Reduction in greenhouse gas emissions from sewage sludge aerobic compost in China

2013 ◽  
Vol 69 (6) ◽  
pp. 1129-1135 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.-t. Liu ◽  
H.-x. Zheng ◽  
T.-b. Chen ◽  
G.-d. Zheng ◽  
D. Gao
Keyword(s):  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Emission Reduction ◽  
Waste Treatment ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Mechanical Equipment ◽  
Methane Generation ◽  
Sludge Compost ◽  
Certified Emission Reduction

Sewage sludge is an important contributor to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and the carbon budget of organic solid waste treatment and disposal. In this case study, total GHG emissions from an auto-control sludge compost system, including direct and indirect emissions and replaceable reduction due to sludge compost being reused as fertilizer, were quantified. The results indicated that no methane generation needed to be considered in the carbon debit because of the advantages of auto-control for monitoring and maintenance of appropriate conditions during the composting process. Indirect emissions were mainly from electricity and fossil fuel consumption, including sludge transportation and mechanical equipment use. Overall, the total carbon replaceable emission reduction owing to sludge being treated by composting rather than landfill, and reuse of its compost as fertilizer instead of chemical fertilizer, were calculated to be 0.6204 tCO2e t−1 relative to baseline. Auto-control compost can facilitate obtaining certified emission reduction warrants, which are essential to accessing financial support with the authentication by the Clean Development Mechanism.

Determination of greenhouse gas emission reductions from sewage sludge anaerobic digestion in China

2015 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 137-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.-T. Liu ◽  
X.-J. Kong ◽  
G.-D. Zheng ◽  
C.-C. Chen
Keyword(s):  
Anaerobic Digestion ◽  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Waste Treatment ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emission ◽  
Southern China ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Northern China ◽  
Ghg Emission ◽  
Ghg Reduction

Sewage sludge is a considerable source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emission in the field of organic solid waste treatment and disposal. In this case study, total GHG emissions from sludge anaerobic digestion, including direct and indirect emissions as well as replaceable emission reduction due to biogas being reused instead of natural gas, were quantified respectively. The results indicated that no GHG generation needed to be considered during the anaerobic digestion process. Indirect emissions were mainly from electricity and fossil fuel consumption on-site and sludge transportation. Overall, the total GHG emission owing to relative subtraction from anaerobic digestion rather than landfill, and replaceable GHG reduction caused by reuse of its product of biogas, were quantified to be 0.7214 (northern China) or 0.7384 (southern China) MgCO2 MgWS−1 (wet sludge).

Climate change mitigation for agriculture: water quality benefits and costs

2008 ◽  
Vol 58 (11) ◽  
pp. 2093-2099 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Wilcock ◽  
Sandy Elliott ◽  
Neale Hudson ◽  
Stephanie Parkyn ◽  
John Quinn
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Habitat Quality ◽  
Waste Treatment ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Nitrification Inhibitors ◽  
Agricultural Systems ◽  
Management Options

New Zealand is unique in that half of its national greenhouse gas (GHG) inventory derives from agriculture - predominantly as methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O), in a 2:1 ratio. The remaining GHG emissions predominantly comprise carbon dioxide (CO2) deriving from energy and industry sources. Proposed strategies to mitigate emissions of CH4 and N2O from pastoral agriculture in New Zealand are: (1) utilising extensive and riparian afforestation of pasture to achieve CO2 uptake (carbon sequestration); (2) management of nitrogen through budgeting and/or the use of nitrification inhibitors, and minimizing soil anoxia to reduce N2O emissions; and (3) utilisation of alternative waste treatment technologies to minimise emissions of CH4. These mitigation measures have associated co-benefits and co-costs (disadvantages) for rivers, streams and lakes because they affect land use, runoff loads, and receiving water and habitat quality. Extensive afforestation results in lower specific yields (exports) of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), suspended sediment (SS) and faecal matter and also has benefits for stream habitat quality by improving stream temperature, dissolved oxygen and pH regimes through greater shading, and the supply of woody debris and terrestrial food resources. Riparian afforestation does not achieve the same reductions in exports as extensive afforestation but can achieve reductions in concentrations of N, P, SS and faecal organisms. Extensive afforestation of pasture leads to reduced water yields and stream flows. Both afforestation measures produce intermittent disturbances to waterways during forestry operations (logging and thinning), resulting in sediment release from channel re-stabilisation and localised flooding, including formation of debris dams at culverts. Soil and fertiliser management benefits aquatic ecosystems by reducing N exports but the use of nitrification inhibitors, viz. dicyandiamide (DCD), to achieve this may under some circumstances impair wetland function to intercept and remove nitrate from drainage water, or even add to the overall N loading to waterways. DCD is water soluble and degrades rapidly in warm soil conditions. The recommended application rate of 10 kg DCD/ha corresponds to 6 kg N/ha and may be exceeded in warm climates. Of the N2O produced by agricultural systems, approximately 30% is emitted from indirect sources, which are waterways draining agriculture. It is important therefore to focus strategies for managing N inputs to agricultural systems generally to reduce inputs to wetlands and streams where these might be reduced to N2O. Waste management options include utilizing the CH4 resource produced in farm waste treatment ponds as a source of energy, with conversion to CO2 via combustion achieving a 21-fold reduction in GHG emissions. Both of these have co-benefits for waterways as a result of reduced loadings. A conceptual model derived showing the linkages between key land management practices for greenhouse gas mitigation and key waterway values and ecosystem attributes is derived to aid resource managers making decisions affecting waterways and atmospheric GHG emissions.

scholarly journals Greenhouse Gas Emissions Analysis Working toward Zero-Waste and Its Indication to Low Carbon City Development

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (20) ◽  
pp. 6644
Author(s):  
Ruixi Zhao ◽  
Lu Sun ◽  
Xiaolong Zou ◽  
Yi Dou
Keyword(s):  
Emission Reduction ◽  
Heat Supply ◽  
Waste Treatment ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Ghg Emission ◽  
City Development ◽  
Zero Waste ◽  
Low Carbon City ◽  
Waste Sector

Low carbon city development and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission mitigation in urban communities are urgent. There is great potential to improve the GHG inventory at the community level. Meanwhile, building zero-waste cities and improving waste treatment efficiency have been significant environmental issues due to the rapid increase of waste generation. This research aims to develop a community-scale GHG emission inventory of the waste sector and improve its accuracy and consistency through applying the bottom-up approach. This study covers both direct and indirect emissions categories of the waste sector with the goal of building a zero-waste community. Honjo Waseda community, located in Japan, was used as a case study community. Energy consumption waste treatment sectors were evaluated and calculated through first-hand field data. GHG emission estimation of the waste sector included waste incineration, residential wastewater, and waste transport. The highest emissions originated from Beisiagate supermarket due to the large waste amount produced, and the CO2-biomass carbon emissions reached approximately 50% of the total emissions. Furthermore, a quantitative analysis of the implementation of new technologies was also conducted. This study created proposals for GHG emission reduction toward a zero-waste community through the comparison of three cases. Case 1 was business as usual; Case 2 proposed a combination of incineration bio-gasification (MBT); Case 3 introduced a combination of solid recovered fuel (SRF) and a bio-gasification system. SRF contributed the most to emission reduction, and Case 3 exhibited the highest energy recovery. Furthermore, comparing the GHG emissions produced by the use of SRF for power generation and heat supply revealed that using SRF as a heat supply reduced more GHG emissions than using SRF for power generation.

scholarly journals A Study on Selecting Greenhouse Gas Reduction Options: A Simulation Analysis for Vietnam

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (24) ◽  
pp. 13530
Author(s):  
Anh Quynh Tang ◽  
Takeshi Mizunoya
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Emission Reduction ◽  
Carbon Tax ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Ghg Mitigation ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Subsidy Rate

When it comes to greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation, both bottom-up and top-down policies have limitations. Bottom-up policies are region-specific and cannot be applied at the national level. Top-down policies may not balance the considerations of economic growth and the environment. Therefore, a combined approach is necessary. This Vietnamese case study investigates optimal GHG mitigation options for both economic development and emission reduction by simulating four scenarios characterized by the different carbon tax and subsidy rates. Interventions, like replacing old buses with low-carbon buses and conventional electricity generation with solar power, are considered in a dynamic input–output framework. The objective function is Green GDP—industries’ total value added reflecting GHG emissions’ social cost. The simulation model comprises four cases: business as usual, low subsidy rate (up to 10%), medium subsidy rate (up to 20%), and high subsidy rate (up to 30%), which are analyzed on parameters, including economic development, GHG emissions, and development of innovative sectors, like transportation and electricity. In three cases with different subsidy rates, the optimal carbon tax is simulated at the rate of USD 1/tCO2 equivalent, the lowest rate among the world’s current carbon prices. In addition, the medium subsidy (up to 20%) option yields the most competent scheme, with the highest GHG emission reduction and economic development effectiveness.

Modelled greenhouse gas emissions from beef cattle grazing irrigated leucaena in northern Australia

2016 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 594 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris A. Taylor ◽  
Matthew T. Harrison ◽  
Marnie Telfer ◽  
Richard Eckard
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Cattle Grazing ◽  
Carbon Stocks ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Native Vegetation ◽  
Ghg Emission ◽  
Livestock Emissions

Agriculture produces an estimated 14.5% of global anthropogenic greenhouse gases, with livestock emissions being the largest source of enteric methane. Reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from production and processing of beef cattle will become increasingly important with time, particularly in line with global efforts to mitigate rising GHG emissions. The present study compared several GHG emission scenarios from beef cattle grazing on irrigated Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit cv. Cunningham (leucaena) in Queensland, Australia. Animals began grazing the leucaena paddocks when they were 16 months old and continued until ~240 days, before being sold to market. Three scenarios were modelled with cattle grazing leucaena and the resulting GHG emissions calculated, representing (1) the current leucaena paddock (current leucaena scenario), (2) clearing native vegetation and extending the leucaena paddock (extended leucaena scenario) and (3) extending the leucaena paddock onto previously cleared paddocks (alternative leucaena scenario). These were compared with a pre-scenario baseline, where the steers grazed on native vegetation until the time of sale. Herd GHG emission intensities (EI) were reduced in comparison with the baseline (EI of 8.4 tCO2-e/t liveweight sold) for all the leucaena scenarios, where reductions were modelled for the current, extended and alternative leucaena scenarios, which had an EI of 3.9, 3.7 and 3.6 tCO2-e/ t liveweight sold, respectively. Reductions were attributed to the higher growth rates of the steers on leucaena and the anti-methanogenic potential of leucaena. Where leucaena was planted on previously cleared paddocks, carbon stocks (t C/ha) nearly doubled a decade following planting, with most carbon sequestered in the soil. However, total carbon stocks on the property reduced over the modelled period (112 years), where native vegetation, e.g. eucalyptus woodland, was cleared for leucaena planting, but soil carbon yield increased. The combined sequestration of leucaena and the reduction of GHG emission intensities resulted in overall net reductions of GHG emissions for the three leucaena scenarios compared with the baseline. These results demonstrated that the use of leucaena for grazing can be an effective means for farmers to reduce the GHG emissions and increase productivity of their herds. The study also demonstrated that it would take 9 years of reduced emissions to compensate for the carbon lost as emissions from clearing the eucalyptus woodland, suggesting that farmers should use other methods of intensifying production from existing leucaena paddocks if their sole purpose is short-term emissions abatement.

scholarly journals Fossil Carbon Fraction and Measuring Cycle for Sewage Sludge Waste Incineration

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 2790
Author(s):  
Seongmin Kang ◽  
Changsang Cho ◽  
Ki-Hyun Kim ◽  
Eui-chan Jeon
Keyword(s):  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Carbon Content ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Waste Incineration ◽  
Fossil Carbon ◽  
Sludge Incineration ◽  
Yearly Period

In this study, the fossil carbon contents of the two facilities were analyzed using 10 or more samples for each facility from June 2013 to March 2015. In addition, the optimal measurement period was calculated from the analyzed fossil carbon contents using a statistical method. As a result of the analysis, the fossil carbon contents were found to be less than 35%, indicating that the biomass content of sewage sludge was not 100%. The fossil carbon content could be representative of using yearly period measurements value. When calculating Green house gas (GHG) emissions from waste incineration, South Korea has been calculating only Non-CO2 emissions because it regarded the CO2 emitted in GHGs from sewage sludge (SS) incineration facilities as originating from biomass. However, biomass of the sewage sludge incineration facility is not 100%, so it is necessary to estimate the greenhouse gas emissions considering the fossil carbon content. Therefore, there is a need to increase the reliability of the greenhouse gas inventory by conducting further studies (such as CO2 concentration analysis) related to the calculation of CO2 emissions for the relevant facilities (sewage sludge incinerator).

scholarly journals Smart Approaches to Food Waste Final Disposal

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (16) ◽  
pp. 2860 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franco Cecchi ◽  
Cristina Cavinato
Keyword(s):  
Anaerobic Digestion ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Food Waste ◽  
Waste Treatment ◽  
Biogas Production ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Renewable Resource ◽  
Wide Availability ◽  
Anaerobic Codigestion ◽  
Suitable Treatment

Food waste, among the organic wastes, is one of the most promising substrates to be used as a renewable resource. Wide availability of food waste and the high greenhouse gas impacts derived from its inappropriate disposal, boost research through food waste valorization. Several innovative technologies are applied nowadays, mainly focused on bioenergy and bioresource recovery, within a circular economy approach. Nevertheless, food waste treatment should be evaluated in terms of sustainability and considering the availability of an optimized separate collection and a suitable treatment facility. Anaerobic codigestion of waste-activated sludge with food waste is a way to fully utilize available anaerobic digestion plants, increasing biogas production, energy, and nutrient recovery and reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Codigestion implementation in Europe is explored and discussed in this paper, taking into account different food waste collection approaches in relation to anaerobic digestion treatment and confirming the sustainability of the anaerobic process based on case studies. Household food waste disposal implementation is also analyzed, and the results show that such a waste management system is able to reduce GHG emissions due to transport reduction and increase wastewater treatment performance.

Assessment of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions of Polylactic Acid (PLA)/Starch and Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Trays

2012 ◽  
Vol 518-523 ◽  
pp. 1468-1474 ◽  
Author(s):  
Unchalee Suwanmanee ◽  
Thanawadee Leejarkpai ◽  
Thumrongrut Mungcharoen
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Heat Recovery ◽  
Ethylene Terephthalate ◽  
Waste Treatment ◽  
Functional Unit ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Cassava Starch ◽  
Poly Ethylene Terephthalate ◽  
Co2 Equivalent ◽  
Poly Ethylene

This study aims to assess greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of Poy(lactic acid) (PLA) with cassava starch blend (PLA/starch) and Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) trays from cradle to grave. The various waste treatment scenarios were considered. The functional unit is specified as 10,000 units of 8 x 10 x 2.5 cm. of PLA/starch and PET trays which weigh 597.6 and 582.7.5 kilograms, respectively. The results from cradle to production gate were found that GHG emissions of PLA/starch has 51.38% lower than that of PET. This is because PET has higher weight of the trays. The resin production stage of PET tray has the highest of greenhouse GHG emissions. The results from cradle to grave show that the highest total GHG emissions are observed from PLA/starch or PET trays with 90% of landfill and 10% of incineration. The lowest GHG emissions from disposal PLA/starch and PET trays are from landfill with biogas recovery and incineration with heat recovery. This can be reduced GHG emissions by 3.11103 and 1.28103 kg CO2 equivalent.

Selection and prioritization of mitigation measures to realize climate neutral operation of a water cycle company

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Peter van der Hoek ◽  
Stefan Mol ◽  
Theo Janse ◽  
Enna Klaversma ◽  
Joost Kappelhof
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Emission Reduction ◽  
Water Cycle ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Ghg Emission ◽  
The Public ◽  
Cumulative Cost ◽  
Total Investment

Waternet, the public water cycle utility of Amsterdam and surroundings, has the ambition to operate climate neutrally in 2020. This requires a reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of 48 kton CO2-eq. An inventory was made of measures to realize the target either in 2020 or in 2050. For all measures the effects on GHG emissions and on costs were determined. To comply with two core values of Waternet – economic effectivity and sustainability – the measures were prioritized based on CO2 effectivity, defined as costs per ton GHG emission reduction. To realize the target in 2020, 34 measures have to be implemented. The total investments are € 60 million, while the measures result in a decrease in yearly costs of € 5 million from 2020 onwards. In the case where the target has to be realized in 2050, 10 measures have to be implemented with a total investment of € 100 million and a decrease in yearly costs of € 16 million from 2050 onwards. As the cumulative cost savings in 2050 are € 50 million higher for the case where the target is already reached in 2020, and the uncertainty is lower, the realization of the target in 2020 is preferred.

Methodology for the assessment of the greenhouse gas impact of wastewater sludge treatment

2010 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 227-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Åkerman ◽  
A. Massagué ◽  
S. Mehier ◽  
E. Senante ◽  
I. Escaler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Climate Change Impact ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Wastewater Sludge ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Sludge Treatment ◽  
Change Impact

Nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4) emissions from the wastewater sector represent the second largest source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of the waste sector. A protocol has been developed to measure GHG from sewage sludge treatment. GHG measurements were performed on two industrial sewage sludge composting plants. Measurement campaigns showed GHG emissions range between 0.18 to 3.40 kgCH4\t dry sludge and 0.74 to 0.48 kg N2O\t dry sludge. Converted to CO2 equivalent to assess climate change impact, emission factors of CH4 range between 4.5 and 85 kg eq.CO2\t dry sludge and N2O range between 143 and 221 kg eq.CO2\t dry sludge when calculated with global warming potentials (GWP) of 25 and 298, respectively. In terms of climate change impact, N2O emissions contribute much more than CH4 because of its higher GWP. N2O is linked to the treatment of nitrogen and produced during the nitrification and denitrification biological processes. Process emissions measured on the two sites were compared with indirect emissions linked to operational energy use.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document