Study on purification mechanism in soil penetration facility for effluents from urban area and control strategies

2006 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Yamada ◽  
D. Ujiie ◽  
K. Nishikawa
Keyword(s):  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Storm Water ◽  
Storm Events ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Dissolved Matter ◽  
And Control

In this study, demonstration experiments for removal of pollutants from road surface runoff during storm events were carried out under natural conditions in an outdoor pilot-scale soil penetration facility. In general, soil retains suspended matter and removes dissolved matter by adsorption. However, issues such as reduced purification capacity resulting from clogging and recovery of purification capacity during periods of intermittent supply of the storm water affect the removal efficiency of pollutants. Therefore, this study aimed at clarifying purification mechanisms during storm events and understanding how the structural characteristics of the soil penetration facility affect purification capacity based on long-term continuous measurements. In addition, modeling the purification mechanism under changing characteristics of rainfall in the long-term was undertaken.

scholarly journals Aeration control – a review

2013 ◽  
Vol 67 (11) ◽  
pp. 2374-2398 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Åmand ◽  
G. Olsson ◽  
B. Carlsson
Keyword(s):  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Municipal Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Optimal Controllers ◽  
Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
And Control ◽  
Published Research

This review covers automatic control of continuous aeration systems in municipal wastewater treatment plants. The review focuses on published research in the 21st century and describes research into various methods to decide and control the dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration and to control the aerobic volume with special focus on plants with nitrogen removal. Important aspects of control system implementation and success are discussed, together with a critical review of published research on the topic. With respect to DO control and determination, the strategies used for control span from modifications and developments of conventional control methods which have been explored since the 1970s, to advanced control such as model-based predictive and optimal controllers. The review is supplemented with a summary of comparisons between control strategies evaluated in full-scale, pilot-scale and in simulations.

A Comprehensive Survey on Microgrippers Design: Operational Strategy

2017 ◽  
Vol 139 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alden Dochshanov ◽  
Matteo Verotti ◽  
Nicola P. Belfiore
Keyword(s):  
Control Strategies ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Actuation Voltage ◽  
Companion Paper ◽  
Present Contribution ◽  
Operational Strategies ◽  
Comprehensive Survey ◽  
Reference Parameters ◽  
And Control ◽  
Operational Aspects

This article provides an overview of the operational strategies adopted in microgrippers design. The review covers microgrippers recently proposed in Literature, some of which have been systematically presented in a companion paper, where their topological, kinematic, and structural characteristics are discussed. In the present contribution, the prevalent actuation methods and the operational aspects are discussed: the tip displacement, the tip force, the actuation voltage, and the amplification factor are the reference parameters that are adopted to compare the different types of actuation and operational strategies. In addition, the control strategies and control algorithms currently adopted are reviewed.

scholarly journals Temporal variations in COVID-19: an epidemiological discussion with a practical application

2021 ◽  
Vol 49 (8) ◽  
pp. 030006052110332
Author(s):  
Mahnaz Derakhshan ◽  
Hamid Reza Ansarian ◽  
Mory Ghomshei
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Community Dynamics ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Temporal Variations ◽  
Host Community ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Weekly Cycles ◽  
And Control

Objective We aimed to characterize the temporal variation in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection and mortality as a possible tool to monitor and control the spread of this disease. Methods We analyzed cyclicity and synchronicity in cases of COVID-19 infection and time series of deaths using Fourier transform, its inverse method, and statistical treatments. Epidemiological indices (e.g., case fatality rate) were used to quantify the observations in the time series. The possible causes of short-term variations are reviewed. Results We observed that were both short-term and long-term variations in the COVID-19 time series. The short cycles were 7 days and synchronized among all countries. This periodicity is believed to be caused by weekly cycles in community social factors, combined with diagnostic and reporting cycles. This could also be related to virus–host–community dynamics. Conclusion The observed synchronized weekly cycles could serve as herd defense by providing a form of social distancing in time. The effect of such temporal distancing could be enhanced if combined with spatial distancing. Integrated spatiotemporal distancing is therefore recommended to optimize infection control strategies, taking into account the quiescent and active intervals of COVID-19.

scholarly journals Forecasting the long-term trend of COVID-19 epidemic using a dynamic model

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jichao Sun ◽  
Xi Chen ◽  
Ziheng Zhang ◽  
Shengzhang Lai ◽  
Bo Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Intervention Strategies ◽  
Transmission Characteristics ◽  
Term Trend ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
Current Outbreak ◽  
And Control ◽  
Long Term Trend

Abstract The current outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has recently been declared as a pandemic and spread over 200 countries and territories. Forecasting the long-term trend of the COVID-19 epidemic can help health authorities determine the transmission characteristics of the virus and take appropriate prevention and control strategies beforehand. This protocol introduced a new model named Dynamic-Susceptible-Exposed-Infective-Quarantined (D-SEIQ), by making appropriate modifications of the Susceptible-Exposed-Infective-Recovered (SEIR) model and integrating machine learning based parameter optimization under epidemiological rational constraints. The model could be applied to forecast the long-term trend of the current COVID-19 epidemic. The parameters obtained by the model could help assess the effectiveness of prevention and intervention strategies on epidemic control in different countries.

Biology, Ecology and Control of Soldier Flies Inopus Spp (Diptera, Stratiomyidae) - a Review

1988 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 627 ◽  
Author(s):  
PG Allsopp ◽  
LN Robertson
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Cane ◽  
Population Biology ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Cultural Control ◽  
Important Species ◽  
Sampling Plans ◽  
Development Processes ◽  
And Control

The taxonomy and identification of the soldier flies, Inopus spp., their distribution, host plants, population biology and dynamics, and their chemical and cultural control are reviewed. Previous work has concentrated on I. rubriceps (Macquart), the most economically important species and a pest of sugar cane in Australia and pastures in New Zealand. Areas where further study is desirable include: the taxonomy and distribution of the genus; effects of host plants on development; processes involved in the inhibition of ratooning of sugar cane; detailed life-table studies on different host plants and different cultivars of sugar cane; damage and intervention thresholds and statistically based sampling plans for sugar cane; factors influencing pupation; the contribution of predation, parasitism and disease to mortality; control with insecticides other than organochlorines; the long-term need for insecticides; and control strategies other than insecticide treatments.

Long-term care Legionella prevention and control strategies: Experiences of nursing homes in Florida and Georgia

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 246-249
Author(s):  
Sarah C Blake ◽  
Jonathan N Hawley
Keyword(s):  
Nursing Homes ◽  
Long Term Care ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Water Systems ◽  
Term Care ◽  
Healthcare Facilities ◽  
Legionnaires Disease ◽  
Legionella Prevention ◽  
And Control

Background: Over the past several years, there have been more than 100 confirmed cases in US healthcare facilities of Legionnaires’ disease, a severe and potentially fatal pneumonia caused by the Legionella bacterium found in contaminated water systems. Older people and those with weakened immune systems are particularly vulnerable to Legionella, putting long-term care patients at greater risk of infection. Past efforts to address this growing environmental health crisis have been limited to local surveillance programs for testing water systems in multi-family housing units. In June 2017, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) required Medicare-certified healthcare facilities to establish water management programs to reduce the risk of Legionella. Methods: We conducted a mixed methods study (surveys, interviews) to examine the adoption and implementation of these guidelines as well as existing Legionella prevention and control strategies in nursing homes in Florida and Georgia. Results: Findings reveal that most nursing homes in these states do not test their water systems for Legionella because either they have never experienced an outbreak of Legionnaires’ disease or do not have a large water system for testing. Conclusion: Nursing home administrators know of the new CMS Legionella testing requirements and are currently developing water management plans.

scholarly journals A Mathematical Model of Treatment and Vaccination Interventions of Pneumococcal Pneumonia Infection Dynamics

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammed Kizito ◽  
Julius Tumwiine
Keyword(s):  
Reproduction Number ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Infection Dynamics ◽  
And Control ◽  
Long Term Behavior ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Globally Stable ◽  
Disease Free

Streptococcus pneumoniae is one of the leading causes of serious morbidity and mortality worldwide, especially in young children and the elderly. In this study, a model of the spread and control of bacterial pneumonia under public health interventions that involve treatment and vaccination is formulated. It is found out that the model exhibits the disease-free and endemic equilibria. The disease-free equilibrium is stable if and only if the basic reproduction number R0<1 and the disease will be wiped out of the population. For R0≥1, the endemic equilibrium is globally stable and the disease persists. We infer the effect of these interventions on the dynamics of the pneumonia through sensitivity analysis on the effective reproduction number Re, from which it is revealed that treatment and vaccination interventions combined can eradicate pneumonia infection. Numerical simulation to illustrate the analytical results and establish the long term behavior of the disease is done. The impact of pneumonia infection control strategies is investigated. It is revealed that, with treatment and vaccination interventions combined, pneumonia can be wiped out. However, with treatment intervention alone, pneumonia persists in the population.

scholarly journals COVID-19: Look to the Future, Learn from the Past

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhangkai J. Cheng ◽  
Zhigang Liu ◽  
Ruixi Zeng ◽  
Lifeng Tian ◽  
Zhifeng Duan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
The Future ◽  
New Type ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
And Control ◽  
A Current ◽  
Control Management

Background: There is a current worldwide outbreak of a new type of coronavirus COVID-19. The number of confirmed infected cases is rapidly increasing. Method: This paper analyzes the characteristics of COVID-19 in comparison with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and influenza. Diagnostic data for foreign citizens evacuated from Wuhan were collected and compiled. Current prevention and control strategies have been analyzed. Results: COVID-19 is similar to SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV virologically and etiologically, but similar to influenza in epidemiology and virulence. The prevalence rate in Wuhan was inferred to be close to 1%. The comparison provides a new perspective for the future of the disease, and offers some advice in the prevention and control management strategy. Conclusion: The large number of patients and the strong occult nature are two big problems, making the virus difficult to eradicate. We need to contemplate the possibility of long-term co-existence with COVID-19.

scholarly journals Novel Corona Virus and Veterinary Perspective: A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 65-71
Keyword(s):  
Control Strategies ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Genomic Features ◽  
The Past ◽  
Corona Virus ◽  
The Family ◽  
Antiviral Medications ◽  
And Control ◽  
Long Term Experience

The family of RNA viruses, Coronaviridae has been responsible for the past two epidemics of many viral related diseases and viral pneumonia. Currently, the covid-19 pandemic is brought about by another member from the Coronaviridae family named SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome-corona virus), which arose from China in December 2019. Coronavirus was not considered primarily a pathogen in the human population until the outbreak of SARS-CoV-19. Coronavirus causes a variety of infectious diseases in many livestock, poultry, and pet animals resulting in great economic losses. Because of the long-term experience attained with animal CoV, veterinary medication could assist with producing a superior comprehension of the cause and spread of SARS-CoV-2 and could drive future exploration in human medication towards the improvement of safe immunization and successful immunogenic and antiviral medications. This review focuses on general morphological and genomic features, origin of coronaviruses, its specific impacts on animals in relation to zoonotic potential and food chain wrongdoings. In addition, we propose some recommendations and control strategies that could be applied in combating the threats imposed by the covid-19 pandemic.

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