scholarly journals A mini review on emerging targets and Approaches for the synthesis of Anti-Viral compounds: In perspective to COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maheswara Rao Gokada ◽  
Visweswara Rao Pasupuleti ◽  
Hari Babu Bollikolla
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Viral Infection ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Sudden Increase ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Epidemic Disease ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

: The novel Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an epidemic disease which appeared at the end of the year 2019 in a sudden increase in number and considered as a pandemic disease caused by a viral infection and it has threatened most countries towards the emergency search for new anti-SARS-COV drugs /vaccines. At present, the number of clinical trials is ongoing worldwide on different drugs i.e. Hydroxychloroquine, Remedisvir, Favipiravir that utilizes various mechanisms of actions. A few world countries are currently processing for clinical trials which may result in a positive manner. Favipiravir (FPV) represents one of the feasible treatment options for COVID-19, if trials result seems positive. Favipiravir will be one among the developed authoritative possible drugs to warrant the benefits to mankind with large-scale production in order to meet the demands by the current pandemic Covid-19 outbreak and the future epidemic outbreaks. In this review, the authors tried to explore key molecules, which will be supportive for scheming COVID-19 research.

scholarly journals An overview of treatment options for COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 1770
Author(s):  
Madhusmita Mohanty Mohapatra ◽  
Manju Rajaram ◽  
Dharm Prakash Dwivedi ◽  
Vishnukant Govindraj ◽  
Pratap Upadhya
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Randomized Clinical Trials ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Unknown Origin ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Clinical Trial Registry ◽  
Repurposed Drugs ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
Effective Drugs

Severe acute respiratory syndrome- coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) which emerged in Wuhan initially as pneumonia of unknown origin in December 2019, later spread to whole world and became pandemic on 11th March, 2020. Many drugs have been proposed but are backed without clinical evidence. Scientific bodies are in the row to discover a reliable vaccine and effective drugs against the novel coronavirus. Many antiviral and anti-parasitic drugs which were thought to have some effect on Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have been tried during the crisis but none have shown concrete evidence of action. Randomized clinical trials on the repurposed drugs are now registered under clinical trial registry to look at the safety profile and efficacy of the drugs to be used against SARS-CoV-2. Many meta-analyses are being conducted worldwide to frame evidence for the fight against this novel coronavirus. We are providing below a review of various drugs that have been tried for treatment of COVID-19 as well as different clinical trials which are underway.

scholarly journals Pharmacotherapy for COVID-19: A Ray of Hope

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mayank Kapoor ◽  
Prasan Kumar Panda ◽  
Vivek Mohanty
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Kinase Inhibitors ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Interferon Alfa ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Plasma Therapy ◽  
Therapeutic Drugs ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Multiple Drugs

Most viral infections have limited treatment options available and the same holds for COVID-19, its causative agent being the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Drugs used in the past against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) or Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) viruses, which belong to the same family of viruses as the novel Coronavirus included ribavirin, interferon (alfa and beta), lopinavir-ritonavir combination, and corticosteroids. There remains controversy regarding their efficacy to date, except for the last one. Hence, large-scale multicentric trials are being conducted involving multiple drugs. Chloroquine and hydroxy-chloroquine were initially taking the race ahead but have now been rejected. Remdesivir was a promising candidate, for which the FDA had issued an emergency use authorization, but now is not recommended by the WHO. Convalescent plasma therapy had promising results in the early severe viremia phase, but the PLACID trial made an obscure end. Only corticosteroids have shown demonstrable benefits in improving mortality rates among severe COVID-19 cases. Many new modalities like monoclonal antibodies and tyrosine kinase inhibitors are discussed. In this chapter, we review the therapeutic drugs under investigation for the COVID-19 treatment, their mode of action, degree of effectiveness, and recommendations by different centers regarding their use in current settings.

scholarly journals d-Allulose 3-epimerase of Bacillus sp. origin manifests profuse heat‐stability and noteworthy potential of d-fructose epimerization

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Satya Narayan Patel ◽  
Girija Kaushal ◽  
Sudhir P. Singh
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Probiotic Strain ◽  
Heat Stability ◽  
Yeast Fermentation ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Turnover Number ◽  
High Turnover ◽  
Excessive Heat ◽  
Large Scale Production

Abstract Background d-Allulose is an ultra-low calorie sugar of multifarious health benefits, including anti-diabetic and anti-obesity potential. d-Allulose 3-epimerase family enzymes catalyze biosynthesis of d-allulose via epimerization of d-fructose. Results A novel d-allulose 3-epimerase (DaeB) was cloned from a plant probiotic strain, Bacillus sp. KCTC 13219, and expressed in Bacillus subtilis cells. The purified protein exhibited substantial epimerization activity in a broad pH spectrum, 6.0–11.0. DaeB was able to catalyze d-fructose to d-allulose bioconversion at the temperature range of 35 °C to 70 °C, exhibiting at least 50 % activity. It displaced excessive heat stability, with the half-life of 25 days at 50 °C, and high turnover number (kcat 367 s− 1). The coupling of DaeB treatment and yeast fermentation of 700 g L− 1d-fructose solution yielded approximately 200 g L− 1d-allulose, and 214 g L− 1 ethanol. Conclusions The novel d-allulose 3-epimerase of Bacillus sp. origin discerned a high magnitude of heat stability along with exorbitant epimerization ability. This biocatalyst has enormous potential for the large-scale production of d-allulose.

scholarly journals A Strategy for Selective Deletion of Autoimmunity-Related T Cells by pMHC-Targeted Delivery

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 1669
Author(s):  
Shalom D. Goldberg ◽  
Nathan Felix ◽  
Michael McCauley ◽  
Ryan Eberwine ◽  
Lou Casta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Fusion Protein ◽  
Targeted Delivery ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Susceptibility To Infection ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
New Treatment

Autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis are caused by immune system recognition of self-proteins and subsequent production of effector T cells that recognize and attack healthy tissue. Therapies for these diseases typically utilize broad immune suppression, which can be effective, but which also come with an elevated risk of susceptibility to infection and cancer. T cell recognition of antigens is driven by binding of T cell receptors to peptides displayed on major histocompatibility complex proteins (MHCs) on the cell surface of antigen-presenting cells. Technology for recombinant production of the extracellular domains of MHC proteins and loading with peptides to produce pMHCs has provided reagents for detection of T cell populations, and with the potential for therapeutic intervention. However, production of pMHCs in large quantities remains a challenge and a translational path needs to be established. Here, we demonstrate a fusion protein strategy enabling large-scale production of pMHCs. A peptide corresponding to amino acids 259–273 of collagen II was fused to the N-terminus of the MHC_II beta chain, and the alpha and beta chains were each fused to human IgG4 Fc domains and co-expressed. A tag was incorporated to enable site-specific conjugation. The cytotoxic drug payload, MMAF, was conjugated to the pMHC and potent, peptide-specific killing of T cells that recognize the collagen pMHC was demonstrated with tetramerized pMHC-MMAF conjugates. Finally, these pMHCs were incorporated into MMAF-loaded 3DNA nanomaterials in order to provide a biocompatible platform. Loading and pMHC density were optimized, and peptide-specific T cell killing was demonstrated. These experiments highlight the potential of a pMHC fusion protein-targeted, drug-loaded nanomaterial approach for selective delivery of therapeutics to disease-relevant T cells and new treatment options for autoimmune disease.

scholarly journals Specialized Metabolites and Valuable Molecules in Crop and Medicinal Plants: The Evolution of Their Use and Strategies for Their Production

Genes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 936
Author(s):  
Vincenzo D’Amelia ◽  
Teresa Docimo ◽  
Christoph Crocoll ◽  
Maria Manuela Rigano
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Molecular Farming ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Bioactive Molecules ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Novel Studies ◽  
Industrial Sectors ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
Novel Applications

Plants naturally produce a terrific diversity of molecules, which we exploit for promoting our overall well-being. Plants are also green factories. Indeed, they may be exploited to biosynthesize bioactive molecules, proteins, carbohydrates and biopolymers for sustainable and large-scale production. These molecules are easily converted into commodities such as pharmaceuticals, antioxidants, food, feed and biofuels for multiple industrial processes. Novel plant biotechnological, genetics and metabolic insights ensure and increase the applicability of plant-derived compounds in several industrial sectors. In particular, synergy between disciplines, including apparently distant ones such as plant physiology, pharmacology, ‘omics sciences, bioinformatics and nanotechnology paves the path to novel applications of the so-called molecular farming. We present an overview of the novel studies recently published regarding these issues in the hope to have brought out all the interesting aspects of these published studies.

I. S. A. Baud. Forms of Production and Women's Labour: Gender Aspects of Industrialisation in India and Mexico. New Delhi: Sage Publications. 1992. 321 pp.Hardbound. Price: Indian Rs 295.00.

1993 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-131
Author(s):  
Naureen Talha
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Indian Society ◽  
New Delhi ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Female Labour ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Commodity Production ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
Mexican Society ◽  
Small Production

The literature on female labour in Third World countries has become quite extensive. India, being comparatively more advanced industrially, and in view of its size and population, presents a pictures of multiplicity of problems which face the female labour market. However, the author has also included Mexico in this analytical study. It is interesting to see the characteristics of developing industrialisation in two different societies: the Indian society, which is conservative, and the Mexican society, which is progressive. In the first chapter of the book, the author explains that he is not concerned with the process of industrialisation and female labour employed at different levels of work, but that he is interested in forms of production and women's employment in large-scale production, petty commodity production, marginal small production, and self-employment in the informal sector. It is only by analysis of these forms that the picture of females having a lower status is understood in its social and political setting.

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