Correlation of Neuropsychiatric Symptoms in Dementia with Brain Perfusion: A 99mTc-SPECT-HMPAO Study with Brodmann Areas Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Varvara Valotassiou ◽  
Nikolaos Sifakis ◽  
Chara Tzavara ◽  
Evi Lykou ◽  
Niki Tsinia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Partial Correlation ◽  
Motor Behavior ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Symptoms ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Lewy Body Dementia ◽  
Brain Perfusion ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Inventory ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Brodmann Areas

Background: Neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPSs) are common in dementia. Their evaluation is based on Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI). Neuroimaging studies have tried to elucidate the underlying neural circuits either in isolated NPSs or in specific forms of dementia. Objective: : The objective of this study is to evaluate the correlation of NPS in the NPI with Brodmann areas (BAs) perfusion, for revealing BAs involved in the pathogenesis of NPSs in dementia of various etiologies. Method: We studied 201 patients (82 with Alzheimer's disease, 75 with Frontotemporal dementia, 27 with Corticobasal Syndrome, 17 with Parkinson Disease/Lewy Body Dementia). Exploratory factor analysis was carried out to evaluate underlying groups of BAs, and Principal Component analysis was chosen as extraction method using Varimax rotation. Partial correlation coefficients were computed to explore the association of factors obtained from analysis and NPI items controlling for age, educational yeas, and ACE-R. Results: We found 6 BAs Factors(F); F1 (BAs 8,9,10,11,24,32,44,45,46,47, bilaterally), F2 (Bas 4,5,6,7,23,31, bilaterally), F3 (BAs 19,21,22,37,39,40, bilaterally), F4 (BAs 20,28,36,38, bilaterally), F5 (BAs 25, bilaterally) and F6 (BAs 17,18, bilaterally). Significant and negative correlation was found between NPI1 (delusions) and F3,F6, NPI2 (hallucinations) and F6, NPI7 (apathy) and F1,F4,F5, NPI3 (agitation) - NPI10 (aberrant motor behavior) - NPI12 (eating disorders) and F1. We did not find any significant correlation for NPI4,5,6,8,9,11 (depression, anxiety, euphoria, disinhibition, irritability, sleep disorders, respectively). Conclusion: Several NPSs share the same BAs among different types of dementia, while the manifestation of the rest may be attributed to different neural networks. These findings may have an impact on patients’ treatment.

scholarly journals The Brazilian version of the Neuropsychiatric Inventory-Clinician rating scale (NPI-C): reliability and validity in dementia

2013 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 1503-1511 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florindo Stella ◽  
Orestes Vicente Forlenza ◽  
Jerson Laks ◽  
Larissa Pires de Andrade ◽  
Michelle A. Ljubetic Avendaño ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Concurrent Validity ◽  
Convergent Validity ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Symptoms ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Inventory ◽  
Rater Reliability ◽  
Clinician Rating

ABSTRACTBackground:Patients with dementia may be unable to describe their symptoms, and caregivers frequently suffer emotional burden that can interfere with judgment of the patient's behavior. The Neuropsychiatric Inventory-Clinician rating scale (NPI-C) was therefore developed as a comprehensive and versatile instrument to assess and accurately measure neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) in dementia, thereby using information from caregiver and patient interviews, and any other relevant available data. The present study is a follow-up to the original, cross-national NPI-C validation, evaluating the reliability and concurrent validity of the NPI-C in quantifying psychopathological symptoms in dementia in a large Brazilian cohort.Methods:Two blinded raters evaluated 312 participants (156 patient-knowledgeable informant dyads) using the NPI-C for a total of 624 observations in five Brazilian centers. Inter-rater reliability was determined through intraclass correlation coefficients for the NPI-C domains and the traditional NPI. Convergent validity included correlations of specific domains of the NPI-C with the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), the Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Index (CMAI), the Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia (CSDD), and the Apathy Inventory (AI).Results:Inter-rater reliability was strong for all NPI-C domains. There were high correlations between NPI-C/delusions and BPRS, NPI-C/apathy-indifference with the AI, NPI-C/depression-dysphoria with the CSDD, NPI-C/agitation with the CMAI, and NPI-C/aggression with the CMAI. There was moderate correlation between the NPI-C/aberrant vocalizations and CMAI and the NPI-C/hallucinations with the BPRS.Conclusion:The NPI-C is a comprehensive tool that provides accurate measurement of NPS in dementia with high concurrent validity and inter-rater reliability in the Brazilian setting. In addition to universal assessment, the NPI-C can be completed by individual domains.

Patterns of neuropsychiatric sub-syndromes in Brazilian and Norwegian patients with dementia

2012 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 228-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annibal Truzzi ◽  
Ingun Ulstein ◽  
Letice Valente ◽  
Eliasz Engelhardt ◽  
Evandro Silva Freire Coutinho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Motor Behavior ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Symptoms ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Mixed Dementia ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Brazilian Sample ◽  
Two Samples

ABSTRACTBackground: Neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) affect the majority of patients who have dementia. Neuropsychiatric sub-syndromes with symptoms that occur together and have common neurobiological correlates have been identified. There are scarce data regarding the comparison of the pattern of the neuropsychiatric sub-syndromes in distinct ethnical and cultural populations. We aim at comparing the pattern of the NPS, and the factor analysis of the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI-10) in two samples of outpatients with dementia living in Brazil and Norway.Methods: This is a cross-sectional study. The sample consists of 168 Brazilian and 155 Norwegian demented patients from psychogeriatric facilities and community-based educational programs. Brazilian patients were diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease (63.7%), vascular dementia (15.5%), or mixed dementia (20.8%), whereas the diagnoses of Norwegian patients were Alzheimer's disease (97.4%) and mixed dementia (2.6%). Principal component analysis with the Varimax rotation was used for factor analysis of the NPI-10.Results: Apathy (80.4 %), agitation/aggression (45.8%), and aberrant motor behavior (45.8%) were the most common symptoms in the Brazilian sample. Apathy (72.3%), dysphoria (61.9%), and anxiety (52.3%) were the most frequent symptoms in the Norwegian sample. Factor analysis of the NPI-10 revealed three syndromes for the Brazilian (Psychosis, Mood, Psychomotor) and Norwegian (Psychosis, Mood, Frontal) groups.Conclusions: The frequency of individual NPS may differ among distinct populations. However, Psychosis and Depression are common sub-syndromes in diverse ethnical and cultural patients with dementia. Our findings support the syndromic approach for the clinical assessment of the patients with dementia.

The association between cognitive impairment and neuropsychiatric symptoms in patients with Parkinson's disease dementia

2012 ◽  
Vol 24 (12) ◽  
pp. 1980-1987 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei-Ju Lee ◽  
Chia-Fen Tsai ◽  
Serge Gauthier ◽  
Shuu-Jiun Wang ◽  
Jong-Ling Fuh
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Motor Behavior ◽  
Sleep Problems ◽  
Task Force ◽  
Mmse Score ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Symptoms ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Principal Component Factor Analysis

ABSTRACTBackground: Neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) are common in patients with dementia associated with Parkinson's disease (PDD). The relationship between cognition and NPS in PDD has not been well studied.Methods: Patients diagnosed with PDD were assessed for cognitive function and NPS. The instruments used were the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI), Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), and semantic verbal fluency according to the recommendation of the Movement Disorder Society Task Force.Results: We evaluated 127 PDD patients (76 males/51 females; mean age 77 ± 6.3 years). Their mean MMSE score was 17 ± 6.5 and the mean NPI score was 19 ± 20.4. The most prevalent NPI items were anxiety (57.5%), sleep problems (53.5%), and apathy (52.0%). Principal component factor analysis revealed that 12 items formed three factors, namely “mood and psychosis” (delusion, hallucination, agitation, depression, anxiety, apathy, and irritability), “vegetative” (sleep and appetite problems), and “frontal” (euphoria, disinhibition, and aberrant motor behavior). Symptoms of hallucination were significantly associated with MMSE score, even after controlling for the confounding variables.Conclusion: NPS are common and diverse among patients with PDD. Three specific subgroups of NPS were identified. Hallucination was significantly correlated with cognitive impairment, and could be a predictor of cognition in PDD patients.

scholarly journals Association of caregiver demographic variables with neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer's disease patients for distress on the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI)

2008 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 211-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cláudia Godinho ◽  
Analuiza Camozzato ◽  
Renata Kochhann ◽  
Márcia Lorena Fagundes Chaves
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Motor Behavior ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Symptoms ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Demographic Variables ◽  
Demographic Characteristics ◽  
Behavioral Symptoms ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Inventory ◽  
Distress Level

Abstract Behavioral symptoms are frequently observed in Alzheimer's disease patients and are associated to higher distress for patients and caregivers, early institutionalization, worst prognosis and increased care. Objectives: The objective of the present study was to evaluate the frequency of neuropsychiatric symptoms in a sample of Alzheimer's disease patients and to analyze association between caregiver demographic characteristics and patient symptoms. Methods: Sixty Alzheimer's disease patients (NINCDS-ADRDA) and their caregivers were consecutively included in the investigation by the Dementia Outpatient clinic of Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre. The Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) was applied to evaluate behavioral symptoms and their impact upon caregivers. Age, sex, educational attainment, relationship to the patient, and time as caregiver were obtained from all caregivers. Results: Apathy was the symptom responsible for the highest distress level, followed by agitation and aggression. A significant correlation between total severity NPI and distress NPI was observed. None of the caregiver demographic data showed association to distress. The most frequent symptoms were apathy and aberrant motor behavior. Patients' relatives also considered apathy as the most severe symptom, followed by depression and agitation. Conclusions: Apathy was the most frequent and severe neuropsychiatric symptom. No relationship between caregiver demographic characteristics and distress was observed.

scholarly journals The association between caregiver distress and individual neuropsychiatric symptoms of dementia

2013 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 286-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annibal Truzzi ◽  
Letice Valente ◽  
Eliasz Engelhardt ◽  
Jerson Laks
Keyword(s):  
Motor Behavior ◽  
Early Recognition ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Symptoms ◽  
Rank Correlation ◽  
Patient Characteristics ◽  
Caregiver Distress ◽  
Continuous Variables ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Inventory ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Distress Scale

ABSTRACT Neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) of dementia constitute one of the most related factors to caregiver burden and patients' early institutionalization. Few studies in Brazil have examined which symptoms are associated with higher levels of caregiver distress. Objective: To evaluate the caregiver distress related to individual NPS in familial caregivers of patients with dementia. We also examined which caregiver and patient factors predict caregiver distress associated with NPS. Methods: One hundred and fifty-nine familial caregiver and dementia outpatient dyads were included. The majority of the patients had a diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (66.7%). Caregivers were assessed with a sociodemographic questionnaire, Beck Anxiety and Depression Inventories, and the Neuropsychiatric Inventory - Distress Scale. Patients were submitted to the Mini-Mental State Examination, Functional Activities Questionnaire, and the Neuropsychiatric Inventory. Spearman's rank correlation was used to assess the relationships between the continuous variables. Multiple linear regression analyses with backward stepping were performed to assess the ability of caregiver and patient characteristics to predict levels of caregiver distress associated with NPS. Results: Apathy (M=1.9; SD=1.8), agitation (M=1.3; SD=1.8), and aberrant motor behavior (AMB) (M=1.2; SD=1.7) were the most distressful NPS. The frequency/severity of NPS was the strongest factor associated with caregiver distress (rho=0.72; p<0.05). Conclusion: The early recognition and management of apathy, agitation and AMB in dementia patients by family members and health professionals may lead to better care and quality of life for both patients and caregivers.

Neuropsychiatric Symptoms of Alzheimer’s Disease in Down Syndrome and Its Impact on Caregiver Distress

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Luciana Mascarenhas Fonseca ◽  
Guilherme Prado Mattar ◽  
Glenda Guerra Haddad ◽  
Burduli Ekaterina ◽  
Sterling M. McPherson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Down Syndrome ◽  
Symptom Severity ◽  
Motor Behavior ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Symptoms ◽  
Caregiver Distress ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Inventory ◽  
Point Increase ◽  
Behavior Disturbances ◽  
Behavior Disturbance ◽  
Prodromal Dementia

Background: Neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) are non-cognitive manifestations common to dementia and other medical conditions, with important consequences for the patient, caregivers, and society. Studies investigating NPS in individuals with Down syndrome (DS) and dementia are scarce. Objective: Characterize NPS and caregiver distress among adults with DS using the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI). Methods: We evaluated 92 individuals with DS (≥30 years of age), divided by clinical diagnosis: stable cognition, prodromal dementia, and AD. Diagnosis was determined by a psychiatrist using the Cambridge Examination for Mental Disorders of Older People with Down’s Syndrome and Others with Intellectual Disabilities (CAMDEX-DS). NPS and caregiver distress were evaluated by an independent psychiatrist using the NPI, and participants underwent a neuropsychological assessment with Cambridge Cognitive Examination (CAMCOG-DS). Results: Symptom severity differed between-groups for delusion, agitation, apathy, aberrant motor behavior, nighttime behavior disturbance, and total NPI scores, with NPS total score being found to be a predictor of AD in comparison to stable cognition (OR for one-point increase in the NPI = 1.342, p = 0.012). Agitation, apathy, nighttime behavior disturbances, and total NPI were associated with CAMCOG-DS, and 62% of caregivers of individuals with AD reported severe distress related to NPS. Caregiver distress was most impacted by symptoms of apathy followed by nighttime behavior, appetite/eating abnormalities, anxiety, irritability, disinhibition, and depression (R2 = 0.627, F(15,76) = 8.510, p < 0.001). Conclusion: NPS are frequent and severe in individuals with DS and AD, contributing to caregiver distress. NPS in DS must be considered of critical relevance demanding management and treatment. Further studies are warranted to understand the biological underpinnings of such symptoms.

scholarly journals Neuropsychiatric Symptoms in Primary Progressive Aphasia and Apraxia of Speech

2015 ◽  
Vol 39 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 228-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tarun D. Singh ◽  
Joseph R. Duffy ◽  
Edythe A. Strand ◽  
Mary M. Machulda ◽  
Jennifer L. Whitwell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Duration ◽  
Motor Behavior ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Symptoms ◽  
Primary Progressive Aphasia ◽  
Behavioral Symptoms ◽  
Apraxia Of Speech ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Inventory ◽  
Progressive Aphasia ◽  
Primary Progressive ◽  
Distinguishing Features

Aim: To conduct a prospective analysis of the neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) across the three categories of primary progressive aphasia (PPA) and progressive apraxia of speech (PAOS), compare the prevalence and nature of the symptoms, and look at which symptoms could be helpful to better differentiate these PPA and PAOS categories. Methods: A total of 106 consecutive patients with a diagnosis of semantic variant (n = 13), logopenic variant (n = 37), agrammatic variant (n = 15) or PAOS (n = 41) were included in this prospective study. The NPS were measured by the Neuropsychiatric Inventory Questionnaire. Results: There were 65 patients with PPA and 41 with PAOS diagnosis. The most distinguishing features between the two groups were anxiety, apathy, aberrant motor behavior and appetite, while among the subtypes of PPA they were disinhibition and appetite changes. PPA and PAOS patients initially exhibited depression, but with increased disease duration, PAOS patients showed apathy (55.5%) while PPA patients showed disinhibition (28.6%) and aberrant motor behavior (14.3%). Conclusion: Mood symptoms like anxiety and appetite changes are more likely to be present at initial stages of PPA, whereas behavioral symptoms like aberrant motor behavior and apathy are likely to occur early in PAOS. The NPS seem to evolve with the progression of the disease in both PPA and PAOS.

Fault Detection And Diagnosis Using Correlation Coefficients Between Variables

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weng Yee Mak ◽  
Kamarul Asri Ibrahim
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component Analysis ◽  
Fault Detection ◽  
Partial Correlation ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Fault Detection And Diagnosis ◽  
Chemical Plants ◽  
Process Variables ◽  
Partial Correlation Analysis ◽  
Detection And Diagnosis

Operasi loji kimia pada masa kini menjadi semakin kompleks dan kawalan kualiti yang ketat pada produk akhir diperlukan. Pengesanan dan diagnosis sebarang kecacatan dalam proses dengan cepat adalah penting bagi sesebuah loji kimia untuk mencapai kualiti produk yang diingini. Kertas kerja ini memfokus kepada aplikasi pengesanan dan mendiagnosis menggunakan pekali–pekali korelasi antara pemboleh ubah proses sebagai alat pengesanan dan mendiagnoskan kecacatan proses. Sebuah kolum penyulingan dari industri dimodelkan sebagai kes kajian penyelidikan ini. Analisis Komponen Prinsipal (PCA) dan Analisis Korelasi Separa (PCorrA) digunakan untuk menerbitkan pekali korelasi antara pemboleh ubah proses dengan pemboleh ubah kualiti pilihan yang dikaji. Kecacatan proses yang dikaji merangkumi kecacatan injap, pengesan dan pengawal. Kecacatan–kecacatan ini terdiri daripada kecacatan punca tunggal, kecacatan punca pelbagai, kecacatan besar dan kecacatan kecil. Carta Kawalan Shewhart dan Carta Kawalan Julat digunakan bersama dengan pekali–pekali korelasi yang diterbitkan untuk pengesanan dan diagnosis kecacatan–kecacatan yang dimasukkan ke dalam proses. Keputusan menunjukkan kedua–dua kaedah berasaskan PCA dan PCorrA boleh mengesan dan mendiagnosis kecacatan dalam proses. Dalam penyelidikan ini, kaedah PCorrA adalah lebih baik berbanding kaedah PCA dalam pengesanan dan diagnosis kecacatan–kecacatan kecil. Kata kunci: Proses kawalan multipemboleh ubah statistik; analisis komponen prinsipal; analisis korelasi separa; pengesanan dan diagnosis kecacatan; pekali–pekali korelasi Chemical plants have become increasingly complex and stringent requirements are needed on the desired final product quality. Accurate process fault detection and diagnosis (PFDD) at an early stage of the process is important to modern chemical plants to achieve the above requirements. This paper focuses on the application of fault detection and diagnosis using correlation coefficients between process variables as a PFDD tool. An industrial distillation column is modelled and chosen as the case study. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Partial Correlation Analysis (PCorrA) are used to develop the correlation coefficients between the process variables and selected quality variables of interest. Faults considered in this research are sensor faults, valve faults and controller faults. These faults are comprised of single cause faults and multiple cause faults as well as significant faults and insignificant faults. Shewhart Control Chart and Range Control Chart are used with the developed correlation coefficients to detect and diagnose the pre-designed faults in the process. Results show that both methods based on PCA and PCorrA have good PFDD performance. In this study, the PCorrA method was better than the PCA method in detecting insignificant faults. Key words: Multivariate statistical process control; principal component analysis; partial correlation analysis; fault detection and diagnosis; correlation coefficients

scholarly journals Association of brain amyloidosis with the incidence and frequency of neuropsychiatric symptoms in ADNI: a multisite observational cohort study

BMJ Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. e031947 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naira Goukasian ◽  
Kristy S. Hwang ◽  
Tamineh Romero ◽  
Jonathan Grotts ◽  
Triet M. Do ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Motor Behavior ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Symptoms ◽  
Amyloid Pet ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Inventory ◽  
Night Time ◽  
Survival Analyses ◽  
Exact Test ◽  
Amyloid Pathology

ObjectiveTo investigate the relationship between amyloid burden and frequency of existing and incidence of new neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) in elderly with and without cognitive decline.Methods275 cognitively normal controls (NC), 100 subjective memory complaint (SMC), 559 mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and 143 Alzheimer’s disease dementia subjects from the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative received (18F)-florbetapir positron emission tomography (PET) scans. Yearly neuropsychiatric inventory (Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI)/NPI-Questionnaire) data were collected from the study partners at each visit. Mean standard uptake volume ratios (SUVR) normalised to whole cerebellum were obtained. Positive amyloid PET scan was defined as mean SUVR ≥1.17. Fisher’s exact test was used to compare frequency and incidence between amyloid positive and amyloid negative subjects. Survival analyses were used to estimate of neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) between amyloid positive and amyloid negative subjects. Survival analyses were used to estimate hazard ratios for developing the most common NPS by amyloid status.ResultsNo differences in NPS frequency were seen between amyloid positive and amyloid negative NC, SMC, MCI or dementia groups. MCI subjects with amyloid pathology however tended to have greater frequency x severity (FxS) of anxiety, hallucinations, delusions, apathy, disinhibition, irritability, aberrant motor behavior, and appetite, but not agitation, depression, night-time disturbances, or elation. MCI subjects with amyloid pathology were at greater risk for developing apathy, anxiety and agitation over time. Baseline presence of agitation and apathy and new onset agitation, irritability and apathy predicted faster conversion to dementia among MCI subjects.ConclusionsAmyloid pathology is associated with greater rate of development of new NPS in MCI. Anxiety and delusions are significant predictors of amyloid pathology. Agitation, irritability and apathy are significant predictors for conversion from MCI to dementia.

A Study on Utilization of Three-Dimensional Sensor Lip Image for Developing a Pronunciation Recognition System

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (5) ◽  
pp. 50402-1-50402-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ing-Jr Ding ◽  
Chong-Min Ruan
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component Analysis ◽  
Automatic Speech Recognition ◽  
Feature Fusion ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Recognition System ◽  
Geometrical Characteristics ◽  
3D Geometry ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Disabled

Abstract The acoustic-based automatic speech recognition (ASR) technique has been a matured technique and widely seen to be used in numerous applications. However, acoustic-based ASR will not maintain a standard performance for the disabled group with an abnormal face, that is atypical eye or mouth geometrical characteristics. For governing this problem, this article develops a three-dimensional (3D) sensor lip image based pronunciation recognition system where the 3D sensor is efficiently used to acquire the action variations of the lip shapes of the pronunciation action from a speaker. In this work, two different types of 3D lip features for pronunciation recognition are presented, 3D-(x, y, z) coordinate lip feature and 3D geometry lip feature parameters. For the 3D-(x, y, z) coordinate lip feature design, 18 location points, each of which has 3D-sized coordinates, around the outer and inner lips are properly defined. In the design of 3D geometry lip features, eight types of features considering the geometrical space characteristics of the inner lip are developed. In addition, feature fusion to combine both 3D-(x, y, z) coordinate and 3D geometry lip features is further considered. The presented 3D sensor lip image based feature evaluated the performance and effectiveness using the principal component analysis based classification calculation approach. Experimental results on pronunciation recognition of two different datasets, Mandarin syllables and Mandarin phrases, demonstrate the competitive performance of the presented 3D sensor lip image based pronunciation recognition system.

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