agent in several waterborne outbreaks in Finland. Between 1998 and 2001, C. jejuni or C. upsaliensis caused seven reported waterborne epidemics. In these epidemics approximately 4000 people acquired the illness. Most of the outbreaks occurred in July, August , September or October. In four of them source water and net water samples were analysed for total coliforms or fecal coliforms, E. coli and campylobacters. We showed that large volumes of water samples in studies of indicator organisms (up to 5000 ml) and campylobacters (4000–20,000 ml) increased the possibility to identify faecal contamination and to detect the causative agent from suspected sources.

H2S papers as presumptive tests for Salmonella contamination in tropical drinking water

1996 ◽  
Vol 34 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 187-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanya Gawthorne ◽  
Robyn A. Gibbs ◽  
Kuruvilla Mathew ◽  
Goen E. Ho
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Hydrogen Sulphide ◽  
Incubation Temperature ◽  
Indicator Bacteria ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Faecal Contamination ◽  
Tropical Waters ◽  
Remote Areas ◽  
Traditional Indicator

Coliform bacteria may not be adequate as sole indicators of recent faecal contamination in tropical waters. Salmonella spp. in particular have been found in tropical waters in the absence of traditional indicator bacteria. Remote areas without access to a laboratory have no opportunity for salmonellae analysis as portable tests are currently not available. H2S papers indicate the presence of hydrogen sulphide producing bacteria, a characteristic shared by the majority of Salmonella spp.. The potential of H2S papers to act as a presumptive test for salmonellae in the absence of coliform bacteria was assessed. Salmonella spp. grew in the H2S medium, with an optimum incubation temperature of 37°C and a recommended length of incubation for a negative result of 48 hours. The presence of high numbers of the type of noncoliform bacteria commonly found in drinking water did not affect the performance of the H2S strips. H2S papers are recommended for use in conjunction with a coliform test as a presumptive test for the presence of Salmonella spp. in drinking water.

scholarly journals A Simple Off-Grid Incubator for Microbiological Water Quality Analysis

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolina Bernardes ◽  
Ricardo Bernardes ◽  
Camille Zimmer ◽  
Caetano C. Dorea
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Expanded Polystyrene ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Quality Analysis ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Culture Methods ◽  
Conventional Culture ◽  
Quality Testing ◽  
Microbiological Water Quality

There is a need for accessible and low-cost microbiological water quality testing in contexts where diarrheal illness is a major public health concern. In most cases, the quantification of Escherichia coli and other microbial indicators by conventional culture methods requires an incubation step for processed samples at specific temperatures for bacterial growth over a prescribed time. However, incubators can be the most expensive equipment required for such microbial analyses, limiting the number and scope of water quality testing available in low-resource contexts. In this study, a low-cost incubator was developed using a locally available expanded polystyrene (EPS) foam cooler, with two water bottles filled with hot water to heat incubator to a target of 35 °C. The EPS incubator performance was validated by processing 150 water samples in duplicates using the Colilert Quanti-tray/2000 system, incubated in either the EPS incubator or a standard laboratory incubator set at 35 °C. Statistically significant correlations of results indicated that the quantification of E. coli was comparable between both methods. Risk categorizations from standard and EPS incubation results agreed for 141 of 150 (94%) samples, with zero false negatives. In addition to being reasonably mobile the EPS incubator would reduce the cost of such water quality testing, thus potentially increasing the scope of water quality testing coverage.

scholarly journals Impact of Pharmacological Inhibition of Hydrogen Sulphide Production in the SOD1G93A-ALS Mouse Model

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (10) ◽  
pp. 2550 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alida Spalloni ◽  
Viviana Greco ◽  
Giulia Ciriminna ◽  
Victor Corasolla Carregari ◽  
Federica Marini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Sulphide ◽  
Histological Evaluation ◽  
Dual Inhibitor ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Sporadic Als ◽  
Sulphide Production ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Als Patients ◽  
H2s Production ◽  
Lateral Sclerosis

A number of factors can trigger amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), although its precise pathogenesis is still uncertain. In a previous study done by us, poisonous liquoral levels of hydrogen sulphide (H2S) in sporadic ALS patients were reported. In the same study very high concentrations of H2S in the cerebral tissues of the familial ALS (fALS) model of the SOD1G93A mouse, were measured. The objective of this study was to test whether decreasing the levels of H2S in the fALS mouse could be beneficial. Amino-oxyacetic acid (AOA)—a systemic dual inhibitor of cystathionine-β-synthase and cystathionine-γ lyase (two key enzymes in the production of H2S)—was administered to fALS mice. AOA treatment decreased the content of H2S in the cerebral tissues, and the lifespan of female mice increased by approximately ten days, while disease progression in male mice was not affected. The histological evaluation of the spinal cord of the females revealed a significant increase in GFAP positivity and a significant decrease in IBA1 positivity. In conclusion, the results of the study indicate that, in the animal model, the inhibition of H2S production is more effective in females. The findings reinforce the need to adequately consider sex as a relevant factor in ALS.

Sources of Pollution of the Estuary of the River Nervion, Spain – A Case Study

1984 ◽  
Vol 16 (5-7) ◽  
pp. 95-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Azkona ◽  
S H Jenkins ◽  
H M G Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Hydrogen Sulphide ◽  
Industrial Wastewater ◽  
Industrial Effluent ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Industrial Effluents ◽  
Domestic Sewage ◽  
Septic Tank ◽  
Safety Level ◽  
Sulphide Concentration

This paper describes part of a comprehensive multidisciplinary study of the pollution of the estuary of the River Nervion, Bilbao, Spain. The objectives of the study were to determine the sources and loads of pollution from domestic sewage and industrial wastewater; provide information on the extent of pollution; formulate hydrodynamic and predictive models capable of forecasting the effects on the estuary of the anticipated growth of population and industry; determine the amount of polluting matter that would have to be removed in order to reach defined estuary water quality standards; arrive at suitable technical methods able to attain these standards at minimum cost; determine the treatability of wastewater discharges and recommend methods for controlling industrial wastewater. These objectives necessitated a survey of the pollution loads from domestic sources and industry which were discharged to the fresh water and tidal reaches of four major tributaries in addition to the main river Nervion; the results of this part of the survey are described in this paper. The presence of iron in discharges from iron ore mining and metal processing was found to aid flocculation of organic matter and the consequent deposition of sludge in the estuary. This action and the rate of oxygen uptake during the decomposition of such deposits are also described. The domestic sewage of the study area receives treatment in septic tanks before discharging to rivers or the estuary. In spite of free hydrogen sulphide and high concentrations being present in the septic tank effluents, odour nuisance does not occur, because, as is shown in the paper, of the formation of ferrous sulphide. The hydrogen sulphide concentration in the atmosphere at a pumping station was found to be above the safety level. The industrial load of impurity was estimated to be approximately 15% higher than the domestic load, but it is extremly difficult to find a rational basis on which comparisons may be made between domestic sewage and a mixture of industrial effluents containing substances inimical to biological activity. The industrial effluent was contained in a very large volume of water, much of it taken from the estuary for cooling or process water. It is calculated that if the industrial pollutants had been contained only in the fresh water used by industry the COD of the mixture would have been 1317 mg/l; the suspended solids 2143 mg/l; the ammonia nitrogen 191 mg/l; iron 1037 mg/l; other heavy metals 118 mg/l; fluoride as F 14.5 mg/l; cyanide as CN 8.1 mg/l; oil 196 mg/l; phenols 8.1 mg/l; mercury 0.13 mg/l; and the mixture would have had an excess of acidity of 5188 mg/l. An estimate of the load of substances having an oxygen demand indicated that of the total oxygen demand discharged to the system of rivers and estuary approximately 50% entered the estuary from the main tributaries, the remainder being discharged directly to the estuary. An outline is given of the methods that would be used to determine the treatability of industrial effluents which were rendered acceptable for discharge into public sewers.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Aerasi Dalam Constructed Wetland Pada Pengolahan Air Limbah Domestik

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 155
Author(s):  
Euis Nurul Hidayah ◽  
Andrysah Djalalembah ◽  
Gina Aprilliana Asmar ◽  
Okik Hendriyanto Cahyonugroho
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Constructed Wetland ◽  
Drainage System ◽  
Domestic Wastewater ◽  
Septic Tank ◽  
Source Water ◽  
Treatment Technology ◽  
Detention Time ◽  
Domestic Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Natural Treatment

ABSTRAKPenanganan air limbah domestik Kota Surabaya selama ini dilakukan dengan 2 cara, yakni untuk blackwater dialirkan ke tangki septik dan greywater dialirkan ke drainase tanpa pengolahan. Hal ini menyebabkan peningkatan pencemar pada sungai sebagai air baku. Salah satu teknologi alternatif yang dapat diaplikasikan dengan mudah dan rendah biaya operasional dibanding pengolahan air limbah lainnya adalah constructed wetland dengan menggunakan tanaman Iris pseudoacorus sebagai kombinasi pengolahan biofilter dan proses fitoteknologi. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui efisiensi dari constructed wetland dengan tanaman Iris pseudoacorus untuk mengolah limbah domestik, serta menentukan bagaimana pengaruh dari adanya aerasi dan pengaruh waktu tinggal pada sistem constructed wetland dalam menurunkan bahan organik dan nitrogen pada air limbah. Penelitian ini dilakukan dalam skala uji laboratorium menggunakan reaktor berkapasitas 30 liter. Air limbah dialirkan pada reaktor dengan waktu tinggal 2 hari dan 3 hari, dengan variasi aerasi dan efisiensi pencemar diukur dengan parameter BOD, dan ammonia. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa kemampuan penyisihan BOD, dan ammonia dari limbah air domestik oleh reaktor constructed wetland dengan tambahan aerasi dan waktu tinggal selama 4 hari sangat efektif. Reaktor ini mampu menurunkan nilai BOD hingga 96% dan nilai ammonia sebesar 97%.ABSTRACTWastewater domestic in Surabaya City has been treated in two methods, including septic tank for blackwater and directly discharged into drainage system for greywater. This caused an increasing pollutant loading in source water. Constructed wetland with Iris pseudoacorus, one of the alternative natural treatment technology through biofilter and phytotechnology process, could be applied easily and less costly to other treatment. This research was conducted to know the efficiency of constructed wetland with Iris pseudoacorus in domestic wastewater treatment, and to reveal the effect of aeration and detention time in reducing organic and nitrogen content in domestic wastewater. Experiment has been conducted on a laboratory scale of continue aerated reactor and without aeration as control reactor. Detention time (days) 2 and 3 was setup, then sample was taken for BOD and ammonia measurement. The results indicated that constructed wetland with aeration and detention time 4 days had a higher performance to remove BOD up to 96% and ammonia up to 97% than without aeration and less than 4 days process.Keywords: Domestic Wastewater, Constructed Wetland, Phytotechnology, Iris pseudoacorus, Aeration.Sitasi: Hidayah, E. N., Djalalembah, A., Asmar, G.A. dan Cahyonugroho, G.A. (2018). Pengaruh aerasi dalam constructed wetland pada pengolahan air limbah domestik. Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan, 16(2),155-161, doi:10.14710/jil.16.2.155-161

Prediction of hydrogen sulphide production during anaerobic digestion of organic substrates

2012 ◽  
Vol 121 ◽  
pp. 419-424 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pascal Peu ◽  
Sylvie Picard ◽  
Arnaud Diara ◽  
Romain Girault ◽  
Fabrice Béline ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anaerobic Digestion ◽  
Hydrogen Sulphide ◽  
Organic Substrates ◽  
Sulphide Production
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