scholarly journals Recent Advances of Genetic Resources, Genes and Genetic Approaches for Flooding Tolerance in Rice.

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Debabrata Panda ◽  
Jijnasa Barik ◽  
Ramani K. Sarkar
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Resources ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Rice Variety ◽  
Gene Pyramiding ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Stress Constraint ◽  
Flooding Tolerance ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Prone Area ◽  
Trait Locus

: Flooding is one of the most hazardous natural disasters and a major stress constraint to rice production throughout the world, which results in huge economic losses. The frequency and duration of flooding is predicted to increase in near future as a result of global climate change. Breeding of flooding tolerance in rice is a challenging task because of the complexity of the component traits, screening technique, environmental factors and genetic interactions. A great progress has been made during last two decade to find out the flooding tolerance mechanism in rice. An important breakthrough in submergence research was achieved by identification of major quantitative trait locus (QTL) SUB1 in rice chromosomes that acts as the primary contributor for tolerance. This enabled the use of marker-assisted backcrossing (MABC) to transfer SUB1 QTL into popular varieties which showed yield advantages in flood prone area. However, SUB1 varieties are not always tolerant to stagnant flooding and flooding during germination stage. So, gene pyramiding approach can be used by combining several important traits to develop new breeding rice lines that confer tolerances to different types of flooding. This review highlights the important germplasm/genetic resources of rice to different types of flooding stress. A brief discussion on the genes and genetic mechanism in rice exhibited to different types of flooding tolerance was discussed for development of flood tolerant rice variety. Further research on developing multiple stresses tolerant rice can be achieved by combining SUB1 with other tolerance traits/genes for wider adaptation in the rain-fed rice ecosystems.

scholarly journals Condicionantes geomorfológicos e da cobertura da terra na ocorrência de movimentos de massa na região serrana do Rio de Janeiro / Geomorphological and cover land conditioning factors of the mass movements in the mountainous region of Rio de Janeiro

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (56) ◽  
pp. 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristiane Nunes Francisco ◽  
Raquel Conceição Carvalho ◽  
Carla Maciel Salgado
Keyword(s):  
Land Cover ◽  
Rio De Janeiro ◽  
Landscape Evolution ◽  
Southeastern Brazil ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Mass Movements ◽  
Mountainous Region ◽  
Conditioning Factors ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Morphological Variables

Movimentos de massa são processos de evolução da paisagem condicionados por fatores geológicos, geomorfológicos, hidrológicos, climáticos e da cobertura vegetal. A região Sudeste do Brasil destaca-se pela ocorrência de eventos catastróficos, pois combina a ocupação das encostas com as características fisiográficas que a deixam altamente suscetível a diferentes tipos de movimentos de massa, destacando-se os escorregamentos translacionais. Embora tenham um importante papel na evolução da paisagem, a ocorrência de movimentos de massa em áreas ocupadas por atividades antrópicas tem gerado inúmeras perdas humanas e prejuízos econômicos. Foi o que ocorreu em janeiro de 2011 na região serrana do Rio de Janeiro, atingida por fortes chuvas que desencadearam eventos de extrema magnitude, e provocaram, além de destruição e morte, marcas profundas (cicatrizes) na paisagem que podem auxiliar no estudo dos processos de movimentos de massa. Este trabalho, assim, tem como objetivo analisar as relações espaciais entre a morfologia das encostas e a cobertura da terra com a ocorrência dos movimentos de massa em janeiro de 2011 na região serrana fluminense. Para tanto, foi realizado um estudo na bacia do rio Roncador, Nova Friburgo (Estado do Rio de Janeiro), com a sobreposição entre o mapeamento das cicatrizes, das variáveis morfológicas das encostas e das classes de cobertura da terra. Os resultados mostram que as cicatrizes predominaram em encostas de forma côncava e íngremes, além de cobertas por vegetação densa, corroborando com a literatura que aponta a declividade e a forma da encosta como fatores condicionantes significativos à ocorrência de movimentos de massa, em especial, dos escorregamentos translacionais.Palavras–chave: escorregamentos translacionais, corridas de lama, sistema de informação geográfica, desastre natural.Abstract Mass movements are landscape evolution processes conditioned by geological, geomorphological, hydrological, climatological and land cover factors. Southeastern Brazil is distinguished by the occurrence of catastrophic landslides events, due to the association of land use and physiographic factors which cause high susceptibility to the occurrence of different types of mass movements, mainly translational slides. Although mass movements have an important role in landscape evolution, their occurrence in areas occupied by human activities has generated numerous life human and economic losses. The mountainous region of Rio de Janeiro, in January 2011, was affected by rainstorms that caused the occurrence of extreme magnitude landslide events, which caused destruction and death as well as deep scars in the landscape, which can contribute to the study of mass movements processes. This paper aims to analyse the spatial relationships between the morphology of the slopes, the land cover and the occurrence of mass movements in January 2011 in the mountainous region of Rio de Janeiro. The study was performed in the Roncador river basin, Nova Friburgo municipality, by overlaying the spatial distribution of landslide scars with morphological variables of the slopes and land cover classes. The results show that the scars predominated on steep and concave slopes covered by dense vegetation, which corroborates the literature that indicates the slope and the curvature as a significant conditioning factor to the occurrence of mass movements, in particular, the translational slides.Keywords: translational slides, mudflows, geographic information system, natural disaster.

scholarly journals Identification of naturally available forage species and their feeding effect on dairy cows in different climatic vulnerable areas of Bangladesh

2017 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 150-158
Author(s):  
SMR Rahman ◽  
NR Sarker ◽  
MR Amin ◽  
M Kamruzzaman ◽  
MR Haque
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Methane Emission ◽  
Methane Production ◽  
Check List ◽  
Climatic Zones ◽  
Forage Species ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Prone Area ◽  
Flood Prone Area ◽  
Drought Prone Area

An investigation was carried out with the objectives to identify the naturally occurring forage species, seasonal availability, production patterns under different climatic zones and production performance and methane emission from dairy cow under existing feeding systems. For this purpose, three different agro-climatic zones of Bangladesh, namely saline prone area (Satkhira), flood plain/river basin areas (Pabna), semi-arid/drought prone areas (Chapainobabgonj) were selected. To achieve the objectives, three Focus Group Discussions (FGD) were conducted in each location to obtain more information from different age groups of farmers. A total of 9 FDGs were conducted under three selected locations and twelve participants were attended in each FGD. During FDGs, information was collected through participatory discussions through check list and also discussion was recorded to verify the information gathered as per check list.  After collection of information in each side, all the data were checked and analyzed. The results indicated that in saline area, farmers reported that different types of local grass e.g. Tale Shapna,Durba,Nona Shapna, Khud Gate/ KhudKhachra, Shama, Full Paira, Bass Pata, Math Pora/KhataShak, GhimeeShak and Baksha etc were available round the year but according to their observation Nona Shapna, Tale Shapna and Baksha were more available compared to other species of the natural grasses and these three natural forages are more suitable in this area. In the drought prone area, different types of native grasses e.g. Durba,Shama, Mutha,Katla,Kausha/Kannar, Binna, Datuloka,Shanchi, Shunshue, Bash Batari, Ulo and Binna Pati were identified and utilized by the farmers in different seasons but Durba,Katla and Mutha were found more drought tolerant compared to other species. In flood prone area, Kolmi, Shanti, Baksha, Arail, Dubla, Bokma, Vadail and Bolenga etc were found and Kolmi, Baksha and Arail are more suitable in this area. Farmers were also reported that fodder tree like Dumur/khoksha also is survive in water logging situation and or flood prone area. The study revealed that calculated total DMI (Kg/h/day) was the highest (14.14±1.06) in flood prone  followed by drought (13.80±1.30) and saline areas (4.43±0.20),  respectively. Similarly, the milk production was also higher (12.06±1.19 litre/h/day) in flood prone area followed by drought (4.47±0.60 litre/h/day) and saline (1.83±0.11 litre/h/day) areas, respectively. The calculated total methane emission (g/h/d) was significantly higher in flood prone (478.31±36.36) and the lowest in saline (153.35±7.14) prone areas. Whereas, methane production per unit of milk yield, was the lowest in flood prone (46.55±6.78) and the highest (110.48±21.69) in drought prone area and the difference was statistically significant (p<0.05).  Therefore, it may be concluded that farmers’ rearing animals under climate vulnerable areas utilizing natural grasses are more prone to higher methane production compared to animals rearing better feed resources though their availability was varied with the seasons and locations.  Hence, further research is needed to explore more suitable natural grasses in addition to introduction of high yielding fodder with higher biomass and nutritive values based on the existing cropping systems in those climate vulnerable areas for higher milk production and low enteric methane emission in the country.Bang. J. Anim. Sci. 2017. 46 (2): 150-158

scholarly journals Mitigating Effects of Climate Change and Deforestation on Bees With Respect to Their Ecology and Biology

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Musiliyu Oladipupo Mustafa ◽  
Olubusola Temitope Adeoye ◽  
Folorunso Ishaq Abdulalzeez ◽  
Olukayode Dare Akinyemi
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Forest Ecosystems ◽  
Royal Jelly ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Tropical Rainforests ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Honey Production ◽  
The World ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Populous Country

<p>Deforestation occurs around the world; though tropical rainforests are particularly targeted, it is considered to be one of the contributing factors to global climate change. While Nigeria is probably best known today for its oil deposits, according to the World Resources Institute, Nigeria is home to 4,715 different types of plant species, and over 550 species of breeding birds and mammals, making it one of the most ecologically vibrant places of the planet. It is also one of the most populous country with appalling deforestation record. This situation is hence making our ecosystems, biodiversity, agriculture and other natural endowments highly unsecured. The Forest provides excellent resources for bees and beekeeping, and bees are a vital part of forest ecosystems. Bees are essential for sustaining our environment because they</p><p>Pollinate flowering plants and conserves biological biodiversity along with their products (honey, propolis, bee wax, royal jelly and bee venom) which are beneficial to man. Conservation of the forest is therefore imperative for sustainable beekeeping. The study reviews the different causes of climate change and how they affect different natural forest activities which are weather-dependent. Also how climate change and other causes (both natural and man-made) lead to deforestation, which in turn distort sustainable honey production in Nigeria. Different sustainable measures hoped to alleviate the effects of climate change and deforestation where also discussed. </p>

How climate change and regulations can affect the economics of mycotoxins

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 653-663 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Wu ◽  
N.J. Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Regulatory Limits ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
To Come ◽  
Near Future

In the decades to come, the one factor that will likely have the greatest effect on the economics of the mycotoxin problem is climate change. This article reviews the current state of known science on how the global climate has been changing in recent decades, as well as likely climate change trends in the near future. The article focuses in depth on how climatic variables affect fungal infection and production of specific mycotoxins in food crops, and how near-future climatic changes will shape the prevalence of these mycotoxins in crops in different parts of the world. Because of regulatory limits set on maximum allowable levels of mycotoxins in food and feed, growers will experience economic losses if climatic factors cause certain mycotoxins to become more prevalent. A case study is presented of how maize growers in the United States will experience increased economic losses due to slightly higher aflatoxin levels in maize, even if those levels may still be below regulatory limits. We discuss the overall expected economic impacts of climate change-induced mycotoxin contamination worldwide – not just market-related losses, but also losses to human and animal health and risks to food security. Aflatoxin is the mycotoxin that is most likely to increase under near-future climate scenarios; and thus is likely to pose the greatest amount of economic risk of all the mycotoxins.

The Role of Traditional Communities n the Management of Diversity of Sheep Populations in Caras - Severin County

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-10
Author(s):  
Mariana Sandu ◽  
Stefan Mantea
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Resources ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Traditional Practices ◽  
Soil Organisms ◽  
Pastoral System ◽  
Animal Genetic Resources ◽  
Future Challenges ◽  
The Government

Abstract Modernization of agriculture has led to the erosion of biodiversity of agroecosystems with implications for productivity in the sector. Degradation of genetic resources of plants, animals, insects and soil organisms causing economic losses threatening the food security of the population. This study is based on biodiversity in sheep populations in Caras - Severin and brings attention to traditional practices in the management of animal genetic resources. In the agroecosystem, maintaining the biodiversity is a guarantee for future challenges (growth and diversification of consumer demand, climate change, possible calamities) provided that at the consumer level there is an increased preference to traditional and organic products. From this point of view, it is remarkable the effort of private breeders in Caras - Severin to maintain the rustic varieties of sheep, but we think it requires a more resolute stand of the government and academic organisations for identification, preservation and support of such genetic resources valuable for all species. In Caras-Severin County, diversity of sheep populations is maintained in household or pastoral system in small and medium farms, the animal selection being based on the interest and preferences.

Characterization of quantitative trait locus for days to heading in near-isogenic lines with genetic background of Indica-type rice variety IR64 (Oryza sativa)

2011 ◽  
Vol 130 (5) ◽  
pp. 526-532 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daisuke Fujita ◽  
Rizza E. Santos ◽  
Leodegario A. Ebron ◽  
Yoshimichi Fukuta ◽  
Nobuya Kobayashi
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Trait Locus ◽  
Oryza Sativa ◽  
Quantitative Trait ◽  
Genetic Background ◽  
Rice Variety ◽  
Near Isogenic Lines ◽  
Isogenic Lines ◽  
Days To Heading ◽  
Trait Locus

scholarly journals Improving Flooding Tolerance of Crop Plants

Agronomy ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angelika Mustroph
Keyword(s):  
Crop Plants ◽  
Flooding Tolerance ◽  
Waterlogging Tolerance ◽  
Aerenchyma Formation ◽  
Crop Resistance ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Anatomical Adaptations ◽  
Trait Locus ◽  
Heavy Rainfall Events ◽  
Gwa Studies

A major problem of climate change is the increasing duration and frequency of heavy rainfall events. This leads to soil flooding that negatively affects plant growth, eventually leading to death of plants if the flooding persists for several days. Most crop plants are very sensitive to flooding, and dramatic yield losses occur due to flooding each year. This review summarizes recent progress and approaches to enhance crop resistance to flooding. Most experiments have been done on maize, barley, and soybean. Work on other crops such as wheat and rape has only started. The most promising traits that might enhance crop flooding tolerance are anatomical adaptations such as aerenchyma formation, the formation of a barrier against radial oxygen loss, and the growth of adventitious roots. Metabolic adaptations might be able to improve waterlogging tolerance as well, but more studies are needed in this direction. Reasonable approaches for future studies are quantitative trait locus (QTL) analyses or genome-wide association (GWA) studies in combination with specific tolerance traits that can be easily assessed. The usage of flooding-tolerant relatives or ancestral cultivars of the crop of interest in these experiments might enhance the chances of finding useful tolerance traits to be used in breeding.

scholarly journals What’s the Worst Case? The Methodology of Possibilistic Prediction

2010 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregor Betz
Keyword(s):  
Global Climate ◽  
Conceptual Scheme ◽  
Rational Decision ◽  
Risk And Uncertainty ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
Rational Decision Making ◽  
Probabilistic Knowledge ◽  
Uncertain Knowledge ◽  
Different Types ◽  
New Challenges

AbstractFrank Knight (1921) famously distinguished the epistemic modes of certainty, risk, and uncertainty in order to characterize situations where deterministic, probabilistic or possibilistic foreknowledge is available. Because our probabilistic knowledge is limited, i.e. because many systems, e.g. the global climate, cannot be described and predicted probabilistically in a reliable way, Knight’s third category, possibilistic foreknowledge, is not simply swept by the probabilistic mode. This raises the question how to justify possibilistic predictions-including the identification of the worst case. The development of such a modal methodology is particularly vital with respect to predictions of climate change. I show that a methodological dilemma emerges when possibilistic predictions are framed in traditional terms and argue that a more nuanced conceptual framework, distinguishing different types of possibility, should be used in order to convey our uncertain knowledge about the future. The new conceptual scheme, however, questions the applicability of standard rules of rational decision-making, thus generating new challenges.

scholarly journals Identifying, Exploring and Verifying Resilient Grading System for Parks under the Disaster Context of Floods and Winds

2021 ◽  
Vol 294 ◽  
pp. 06002
Author(s):  
Hao-Zhang Pan ◽  
Sheng-Jung Ou
Keyword(s):  
Natural Disasters ◽  
Global Climate Change ◽  
Theoretical Basis ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Living Environment ◽  
Grading System ◽  
Petrochemical Plant ◽  
Plant Safety ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Safety Accident

In our living environment, we frequently encounter natural disasters such as typhoons, floods, earthquakes, drought, petrochemical plant safety accident, stripping accident and so on. Due to global climate change, natural disasters have become even more devastating. Thus, it is important to look for ways to mitigate disasters. This study employs the concept of resilience to examine the ability of parks to recover from natural disasters. According to previous disaster history, the damage caused by natural disasters in the parks is mainly water and wind. Therefore, this study first conducted a literature review to find out relevant resilience criteria that are advantageous for combating water and wind disasters, and to recognize the degree of resilience achieved by each criterion. Then, based on the elements of the resilience criteria, the study establishes a preliminary resilience grading system. Furthermore, three different types of parks are evaluated under the grading system. This study provides a theoretical basis for resilience grading and suggestions for improving parks in the future.

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