Design and development of decentralized water and wastewater technologies: a combination of safe wastewater disposal and fertilizer production

2010 ◽  
Vol 62 (7) ◽  
pp. 1580-1586 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Fach ◽  
S. Fuchs
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Treatment System ◽  
Septic Tank ◽  
Anaerobic Conditions ◽  
Laboratory Findings ◽  
Wastewater Disposal ◽  
Design And Implementation ◽  
Water And Wastewater ◽  
Faecal Sludge

Modern wastewater treatment plants are often inappropriate for communities in developing countries. Such communities lack the funding, resources and skilled labour required to implement, operate, and maintain these plants. This research was conducted to investigate and establish an appropriate wastewater treatment system for the district of Gunung Kidul, Indonesia. Due to its lack of water during the dry season, this district is considered one of the poorest areas in the nation. First, wastewater was stored in septic tank units for a retention time of 26 days. Anaerobic conditions occurred, resulting in an 80% reduction of initial COD. The retained sludge was well stabilized with great potential, if dewatered, for reuse as fertilizer. Consequently, supernatant was separated for experiments consisting of lab scale aerobic sand filtering unit. Through filtration, further removals of COD (about 30%) and pathogens were achieved. Rich in nitrogen, the resulting effluent could be used for irrigation and soil conditioning. With faecal sludge and also a mixture of septic sludge and food waste, the hydrolysis stage of anaerobic digestion was examined. This paper discusses the laboratory findings in Karlsruhe and the design and implementation of a treatment system in Glompong, Indonesia.

The A–B Process: A Novel two Stage Wastewater Treatment System

1985 ◽  
Vol 17 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 235-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. I. Versprille ◽  
B. Zuurveen ◽  
Th Stein
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Reduction Rate ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Treatment System ◽  
Organic Load ◽  
Wastewater Disposal ◽  
Cost Effective Alternative ◽  
Treatment Facilities

New acts on wastewater disposal demand for higher process stability and effluent quality. The A-B process, a novel two step treatment system, meets these requirements in a cost effective way. Five full-scale plants have been put in operation over the last two years. The objective of this paper is to give an outline of the features of the A-B system in the context of the results of these full-scale plants. In spite of the extreme high load, the A-stage can be operated at a high reduction rate and is stable. Variations in the organic load and pH- and toxic shocks are leveled out and a constant, mainly soluble effluent is supplied. This implicates a low sludge production in the B-stage. As a consequence higher overall reduction rates are obtained as compared to conventional processes at the same sludge load. Very low and stable final effluent concentrations are observed in all full-scale plants. Of special interest are the possibilities of upgrading existing conventional treatment facilities, at minor costs, by incorporating the A-B technology. The A-B process therefore can be considered as a very promising, cost effective alternative for both existing and new wastewater treatment plants in responding to the increasing effluent demands.

Performance evaluation of different wastewater treatment technologies operating in a developing country

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sílvia C. Oliveira ◽  
Marcos von Sperling
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Septic Tank ◽  
Operational Parameters ◽  
Technical Literature ◽  
Effluent Quality ◽  
Loading Rates ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Treatment Technologies ◽  
Uasb Reactors

This article analyses the performance of 166 wastewater treatment plants operating in Brazil, comprising six different treatment processes: septic tank + anaerobic filter, facultative pond, anaerobic pond + facultative pond, activated sludge, UASB reactors alone, UASB reactors followed by post-treatment. The study evaluates and compares the observed effluent quality and the removal efficiencies in terms of BOD, COD, TSS, TN, TP and FC with typical values reported in the technical literature. In view of the large performance variability observed, the existence of a relationship between design/operational parameters and treatment performance was investigated. From the results obtained, no consistent relationship between loading rates and effluent quality was found. The influence of loading rates differed from plant to plant, and the effluent quality was dictated by several combined factors related to design and operation.

Research on Variable Metric Chaos Optimization Modeling for the Prediction of Wastewater Treatment Plants Performance

2012 ◽  
Vol 428 ◽  
pp. 169-175
Author(s):  
Guo Kai Fu ◽  
Yi Yue Hu ◽  
Zhi Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plant ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Treatment System ◽  
Variable Metric ◽  
Chaos Optimization ◽  
Actual Operation ◽  
The Stability

A reliable model for any wastewater treatment plant is essential in order to provide a tool for predicting its performance and to form a basis for controlling the operation of the process. This would minimize the operation costs and assess the stability of environmental balance. For the multi-variable, uncertainty, non-linear characteristics of the wastewater treatment system, a variable metric chaos optimization neural network (VMCNW) prediction model is established standing on the actual operation data in the wasterwater treatment system. The model overcomes several disadvantages of the conventional BP neural network. Namely:slow convergence, low accuracy and difficulty in finding the global optimum.The results of model calculation show that the predicted value can better match measured value,played a effect of simulating and predicting and be able to optimize the operation status. The establishment of the predicting model provide a simple and practical way for the operation and management in wastewater treatment plant,and have good research and engineering practical value.

scholarly journals A Mini-Review of Urban Wastewater Treatment in Greece: History, Development and Future Challenges

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (15) ◽  
pp. 6133
Author(s):  
Charikleia Prochaska ◽  
Anastasios Zouboulis
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Septic Tank ◽  
Urban Wastewater ◽  
Tourism Sector ◽  
Future Challenges ◽  
Urban Wastewater Treatment

Although Greece has accomplished wastewater infrastructure construction to a large extent, as 91% of the country’s population is already connected to urban wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), many problems still need to be faced. These include the limited reuse of treated wastewater and of the surplus sludge (biosolids) produced, the relative higher energy consumption in the existing rather aged WWTPs infrastructure, and the proper management of failing or inadequately designed septic tank/soil absorption systems, still in use in several (mostly rural) areas, lacking sewerage systems. Moreover, the wastewater treatment sector should be examined in the general framework of sustainable environmental development; therefore, Greece’s future challenges in this sector ought to be reconsidered. Thus, the review of Greece’s urban wastewater history, even from the ancient times, up to current developments and trends, will be shortly addressed. This study also notes that the remaining challenges should be analyzed in respect to the country’s specific needs (e.g., interaction with the extensive tourism sector), as well as to the European Union’s relevant framework policies and to the respective international technological trends, aiming to consider the WWTPs not only as sites for the treatment/removal of pollutants to prevent environmental pollution, but also as industrial places where energy is efficiently used (or even produced), resources’ content can be potentially recovered and reused (e.g., nutrients, treated water, biosolids), and environmental sustainability is being practiced overall.

scholarly journals Effect of alternative on-site wastewater treatment on the viability and culturability of Salmonella choleraesuis

2005 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. Pundsack ◽  
R. E. Hicks ◽  
R. P. Axler
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Cell Viability ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Viable Cell ◽  
Viable Count ◽  
Treatment System ◽  
Test Facility ◽  
Septic Tank ◽  
Salmonella Choleraesuis ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Systems

The objective of this study was to determine how alternative on-site wastewater treatment systems (i.e. subsurface flow constructed wetlands, intermittent sand filters and intermittent peat filters) affect the viability and culturability of Salmonella choleraesuis (serotype typhimurium, ATCC 23567). Influent was a high strength septic tank effluent (BOD5 240–344 mg L−1, TN ∼100 mg L−1, TP ∼ 15 mg L−1) at the Natural Resources Research Institute's (NRRI) alternative treatment system test facility in northern Minnesota. Treatment systems were inoculated with cultures of S. choleraesuis for 5–7 consecutive days in summer and winter during 1998–99. After the seeding, outflow samples were taken until Salmonella counts were sustained at background levels. In addition to culture-based enumeration, S. choleraesuis abundances were also measured using fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) alone and in combination with the direct viable count method (DVC) to determine if plate counts underestimated total and viable Salmonella abundances and if the Salmonella cell viability changed after passing through the treatment systems. In most cases, total and viable cell abundances in treatment system effluents were several orders of magnitude higher than cultured cell abundances. Our results indicate that the culture-based method underestimated viable concentrations of the model pathogen, S. choleraesuis. Salmonella cell viability decreased in effluents during the summer but increased during the winter. Using a culture-based enumeration method alone to determine removal efficiencies of bacterial indicators and pathogens for wastewater treatment systems may result in artificially high estimates of effective treatment.

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