Correlation analysis among highway stormwater pollutants and characteristics

2006 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 235-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y.H. Han ◽  
S.L. Lau ◽  
M. Kayhanian ◽  
M.K. Stenstrom
Keyword(s):  
Los Angeles ◽  
Correlation Analysis ◽  
Stormwater Runoff ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
First Flush ◽  
Storm Events ◽  
Oil And Grease ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Storm Characteristics

Stormwater runoff from highway land use is a common non-point source of pollutants. A large quantity of highway stormwater runoff characteristics were collected in California during the past three years. Correlations among various water quality parameters and constituents were performed using data sets collected over the 2000–2001, 2001–2002, and 2002–2003 wet seasons for 18, 21 and 23 storm events at three highway sites in west Los Angeles, California. In addition, statistical and graphical correlation analysis of the mass first flush ratio (MFF) with storm characteristics was made to determine if the first flush is related to site or storm characteristics. The results and analyses performed indicate that (1) TSS correlates well with most particulate-bound metals. However, TSS was poorly correlated with most other pollutants. (2) Strong correlations were also observed among dissolved and total metals; DOC, COD, TKN and oil and grease; conductivity and Cl. (3) Total metals, COD and DOC were generally well correlated with mass first flush, suggesting that BMPs that treat the early portion of runoff have an opportunity to remove high concentrations of these pollutants. Keywords Correlation analysis; highway stormwater runoff; mass first flush; storm characteristics

Mass Loading of First Flush Pollutants with Treatment Strategy Simulations

2005 ◽  
Vol 1904 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masoud Kayhanian ◽  
Michael K. Stenstrom
Keyword(s):  
Los Angeles ◽  
Best Management Practices ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Initial Period ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Storm Event ◽  
First Flush ◽  
Oil And Grease ◽  
Improved Performance

“First flush” is a term for the initial period of stormwater discharge from a storm event. Conventional thinking is that the first flush exhibits high pollutant concentrations. The existence of a first flush in highway runoff has been documented through a comprehensive 4-year runoff monitoring from three highway sites in Los Angeles, California. As part of this study, a numeric definition of the mass first flush ratio is developed; it characterizes the normalized mass of pollutants in the first portion of the normalized runoff volume. Mass first flush ratios have been developed for more than 30 conventional water quality parameters, heavy metals, nutrients, and organic pollutants. This study explores the improved performance that some best management practices (BMPs) exhibit when they can take advantage of the high concentrations of pollutants at the beginning of a storm event. A range of hypothetical events corresponding to the observed mass first flush ratios were simulated. These simulations demonstrate that improved mass removal rates are possible when BMPs can be managed to treat a greater volume of the early runoff. For example, it was shown that for pollutants such as total suspended solids, chemical oxygen demand, total organic carbon/compounds, and oil and grease, infiltration basins that can capture the first 20% of the storm volume and bypass the remaining volume can be twice as effective as a practice that treats 20% of the storm volume throughout the entire period of runoff. Similarly, when a seasonal first flush exists, treating the first few storms of the season entirely is more effective than treating a constant volume throughout the season.

First flush effects in an urban catchment area in Aalborg

1998 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 251-257 ◽  
Author(s):  
Torben Larsen ◽  
Kirsten Broch ◽  
Margit Riis Andersen
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Catchment Area ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
First Flush ◽  
Storm Events ◽  
Urban Catchment ◽  
Discharge Measurements ◽  
Quality Measurements

The paper describes the results of measurements from a 2 year period on a 95 hectare urban catchment in Aalborg, Denmark. The results of the rain/discharge measurements include 160 storm events corresponding to an accumulated rain depth of totally 753 mm. The water quality measurements include 15 events with time series of concentration of SS, COD, BOD, total nitrogen and total phosphorus. The quality parameters showed significant first flush effects. The paper discusses whether either the event average concentration or the accumulated event mass is the most appropriate way to characterize the quality of the outflow.

scholarly journals Concentrations and Loads of Dissolved and Particulate Organic Carbon in Urban Stormwater Runoff

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 1031 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Kalev ◽  
Gurpal S. Toor
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Stormwater Runoff ◽  
Light Availability ◽  
Rain Gauge ◽  
Urban Landscapes ◽  
Storm Events ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Urban Stormwater Runoff ◽  
High Concentrations

Urban landscapes are significant contributors of organic carbon (OC) in receiving waters, where elevated levels of OC limit the light availability, increase the transport of pollutants, and result in high costs of potable water treatment. Our objective in this study was to investigate the concentrations, fractions (dissolved and particulate), and loads of OC in a residential catchment (3.89 ha drainage area) located in Florida, United States. The outlet of the stormwater pipe draining the residential catchment was instrumented with an automated sampler, a flowmeter, and a rain gauge. The rainfall and runoff samples collected over 25 storm events during the 2016 wet season (June to September) were analyzed for dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and total organic carbon (TOC), with particulate OC (POC) calculated as the difference between TOC and DOC. Mean concentration of DOC was 2.3 ± 1.7 mg L−1 and POC was 0.3 ± 0.3 mg L−1 in the rainfall, whereas DOC was 10.5 ± 6.20 mg L−1 and POC was 2.00 ± 4.05 mg L−1 in the stormwater runoff. Concentrations of DOC were higher during the rising limb of the hydrograph in 15 out of 25 storm events, suggesting flushing of DOC, with an increase in the amount of runoff, from the landscape sources in the residential catchment. The estimated total export of OC during the 2016 wet season was 66.0 kg ha−1, of which DOC was 56.9 kg ha−1 (86.2% of TOC), and POC was 9.1 kg ha−1 (13.8% of TOC). High concentrations and loads of OC, especially DOC, in the stormwater runoff imply that residential catchments in urban watersheds are hot-spots of DOC influx to water bodies. Reducing DOC transport in the urban landscapes is complex and require identifying the origin of DOC and then using site-specific targeted approaches to mitigate DOC loss.

Quality and first flush analysis of stormwater runoff from a tropical commercial catchment

2011 ◽  
Vol 63 (6) ◽  
pp. 1211-1216 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. F. Chow ◽  
Z. Yusop ◽  
M. Mohamed
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Storm Runoff ◽  
First Flush ◽  
Storm Events ◽  
Oil And Grease ◽  
Event Mean Concentration ◽  
Urban Catchments ◽  
Soluble P ◽  
Total P

This paper examines the storm runoff quality from a commercial area in south Johor, Malaysia. Six storm events with a total of 68 storm runoff samples were analyzed. Event Mean Concentration (EMC) for all constituents analysed showed large inter-event variation. Site mean concentrations (SMC) for total suspended solids (TSS), oil and grease (O&G), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N), nitrite-nitrogen (NO2-N), ammonia-nitrogen (NH3-N), total phosphorus (Total P) and Soluble P are 261, 4.31, 74, 192, 1.5, 0.006, 1.9, 1.12 and 0.38 mg/L, respectively. The SMCs at the studied site are higher than those reported in many urban catchments. The mean baseflow concentrations were higher than the EMCs for COD, Soluble P, NH3-N, NO3-N, Total P and NO2-N. However, the reverse was observed for TSS and O&G. All pollutants showed the occurrence of first flush phenomenon with the highest strength was observed for TSS, COD and NH3-N.

First flush and natural aggregation of particles in highway runoff

2006 ◽  
Vol 54 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 21-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Li ◽  
S.-L. Lau ◽  
M. Kayhanian ◽  
M.K. Stenstrom
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Los Angeles ◽  
Particle Concentration ◽  
First Flush ◽  
Storm Events ◽  
Highway Runoff ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
G 38 ◽  
Slow Mixing ◽  
Number Of Particles

Particle Size Distribution (PSD) in highway runoff was monitored in the 2004–2005 rainy season at three highway sites in west Los Angeles, California. PSD was measured for 200 grab samples for 18 storm events. Particles and especially larger particles showed a strong first flush. On average, the initial 20% runoff volume transported approximately 28% total number of particles between 0.5 and 2 μm in diameter, more than 30% of particles between 2 and 30 μm and more than 40% of particles larger than 30 μm. A naturally occurring aggregation was observed with smaller particles and mixing experiments were performed to determine the possible benefits for sedimentation and filtration. Samples composited from grab samples manually collected over the first hour of runoff were gently mixed (G = 38) and small particle concentration decreased by more than 50%. After 24 hours the number of particles with diameter between 0.5 and 7 μm decreased by 51% with gentle mixing and the same size particles decreased by only 14% without mixing. Number of particles with diameter larger than 20 μm increased by 6 and 4.5 times with and without mixing, respectively. Slow mixing can improve sedimentation efficiency by more than 40% for particles less than 20 μm in diameter.

scholarly journals First flush analysis of urban stormwater runoff from an urban catchment in Johor, Malaysia

2018 ◽  
Vol 250 ◽  
pp. 06014
Author(s):  
Noor Atiqah Zuraini ◽  
Noraliani Alias ◽  
Zainab Mohamed Yusof ◽  
Muhammad Nassir Hanapi ◽  
Sobri Harun
Keyword(s):  
Suspended Solids ◽  
Stormwater Runoff ◽  
First Flush ◽  
Storm Events ◽  
Urban Stormwater ◽  
Urban Catchment ◽  
Rainfall Events ◽  
Field Investigations ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
Urban Stormwater Runoff

An increase of pollutants that are present in the initial stage of stormwater runoff hydrograph compared to a later stage of runoff is defined as a first flush phenomenon. This study aims to investigate the occurrence of first flush from samples of urban stormwater runoff obtained from the grounds of a University in Skudai, Johor, Malaysia. In order to achieve the study’s objective; field investigations, manual sampling of urban stormwater runoff, laboratory testing and data analysis were carried out and the evaluation of the first flush phenomenon was calculated using concentration-based first flush (CBFF) and mass-based first flush (MBFF. A total of 90 stormwater samples were collected from six (6) rainfall events and were tested for total suspended solids (TSS). For each rainfall event, the pollutographs and the dimensionless curves of the cumulative pollutant mass versus the cumulative discharged volume were plotted. The first flush coefficient was also determined in order to evaluate the occurrence of first flush. The results indicated that the storm events demonstrated a weak presence of first flush.

scholarly journals Effect of Maritime Traffic on Water Quality Parameters in Santa Marta, Colombia

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 474
Author(s):  
René Rodríguez-Grimón ◽  
Nestor Hernando Campos ◽  
Ítalo Braga Castro
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Petroleum Hydrocarbons ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Water Quality Parameters ◽  
Maritime Traffic ◽  
Natural Park ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Multiple Chemical

Since 2013, there has been an increase (>23%) in naval traffic using maritime routes and ports on the coastal fringe of Santa Marta, Colombia. Of major concern, and described by several studies, is the relationship between maritime traffic and coastal contamination. This study proposed a maritime traffic indicator considering the simultaneous effects of several relevant measurements of water quality parameters to estimate the impact of naval activity. The approach involved developing a model including the number of vessels, hull length, and permanence time in berths. In addition, water quality variables, considering climatic seasons, were used to verify association with maritime traffic and touristic activities. The high concentrations of total coliforms (TC) and dissolved/dispersed petroleum hydrocarbons in chrysene equivalents (DDPH) reported by the International Marina of Santa Marta (SM) were affected by the local anthropic activities, including tourism, naval traffic, and urban wastewater discharges. Moreover, our results suggest the occurrence of multiple chemical impacts within Tayrona National Natural Park (PNNT) affecting conservation goals. The estimation of the maritime traffic indicator proposed in this study may be an easy and more complete tool for future studies evaluating the impact of naval activities on environmental quality.

scholarly journals Storm Energy Flux Characterization along the Mediterranean Coast of Andalusia (Spain)

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 509 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosa Molina ◽  
Giorgio Manno ◽  
Carlo Lo Re ◽  
Giorgio Anfuso ◽  
Giuseppe Ciraolo
Keyword(s):  
Energy Flux ◽  
Wave Climate ◽  
Mediterranean Coast ◽  
Storm Events ◽  
Cumulative Energy ◽  
Weather Forecasts ◽  
Wave Energy Flux ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Storm Characteristics

This paper investigates wave climate and storm characteristics along the Mediterranean coast of Andalusia, for the period 1979–2014, by means of the analysis of wave data on four prediction points obtained from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). Normally, to characterize storms, researchers use the so-called “power index”. In this paper, a different approach was adopted based on the assessment of the wave energy flux of each storm, using a robust definition of sea storm. During the investigated period, a total of 2961 storm events were recorded. They were classified by means of their associated energy flux into five classes, from low- (Class I) to high-energetic (Class V). Each point showed a different behavior in terms of energy, number, and duration of storms. Nine stormy years, i.e., years with a high cumulative energy, were recorded in 1980, 1983, 1990, 1992, 1995, 2001, 2008, 2010, and 2013.

scholarly journals Wave Height Distributions and Rogue Waves in the Eastern Mediterranean

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 660
Author(s):  
Sagi Knobler ◽  
Daniel Bar ◽  
Rotem Cohen ◽  
Dan Liberzon
Keyword(s):  
Wave Height ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Rogue Waves ◽  
Distribution Model ◽  
Storm Events ◽  
Order Model ◽  
Deep Seawater ◽  
Wave Heights ◽  
Storm Characteristics ◽  
Buoy Data

There is a lack of scientific knowledge about the physical sea characteristics of the eastern part of the Mediterranean Sea. The current work offers a comprehensive view of wave fields in southern Israel waters covering a period between January 2017 and June 2018. The analyzed data were collected by a meteorological buoy providing wind and waves parameters. As expected for this area, the strongest storm events occurred throughout October–April. In this paper, we analyze the buoy data following two main objectives—identifying the most appropriate statistical distribution model and examining wave data in search of rogue wave presence. The objectives were accomplished by comparing a number of models suitable for deep seawater waves. The Tayfun—Fedele 3rd order model showed the best agreement with the tail of the empirical wave heights distribution. Examination of different statistical thresholds for the identification of rogue waves resulted in the detection of 99 unique waves, all of relatively low height, except for one wave that reached 12.2 m in height which was detected during a powerful January 2018 storm. Characteristics of the detected rogue waves were examined, revealing the majority of them presenting crest to trough symmetry. This finding calls for a reevaluation of the crest amplitude being equal to or above 1.25 the significant wave height threshold which assumes rogue waves carry most of their energy in the crest.

scholarly journals Historical variation and trends in storminess along the Portuguese South Coast

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 2407-2417 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. P. Almeida ◽  
Ó. Ferreira ◽  
M. I. Vousdoukas ◽  
G. Dodet
Keyword(s):  
Wave Height ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
Annual Number ◽  
The North ◽  
Storm Wave ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The North Atlantic Oscillation ◽  
Historical Variation ◽  
Storm Characteristics ◽  
South Portugal

Abstract. This work investigates historical variation and trends in storm climate for the South Portugal region, using data from wave buoy measurements and from modelling, for the period 1952 to 2009. Several storm parameters (annual number of storms; annual number of days with storms; annual maximum and mean individual storm duration and annual 99.8th percentile of significant wave height) were used to analyse: (1) historical storminess trends; (2) storm parameter variability and relationships; and (3) historical storminess and its relationship to the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). No statistically significant linear increase or decrease was found in any of the storm parameters over the period of interest. The main pattern of storm characteristics and extreme wave heights is an oscillatory variability with intensity peaks every 7–8 yr, and the magnitude of recent variations is comparable with that of variations observed in the earlier parts of the record. In addition, the results reveal that the NAO index is able to explain only a small percentage of the variation in storm wave height, suggesting that more local factors may be of importance in controlling storminess in this region.

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