Virus-Host Interactions: New Insights and Advances in Drug Development Against Viral Pathogens

Historically, knowledge of human host–enteric pathogen interactions has been elucidated from studies using cancer cells, animal models, clinical data, and occasionally, controlled human infection models. Although much has been learned from these studies, an understanding of the complex interactions between human viruses and the human intestinal epithelium was initially limited by the lack of nontransformed culture systems, which recapitulate the relevant heterogenous cell types that comprise the intestinal villus epithelium. New investigations using multicellular, physiologically active, organotypic cultures produced from intestinal stem cells isolated from biopsies or surgical specimens provide an exciting new avenue for understanding human specific pathogens and revealing previously unknown host–microbe interactions that affect replication and outcomes of human infections. Here, we summarize recent biologic discoveries using human intestinal organoids and human enteric viral pathogens.

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Avian Viruses that Impact Table Egg Production

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani10101747 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (10) ◽

pp. 1747

Author(s):

Mohamed S. H. Hassan ◽

Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem

Keyword(s):

Reproductive System ◽

Egg Production ◽

Viral Infections ◽

Reproductive Organs ◽

Egg Laying ◽

Production Cycle ◽

Common Source ◽

Negative Effects ◽

Viral Pathogens ◽

Host Interactions

Eggs are a common source of protein and other nutrient components for people worldwide. Commercial egg-laying birds encounter several challenges during the long production cycle. An efficient egg production process requires a healthy bird with a competent reproductive system. Several viral pathogens that can impact the bird’s health or induce reversible or irreversible lesions in the female reproductive organs adversely interfere with the egg industry. The negative effects exerted by viral diseases create a temporary or permanent decrease in egg production, in addition to the production of low-quality eggs. Several factors including, but not limited to, the age of the bird, and the infecting viral strain and part of reproductive system involved contribute to the form of reproductive disease encountered. Advanced methodologies have successfully elucidated some of the virus–host interactions relevant to the hen’s reproductive performance, however, this branch needs further research. This review discusses the major avian viral infections that have been reported to adversely affect egg productivity and quality and aims to summarize the current understanding of the mechanisms that underlie the observed negative effects.

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Molecular Plant-Plum Pox Virus Interactions

Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions ◽

10.1094/mpmi-07-19-0189-fi ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 33 (1) ◽

pp. 6-17 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Bernardo Rodamilans ◽

Adrián Valli ◽

Juan Antonio García

Keyword(s):

Life Cycle ◽

Plant Virus ◽

Plum Pox Virus ◽

Comprehensive Overview ◽

Viral Pathogens ◽

Virion Assembly ◽

Host Interactions ◽

Resistant Species ◽

Virus Interactions ◽

Sharka Disease

Plum pox virus, the agent that causes sharka disease, is among the most important plant viral pathogens, affecting Prunus trees across the globe. The fabric of interactions that the virus is able to establish with the plant regulates its life cycle, including RNA uncoating, translation, replication, virion assembly, and movement. In addition, plant-virus interactions are strongly conditioned by host specificities, which determine infection outcomes, including resistance. This review attempts to summarize the latest knowledge regarding Plum pox virus–host interactions, giving a comprehensive overview of their relevance for viral infection and plant survival, including the latest advances in genetic engineering of resistant species.

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The Diagnosis of Viral Disease by Electron Microscopy

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s042482010005398x ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 40 ◽

pp. 270-273

Author(s):

William B. McCombs ◽

Cameron E. McCoy

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Hospital Stay ◽

Viral Infections ◽

Medical Profession ◽

Bacterial Pathogens ◽

Viral Disease ◽

Viral Pathogens ◽

Academic Interest ◽

The Past

Recent years have brought a reversal in the attitude of the medical profession toward the diagnosis of viral infections. Identification of bacterial pathogens was formerly thought to be faster than identification of viral pathogens. Viral identification was dismissed as being of academic interest or for confirming the presence of an epidemic, because the patient would recover or die before this could be accomplished. In the past 10 years, the goal of virologists has been to present the clinician with a viral identification in a matter of hours. This fast diagnosis has the potential for shortening the patient's hospital stay and preventing the administering of toxic and/or expensive antibiotics of no benefit to the patient.

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